猪粪配施化肥对稻-麦轮作系统籽粒产量和氮素利用率的影响
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摘要
通过大田试验,以水稻(品种‘F优498’)-小麦(品种‘内麦863’)轮作体系为研究对象,根据成都平原稻麦种植体系常规施氮水平,设7个不同猪粪施用处理:对照(CK,无化学氮肥,无猪粪)、常规化肥(T_1,无猪粪)、化肥减量25%+猪粪2500 kg·hm~(-2)(T_2)、化肥减量50%+猪粪5000 kg·hm~(-2)(T_3)、猪粪10000 kg·hm~(-2)(T_4)、猪粪15000 kg·hm~(-2)(T_5)和猪粪20000 kg·hm~(-2)(T_6),研究添加猪粪对稻麦干物质、氮素积累及分配特征、籽粒产量和氮素利用率等的影响.结果表明:猪粪配施化肥对稻麦各生育期干物质积累均有促进作用,稻麦成熟期作物地上部干物质积累量均以高量猪粪施用处理(T_6)最高,但其干物质积累及氮素分配向茎叶富集,且籽粒干物质积累及氮积累分配率显著低于T_2处理;随着配施猪粪用量的增加,稻麦氮肥偏生产力、氮肥农学利用率、籽粒产量均呈现先增加后减少趋势,其中水稻季以T_3处理最优,较常规化肥处理提高11.4%、55.4%、11.4%,小麦季则以T_2处理最优,较常规化肥处理提高14.0%、29.1%、14.0%.本试验条件下,2500～5000 kg·hm~(-2)猪粪+化肥减量25%～50%处理,有利于促进稻麦干物质积累、氮素向籽粒运移,达到增产及提高氮素利用率的效果,超量施用猪粪(15000～20000 kg·hm~(-2))后,土壤氮素供应过量,干物质向经济器官运移受阻,氮素向茎秆富集,贪青晚熟现象严重,稻麦籽粒产量显著下降.
To examine the effects of pig manure application on dry matter production, nitrogen accumulation and distribution, grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency of rice and wheat, the field trial was conducted with wheat 863 and rice 498. Fertilization treatments consisted of seven rates of organic manure supply: control(CK, no chemical nitrogen fertilizer, no pig manure), conventional fertilizing(T_1, no pig manure), 2500 kg·hm~(-2 )pig manure with 75% conventional fertilizing(T_2), 5000 kg·hm~(-2) pig manure with 50% conventional fertilizing(T_3), 10000 kg·hm~(-2) pig manure(T_4), 15000 kg·hm~(-2) pig manure(T_5) and 20000 kg·hm~(-2) pig manure(T_6). Combined application of pig manure with chemical fertilizer promoted dry matter accumulation of rice and wheat throughout the growing season. At the maturity stage of rice and wheat, the highest aboveground dry matter accumulation presented under highest pig manure input(T_6). The dry matter accumulation and nitrogen distribution were enriched in stem or leaf. The dry matter accumulation and nitrogen distribution rate in grain at T_6 was significantly lower than T_2 treatment. The high-est nitrogen fertilizer partial productivity, fertilizer agronomic efficiency and grain yield of rice pre-sented at T_3 treatment, which increased by 11.4%, 55.4%, 11.4% than that of conventional chemical fertilizer treatment, respectively. These vaules for wheat were at T_2, which was 14.0%, 29.1%, 14.0% higher than that of conventional fertilizer treatment, respectively. The combined application of pig manure with appropriate rates of chemical fertilizer(T_2 and T_3) could promote dry matter accumulation, the migration of nitrogen to grains, the increase of yield and the nitrogen use efficiency. Too much pig manure input(15000-20000 kg·hm~(-2)) could lead to excessive supply of nitrogen for crops. In this case, the transportation of dry matter to economic organs would be blocked and the nitrogen enriched to stem. The late-maturing phenomenon occurred, resulting in significant decrease of grain yield.
