中国森林思想发展脉络探析
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摘要
先秦时期,受五行和天人关系思想影响,诸子们提出了仁者乐山、森林以时禁发等主张。在秦汉至隋唐时期,随着森林资源的大量消耗,思想家们提出了人工种植竹木、桑果以满足百姓物质生活需求的建议;同时,森林的宜居功能受到重视,森林哲学和森林美学思想得到发展。在宋至明清时期,林业政绩考核的思想和制度得以建立,深化了对森林佐食、入药、园林、护田、防水灾等功能的认知。近代时期,在遭逢水旱灾害以及内忧外患的严峻形势下,学者们放眼看世界,提出发展林业教育、振兴林政、大规模造林的主张。中华人民共和国成立之后,林业思想从以木材生产为主逐步转向以生态建设为主,提出发挥森林的多种功能,城市林业、森林美学等思想和理论蓬勃兴起。
In the pre-Qin period, the philosophers were influenced by the Five Elements Theory and the thought of the relationship between heaven and man, and put forward the idea that the benevolent find joys in mountain and the forest should be banned from cutting at certain time. From the Qin to Sui and Tang dynasties, the massive consumption of forest resources made the ideologists propose to plant bamboo and mulberry trees to meet the material needs of people. At the same time, more attention was put on the livability of forest, and the forest philosophy and aesthetic thoughts were developed. During the time of the Song, Liao, Jin, Yuan and Qing dynasties, the thoughts and systems of forestry performance evaluation were established, and the forest functions of feeding, medicine, landscaping, field protection, and flooding control were better understood. In modern times, under the grim situation of floods, droughts, internal and external politic chaos, scholars proposed to develop forestry education, enhance forestry administration and engage large-scale afforestation with the perspective of the world. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, there has appeared the shift gradually from timber production to ecological construction in forest thought, giving full play to the various functions of forests, and the theories of urban forestry and forest aesthetics have flourished.
In the pre-Qin period, the philosophers were influenced by the Five Elements Theory and the thought of the relationship between heaven and man, and put forward the idea that the benevolent find joys in mountain and the forest should be banned from cutting at certain time. From the Qin to Sui and Tang dynasties, the massive consumption of forest resources made the ideologists propose to plant bamboo and mulberry trees to meet the material needs of people. At the same time, more attention was put on the livability of forest, and the forest philosophy and aesthetic thoughts were developed. During the time of the Song, Liao, Jin, Yuan and Qing dynasties, the thoughts and systems of forestry performance evaluation were established, and the forest functions of feeding, medicine, landscaping, field protection, and flooding control were better understood. In modern times, under the grim situation of floods, droughts, internal and external politic chaos, scholars proposed to develop forestry education, enhance forestry administration and engage large-scale afforestation with the perspective of the world. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, there has appeared the shift gradually from timber production to ecological construction in forest thought, giving full play to the various functions of forests, and the theories of urban forestry and forest aesthetics have flourished.
引文
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[3]周易[M].张善文,译注.太原:三晋出版社,2008.
[4]管子[M].房玄龄,注//四库全书:第729册.上海:上海古籍出版社,1987.
[5]大学·中庸·尚书[M].哈尔滨:哈尔滨出版社,2007:52.
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[7]老子[M].汤漳平,注.北京:中华书局,2014.
[8]庄周.庄子[M].哈尔滨:北方文艺出版社,2019
[9]吕不韦.吕氏春秋[M].北京:海潮出版社,2010.
[10]贾思勰.齐民要术[M].南京:江苏古籍出版社,2001.
[11]司马迁.史记[M].北京:中华书局,2006.
[12]班固.汉书[M].颜师古,注.北京:中华书局,2005.
[13]董仲舒.春秋繁露[M].清乾隆抱经堂丛书本.
[14]刘安.淮南子[M].清光绪二年武进庄氏刊本.
[15]王充.论衡[M].明天启六年刊本.