To examine the effects of pig manure application on dry matter production, nitrogen accumulation and distribution, grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency of rice and wheat, the field trial was conducted with wheat 863 and rice 498. Fertilization treatments consisted of seven rates of organic manure supply: control(CK, no chemical nitrogen fertilizer, no pig manure), conventional fertilizing(T_1, no pig manure), 2500 kg·hm~(-2 )pig manure with 75% conventional fertilizing(T_2), 5000 kg·hm~(-2) pig manure with 50% conventional fertilizing(T_3), 10000 kg·hm~(-2) pig manure(T_4), 15000 kg·hm~(-2) pig manure(T_5) and 20000 kg·hm~(-2) pig manure(T_6). Combined application of pig manure with chemical fertilizer promoted dry matter accumulation of rice and wheat throughout the growing season. At the maturity stage of rice and wheat, the highest aboveground dry matter accumulation presented under highest pig manure input(T_6). The dry matter accumulation and nitrogen distribution were enriched in stem or leaf. The dry matter accumulation and nitrogen distribution rate in grain at T_6 was significantly lower than T_2 treatment. The high-est nitrogen fertilizer partial productivity, fertilizer agronomic efficiency and grain yield of rice pre-sented at T_3 treatment, which increased by 11.4%, 55.4%, 11.4% than that of conventional chemical fertilizer treatment, respectively. These vaules for wheat were at T_2, which was 14.0%, 29.1%, 14.0% higher than that of conventional fertilizer treatment, respectively. The combined application of pig manure with appropriate rates of chemical fertilizer(T_2 and T_3) could promote dry matter accumulation, the migration of nitrogen to grains, the increase of yield and the nitrogen use efficiency. Too much pig manure input(15000-20000 kg·hm~(-2)) could lead to excessive supply of nitrogen for crops. In this case, the transportation of dry matter to economic organs would be blocked and the nitrogen enriched to stem. The late-maturing phenomenon occurred, resulting in significant decrease of grain yield.
引文
[1] Min ZG, Yuan LY, Yu HT, et al. Increasing yield and N use efficiency with organic fertilizer in Chinese intensive rice cropping systems. Field Crops Research, 2018, 227: 102-109
[2] Xie J (谢军), Zhao Y-N (赵亚南), Chen X-J (陈轩敬), et al. Nitrogen of organic manure replacing chemical nitrogenous fertilizer improve maize yield and nitrogen uptake and utilization efficiency. Scientia Agricultura Sinica (中国农业科学), 2016, 49(20): 3934-3943 (in Chinese)
[3] Liu X, Vitousek P, Chang Y, et al. Evidence for a historic change occurring in China. Environmental Science and Technology, 2016, 50: 505-506
[4] Deng O-P (邓欧平), Li H (李翰), Xiong L (熊雷), et al. Effect of mixed application of rice-wheat straws and pig manure on soil enzyme activities in wheat-growth field. Soils (土壤), 2018, 50(1): 86-92 (in Chinese)
[5] Li S-T (李书田), Jin J-Y (金继运). Characteristics of nutrient input/output and nutrient balance in different regions of China. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science (植物营养与肥料学报), 2011, 44(20): 4207-4229 (in Chinese)
[6] Zhu Z-L (朱兆良), Jin J-Y (金继运). Fertilizer use and food security in China. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers (植物营养与肥料学报), 2013, 19(2): 259-273 (in Chinese)
[7] Xu Q-T (徐秋桐), Kong Z-L (孔樟良), Zhang M-K (章明奎). Comprehensive evaluation of improving effects of different organic waste on a newly reclaimed cultivated land. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2016, 27(2): 567-576 (in Chinese)
[8] Bai Y-L (白由路). Challenges and opportunities of fertilizer industry in China. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers (植物营养与肥料学报), 2017, 23(1): 1- 8 (in Chinese)
[9] Wang Q (王启), Zhang H (张辉), Liao G-T (廖桂堂), et al. Spatial and temporal variation characteristics of the main agricultural inputs in Sichuan Province and the influencing factors. Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment (生态与农村环境学报), 2018, 34(8): 717-725 (in Chinese)
[10] Yang X-M (杨晓梅), Li G-H (李桂花), Li G-C (李贵春), et al. Effects of combined application of chemical fertilizer with manure on yield and nitrogen use efficiency of winter wheat in cinnamon soil on North China Plain. Soil and Fertilizer Sciences in China (中国土壤与肥料), 2014(4): 48- 52 (in Chinese)
[11] Gao J-S (高菊生), Huang J (黄晶), Dong C-H (董春华), et al. Effects of long-term combined application of organic and chemical fertilizers on rice yield and soil available nutrients. Acta Pedologica Sinica (土壤学报), 2014, 51(2): 314-324 (in Chinese)
[12] Zhao J (赵军), Dou Y-Q (窦玉青), Song F-P (宋付朋), et al. Effects of combined application of biological organic fertilizer and inorganic compound fertilizer on the tobacco profit and nitrogen use efficiency. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers (植物营养与肥料学报), 2014, 20(3): 613-619 (in Chinese)
[13] Hu L-J (胡留杰), Liu J-F (刘剑飞), Liao D-X (廖敦秀), et al. Effects of applying pig manure on lettuce yield and nitrate content and soil nutrients. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2013, 24(7): 1931-1937 (in Chinese)
[14] Zhao Z-P (赵佐平), Tong Y-A (同延安), Liu F (刘芬), et al. Effects of different long-term fertilization patterns on Fuji apple yield, quality, and soil fertility on Weibei Dryland, Shaanxi Province of Northwest China. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2013, 24(11): 3091-3098 (in Chinese)
[15] Alice AA, Shuichi M, Nobumitsu K. Effect of supplementing inorganic fertilizer with organic fertilizer on growth and yield of rice-cowpea mixed crop. Plant Production Science, 2012, 15: 109-117
[16] Wei M (魏猛), Zhang A-J (张爱君), Zhuge Y-P (诸葛玉平), et al. Effect of different long-term fertilization on winter wheat yield and soil nutrient contents in yellow fluvo-aquic soil area. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers (植物营养与肥料学报), 2017, 23(2): 304-312 (in Chinese)
[17] Bao S-D (鲍士旦). Soil and Agricultural Chemistry Analysis. 3rd Ed. Beijing: China Agriculture Press, 2000 (in Chinese)
[18] Luo S-G (罗盛国), Yin Y-L (尹宇龙), Liu Y-Y (刘元英), et al. Effect of nutrient management on dry matter accumulation, transportation and yield of direct-seeded rice in cold area. Journal of Northeast Agricultural University (东北农业大学学报), 2015, 46(12): 16-23 (in Chinese)
[19] Zhang J-H (张均华), Liu J-L (刘建立), Zhang J-B (张佳宝), et al. Effects of nitrogen application rates on translocation of dry matter and utilization of nitrogen in rice and wheat. Acta Agronomica Sinica (作物学报), 2010, 36(10): 1736-1742 (in Chinese)
[20] Ding WC, Xu XP, He P, et al. Improving yield and nitrogen use efficiency through alternative fertilization options for rice in China: A meta-analysis. Field Crops Research, 2018, 227: 11-18
[21] Dimitrios D, Johannes MSS, Egbert AL, et al. Influence of reduced tillage and fertilization regime on crop performance and nitrogen utilization of organic potato. Organic Agriculture, 2016, 6: 75-87
[22] Cui H-Y (崔红艳), Hu F-L (胡发龙), Fang Z-S (方子森), et al. Effects of combined application of chemical fertilizers and manure on water consumption characteristics and dry matter accumulation and allocation of oil flax. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation (水土保持学报), 2015, 29(3): 282-288 (in Chinese)
[23] Niu X-S (牛新胜), Ju X-T (巨晓棠). Organic fertili-zer resources and utilization in China. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers (植物营养与肥料学报), 2017, 23(6): 1462-1479 (in Chinese)
[24] Zhou B (周博), Gao J-J (高佳佳), Zhou J-B (周建斌). Carbon and nitrogen mineralization characteristics of different types of organic manures. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science (植物营养与肥料学报), 2012, 18(2): 366-373 (in Chinese)
[25] Li L-L (李玲玲), Li S-T (李书田). A review on nitrogen mineralization of organic manure and affecting factors. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science (植物营养与肥料学报), 2012, 18(3): 749-757 (in Chinese)
[26] Luo PY, Han XR, Wang Y, et al. Influence of long-term fertilization on soil microbial biomass, dehydrogenase activity, and bacterial and fungal community structure in a brown soil of northeast China. Annals of Microbiology, 2015, 65: 533-542
[27] Yan Z-L (闫志利), Guo L-Z (郭丽琢), Fang Z-S (方子森), et al. Effect of different organic manures on oil flax dry matter accumulation, distribution and yield. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture (中国生态农业学报), 2012, 20(8): 988-995 (in Chinese)