[16]枚乘.七发[M]//萧统.昭明文选.合肥:黄山书社,2010.
[17]陶渊明.陶渊明集[M].逮钦立,校注.北京:中华书局,1979.
[18]郭璞.葬书[M].北京:学苑音像出版社,2017.
[19]戴凯之.竹谱[M]//丛书集成初编:第1352册.上海:上海商务印书馆,1939.
[20]魏收.魏书[M].清乾隆武英殿刻本.
[21]谢灵运.谢康乐集[M].明万历沈启原刻本.
[22]吴兢.贞观政要[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2007.
[23]白居易.白氏长庆集[M].上海:上海古籍出版社,1994.
[24]柳宗元.柳河东全集[M].北京:燕山出版社,1996.
[25]傅树勤,欧阳勋.陆羽茶经译注[M].武汉:湖北人民出版社,1983.
[26]普济.五灯会元[M].北京:中华书局,1984.
[27]张钧成.中国林业传统引论[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1992:91-92.
[28]薛居正.旧五代史[M].北京:中华书局,1974.
[29]脫脫.宋史:卷173 [M].清乾隆武英殿刻本.
[30]苏轼.凤翔八观·东湖[M]//东坡全集.明成化本.
[31]洪迈.容斋随笔[M].北京:燕山出版社,2008.
[32]张载.正蒙·乾称篇[M]//张子语录.宋刊本.
[33]郭熙.林泉高致[M].四库全书本.
[34]王祯.王祯农书[M].清乾隆武英殿刻本.
[35]张廷玉.明史[M].北京:中华书局,1974.
[36]朱橚.救荒本草[M].北京:中华书局,1959.
[37]王阳明.王阳明全集[M].上海:上海古籍出版社,1992:968-969.
[38]马一龙.农说[M].北京:中华书局,1985.
[39]徐光启.农政全书[M].长沙:岳麓书社,2002.
[40]文震亨.长物志图说[M].济南:山东画报出版社,2004.
[41]计成.园冶[M].北京:中华书局,2011.
[42]大清会典事例[M].上海:上海古籍出版社,1997.
[43]清世宗实录[M].北京:中华书局,1985:272.
[44]清高宗实录[M].北京:中华书局,1985:149.
[45]陈淏子.花镜[M].北京:农业出版社,1979.
[46]俞森.种树说[M]//贺长龄,魏源.清经世文编.北京:中华书局,1992:925-926.
[47]杨屾.豳风广义[M].清乾隆刻本.
[48]梅曾亮.柏枧山房文集:卷十[M].清咸丰六年刻本.
[49]鲁仕骥.备荒管见[M]//贺长龄,魏源.清经世文编.北京:中华书局,1992:1000.
[50]樊宝敏.清代前期的林业思想初探[J].世界林业研究,2003,16(6):50-54.
[51]樊宝敏.中国林业思想与政策史(1644～2008年)[M].北京:科学出版社,2009.
[52]朱寿朋.光绪朝东华录[M].北京:中华书局,1958.
[53]白寿彝.中国通史:11卷[M].上海:上海人民出版社,1999:1403-1404.
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[56]孙中山.孙中山选集[M].北京:人民出版社,1966.
[57]凌道扬.森林与国家之关系[J].东方杂志,1916(11):19.
[58]陈嵘.列强林业经营之成功与我国林政方案之拟议[J].中华农学会报,1935,137:1-16.
[59]姚传法.森林法之重要性[J].林学,1944(11):1-4.
[60]郝景盛.森林与水旱天灾之关系[J].林学,1944(1):16-120.
[61]梁希.梁希文集[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1983:270.
[62]董智勇,等.中国生态林业理论与实践[M].北京:中国科学技术出版社,1998:序言,1-7,50-52.
[63]雍文涛.林业分工论[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1992:49-67.
[64]中国可持续发展林业战略研究项目组.中国可持续发展林业战略研究总论[M].北京:林业出版社,2002:201-209.
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