[28] Feng W (冯伟), Zhu Y (朱艳), Yao X (姚霞), et al. Monitoring plant nitrogen accumulation dynamics with hyperspectral remote sensing in wheat. Scientia Agricultura Sinica (中国农业科学), 2008, 41(7): 1937-1946 (in Chinese)
[29] Zhao J (赵隽), Dong S-T (董树亭), Liu P (刘鹏), et al. Effects of long-term mixed application of organic and inorganic fertilizers on canopy apparent photosynthesis and yield of winter wheat. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2015, 26(8): 2362-2370 (in Chinese)
[30] Zhang F-S (张福锁), Chen X-P (陈新平), Chen Q (陈清). Guide to Fertilization of Major Crops in China. Beijing: China Agricultural University Press, 2009 (in Chinese)
[31] Zhang J (张晶), Zhang D-Y (张定一), Wang L (王丽), et al. The mechanism of different combinations of organic and N, P fertilizers increasing yield of dryland wheat. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers (植物营养与肥料学报), 2017, 23(1): 238-243 (in Chinese)
[32] Xie WX, Wang GH, Zhang QC, et al. Effects of nitrogen fertilization strategies on nitrogen use efficiency in physiology, recovery, and agronomy and redistribution of dry matter accumulation and nitrogen accumulation in two typical rice cultivars in Zhejiang, China. Journal of Zhejiang University Science B, 2007, 8: 208-216
[33] Ye QB, Zhang HC, Wei HY, et al. Effects of nitrogen fertilizer on nitrogen use efficiency and yield of rice under different soil conditions. Frontiers of Agriculture in China, 2007, 1: 30-36
[34] Wang T-M (王通明), Chen W (陈伟), Pan W-J (潘文杰), et al. Differences of leaf gas exchange traits, chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics and chloroplast ultrastructure of Nicotiana tabacum L. K326 under organic fertilization and chemical fertilization. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers (植物营养与肥料学报), 2015, 21(2): 517-526 (in Chinese)
[35] Julie CD, David RH, Stephen SJ. Characterizing nitrogen use efficiency in natural and agricultural ecosystems to improve the performance of cereal crops in low-input and organic agricultural systems. Field Crops Research, 2008, 107: 89-101
[36] Xu M-G (徐明岗), Li D-C (李冬初), Li J-M (李菊梅), et al. Effects of organic manure application combined with chemical fertilizers on nutrients absorption and yield of rice in Hunan of China. Scientia Agricultura Sinica (中国农业科学), 2008, 41(10): 3133-3139 (in Chinese)
[37] Duan W-X (段文学), Yu Z-W (于振文), Zhang Y-L (张永丽), et al. Effects of nitrogen fertilizer application rate on nitrogen absorption, translocation and nitrate nitrogen content in soil of dryland wheat. Scientia Agricultura Sinica (中国农业科学), 2012, 45(15): 3040-3048 (in Chinese)
[38] Che S-G (车升国), Yuan L (袁亮), Li Y-T (李燕婷), et al. N uptake and yield response of wheat in main wheat production regions of China. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers (植物营养与肥料学报), 2016, 22(2): 287-295 (in Chinese)
[39] Yin C-X (尹彩侠), Li Q (李前), Kong L-L (孔丽丽), et al. Effect of reduced controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer application on yield, nitrogen absorption and transportation of spring maize. Scientia Agricultura Sinica (中国农业科学), 2018, 51(20): 3941-3950 (in Chinese)
[40] Wang Y-W (王玉雯), Guo J-X (郭九信), Kong Y-L (孔亚丽), et al. Nitrogen optimize management achieves high grain yield and enhances nitrogen use efficiency of rice. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertili-zers (植物营养与肥料学报), 2016, 22(5): 1157-1166 (in Chinese)
[2] Xie J (谢军), Zhao Y-N (赵亚南), Chen X-J (陈轩敬), et al. Nitrogen of organic manure replacing chemical nitrogenous fertilizer improve maize yield and nitrogen uptake and utilization efficiency. Scientia Agricultura Sinica (中国农业科学), 2016, 49(20): 3934-3943 (in Chinese)
[3] Liu X, Vitousek P, Chang Y, et al. Evidence for a historic change occurring in China. Environmental Science and Technology, 2016, 50: 505-506
[4] Deng O-P (邓欧平), Li H (李翰), Xiong L (熊雷), et al. Effect of mixed application of rice-wheat straws and pig manure on soil enzyme activities in wheat-growth field. Soils (土壤), 2018, 50(1): 86-92 (in Chinese)
[5] Li S-T (李书田), Jin J-Y (金继运). Characteristics of nutrient input/output and nutrient balance in different regions of China. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science (植物营养与肥料学报), 2011, 44(20): 4207-4229 (in Chinese)
[6] Zhu Z-L (朱兆良), Jin J-Y (金继运). Fertilizer use and food security in China. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers (植物营养与肥料学报), 2013, 19(2): 259-273 (in Chinese)
[7] Xu Q-T (徐秋桐), Kong Z-L (孔樟良), Zhang M-K (章明奎). Comprehensive evaluation of improving effects of different organic waste on a newly reclaimed cultivated land. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2016, 27(2): 567-576 (in Chinese)
[8] Bai Y-L (白由路). Challenges and opportunities of fertilizer industry in China. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers (植物营养与肥料学报), 2017, 23(1): 1- 8 (in Chinese)
[9] Wang Q (王启), Zhang H (张辉), Liao G-T (廖桂堂), et al. Spatial and temporal variation characteristics of the main agricultural inputs in Sichuan Province and the influencing factors. Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment (生态与农村环境学报), 2018, 34(8): 717-725 (in Chinese)
[10] Yang X-M (杨晓梅), Li G-H (李桂花), Li G-C (李贵春), et al. Effects of combined application of chemical fertilizer with manure on yield and nitrogen use efficiency of winter wheat in cinnamon soil on North China Plain. Soil and Fertilizer Sciences in China (中国土壤与肥料), 2014(4): 48- 52 (in Chinese)
[11] Gao J-S (高菊生), Huang J (黄晶), Dong C-H (董春华), et al. Effects of long-term combined application of organic and chemical fertilizers on rice yield and soil available nutrients. Acta Pedologica Sinica (土壤学报), 2014, 51(2): 314-324 (in Chinese)
[12] Zhao J (赵军), Dou Y-Q (窦玉青), Song F-P (宋付朋), et al. Effects of combined application of biological organic fertilizer and inorganic compound fertilizer on the tobacco profit and nitrogen use efficiency. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers (植物营养与肥料学报), 2014, 20(3): 613-619 (in Chinese)
[13] Hu L-J (胡留杰), Liu J-F (刘剑飞), Liao D-X (廖敦秀), et al. Effects of applying pig manure on lettuce yield and nitrate content and soil nutrients. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2013, 24(7): 1931-1937 (in Chinese)
[14] Zhao Z-P (赵佐平), Tong Y-A (同延安), Liu F (刘芬), et al. Effects of different long-term fertilization patterns on Fuji apple yield, quality, and soil fertility on Weibei Dryland, Shaanxi Province of Northwest China. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2013, 24(11): 3091-3098 (in Chinese)
[15] Alice AA, Shuichi M, Nobumitsu K. Effect of supplementing inorganic fertilizer with organic fertilizer on growth and yield of rice-cowpea mixed crop. Plant Production Science, 2012, 15: 109-117
[16] Wei M (魏猛), Zhang A-J (张爱君), Zhuge Y-P (诸葛玉平), et al. Effect of different long-term fertilization on winter wheat yield and soil nutrient contents in yellow fluvo-aquic soil area. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers (植物营养与肥料学报), 2017, 23(2): 304-312 (in Chinese)
[17] Bao S-D (鲍士旦). Soil and Agricultural Chemistry Analysis. 3rd Ed. Beijing: China Agriculture Press, 2000 (in Chinese)
[18] Luo S-G (罗盛国), Yin Y-L (尹宇龙), Liu Y-Y (刘元英), et al. Effect of nutrient management on dry matter accumulation, transportation and yield of direct-seeded rice in cold area. Journal of Northeast Agricultural University (东北农业大学学报), 2015, 46(12): 16-23 (in Chinese)
[19] Zhang J-H (张均华), Liu J-L (刘建立), Zhang J-B (张佳宝), et al. Effects of nitrogen application rates on translocation of dry matter and utilization of nitrogen in rice and wheat. Acta Agronomica Sinica (作物学报), 2010, 36(10): 1736-1742 (in Chinese)
[20] Ding WC, Xu XP, He P, et al. Improving yield and nitrogen use efficiency through alternative fertilization options for rice in China: A meta-analysis. Field Crops Research, 2018, 227: 11-18
[21] Dimitrios D, Johannes MSS, Egbert AL, et al. Influence of reduced tillage and fertilization regime on crop performance and nitrogen utilization of organic potato. Organic Agriculture, 2016, 6: 75-87
[22] Cui H-Y (崔红艳), Hu F-L (胡发龙), Fang Z-S (方子森), et al. Effects of combined application of chemical fertilizers and manure on water consumption characteristics and dry matter accumulation and allocation of oil flax. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation (水土保持学报), 2015, 29(3): 282-288 (in Chinese)
[23] Niu X-S (牛新胜), Ju X-T (巨晓棠). Organic fertili-zer resources and utilization in China. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers (植物营养与肥料学报), 2017, 23(6): 1462-1479 (in Chinese)
[24] Zhou B (周博), Gao J-J (高佳佳), Zhou J-B (周建斌). Carbon and nitrogen mineralization characteristics of different types of organic manures. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science (植物营养与肥料学报), 2012, 18(2): 366-373 (in Chinese)
[25] Li L-L (李玲玲), Li S-T (李书田). A review on nitrogen mineralization of organic manure and affecting factors. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science (植物营养与肥料学报), 2012, 18(3): 749-757 (in Chinese)
[26] Luo PY, Han XR, Wang Y, et al. Influence of long-term fertilization on soil microbial biomass, dehydrogenase activity, and bacterial and fungal community structure in a brown soil of northeast China. Annals of Microbiology, 2015, 65: 533-542
[27] Yan Z-L (闫志利), Guo L-Z (郭丽琢), Fang Z-S (方子森), et al. Effect of different organic manures on oil flax dry matter accumulation, distribution and yield. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture (中国生态农业学报), 2012, 20(8): 988-995 (in Chinese)
[28] Feng W (冯伟), Zhu Y (朱艳), Yao X (姚霞), et al. Monitoring plant nitrogen accumulation dynamics with hyperspectral remote sensing in wheat. Scientia Agricultura Sinica (中国农业科学), 2008, 41(7): 1937-1946 (in Chinese)
[29] Zhao J (赵隽), Dong S-T (董树亭), Liu P (刘鹏), et al. Effects of long-term mixed application of organic and inorganic fertilizers on canopy apparent photosynthesis and yield of winter wheat. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2015, 26(8): 2362-2370 (in Chinese)
[30] Zhang F-S (张福锁), Chen X-P (陈新平), Chen Q (陈清). Guide to Fertilization of Major Crops in China. Beijing: China Agricultural University Press, 2009 (in Chinese)
[31] Zhang J (张晶), Zhang D-Y (张定一), Wang L (王丽), et al. The mechanism of different combinations of organic and N, P fertilizers increasing yield of dryland wheat. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers (植物营养与肥料学报), 2017, 23(1): 238-243 (in Chinese)
[32] Xie WX, Wang GH, Zhang QC, et al. Effects of nitrogen fertilization strategies on nitrogen use efficiency in physiology, recovery, and agronomy and redistribution of dry matter accumulation and nitrogen accumulation in two typical rice cultivars in Zhejiang, China. Journal of Zhejiang University Science B, 2007, 8: 208-216
[33] Ye QB, Zhang HC, Wei HY, et al. Effects of nitrogen fertilizer on nitrogen use efficiency and yield of rice under different soil conditions. Frontiers of Agriculture in China, 2007, 1: 30-36
[34] Wang T-M (王通明), Chen W (陈伟), Pan W-J (潘文杰), et al. Differences of leaf gas exchange traits, chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics and chloroplast ultrastructure of Nicotiana tabacum L. K326 under organic fertilization and chemical fertilization. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers (植物营养与肥料学报), 2015, 21(2): 517-526 (in Chinese)
[35] Julie CD, David RH, Stephen SJ. Characterizing nitrogen use efficiency in natural and agricultural ecosystems to improve the performance of cereal crops in low-input and organic agricultural systems. Field Crops Research, 2008, 107: 89-101
[36] Xu M-G (徐明岗), Li D-C (李冬初), Li J-M (李菊梅), et al. Effects of organic manure application combined with chemical fertilizers on nutrients absorption and yield of rice in Hunan of China. Scientia Agricultura Sinica (中国农业科学), 2008, 41(10): 3133-3139 (in Chinese)
[37] Duan W-X (段文学), Yu Z-W (于振文), Zhang Y-L (张永丽), et al. Effects of nitrogen fertilizer application rate on nitrogen absorption, translocation and nitrate nitrogen content in soil of dryland wheat. Scientia Agricultura Sinica (中国农业科学), 2012, 45(15): 3040-3048 (in Chinese)
[38] Che S-G (车升国), Yuan L (袁亮), Li Y-T (李燕婷), et al. N uptake and yield response of wheat in main wheat production regions of China. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers (植物营养与肥料学报), 2016, 22(2): 287-295 (in Chinese)
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