不同砾石存在形式红壤坡面侵蚀特征的比较
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摘要
我国南方红壤丘陵区是仅次于黄土高原的严重水土流失区域,土壤中砾石的存在将对整个水文循环产生影响,现有的研究主要集中在砾石覆盖与产流产沙关系等方面,而降雨强度和坡度对不同砾石存在形式土壤侵蚀的影响研究较少。为研究红壤坡面在不同砾石存在形式下侵蚀特征的差异,作者利用室内人工模拟降雨,结合曹娥江上游地区降雨及坡地特点,研究不同降雨强度和坡度条件下,无砾石(砾石含量0%)、覆盖5%砾石和嵌套5%砾石红壤坡面的侵蚀过程,比较各坡面降雨产流时间、径流率、产流过程、产沙强度等特征。结果表明:1)各研究坡面在10°、15°、20°和25°4个坡度的产流时间均表现出随降雨强度增加而缩短,径流总量和次降雨产沙量均随着降雨强度的增加而增加。2)降雨强度为120 mm/h时,无砾石和覆盖5%砾石坡面在4个坡度的径流率随时间变化过程较接近,而坡度10°嵌套5%砾石坡面的径流率远低于其他3个坡度的。3)各研究坡面在2个降雨强度和4个坡度下,覆盖5%砾石和嵌套5%砾石红壤坡面径流总量、次降雨产沙量均小于无砾石坡面。4)在较小降雨侵蚀力作用下,嵌套于坡面的砾石可以增加地表入渗,阻碍坡面侵蚀;而在较大降雨侵蚀力作用下,由于嵌套砾石坡面裸露土壤相对于覆盖砾石坡面多,从而坡面侵蚀量较高。该研究为非均质土壤坡面水土过程研究、土壤侵蚀预报、坡面水文模型应用等提供基础数据。
[Background] Red soil hilly region in southern China is the area of serious soil erosion second only to the Loess Plateau. The presence of gravel in soil affects the hydrological cycle. Most of the existing studies mainly focus on gravel cover and soil erosion,while the effects of rainfall intensity and slope on soil erosion in different gravel forms are seldom studied. [Methods] In order to study the difference of erosion characteristics of red soil slope with different gravel forms,the erosion processes of red soil slope with no gravel(gravel content 0%),5% gravel-mulching and 5% gravel-embedded red soil slope were studied under 2 rainfall intensities(60 mm/h and 120 mm/h) and 4 slope gradients(10°,15°,20° and 25°),based on the indoor artificial rainfall simulation and combined with rainfall and slope characteristics in the upper reaches of Cao'e River of Zhejiang province. Characteristics such as the rainfall runoff generation time,runoff rate,runoff generation process,and sediment yield intensity were compared. [Results] 1) The runoff generation time of 4 slope gradients decreased with rainfall intensity increasing. The total runoff and the amount of sediment yield increased with rainfall intensity increasing. 2) The runoff rate of 4 slope gradients of no gravel and 5% gravel-mulching slopes was approximate when the rainfall intensity was 120 mm/h. Compared with other 3 slope gradients,the runoff rate of 5% gravel-embedded slopes with slope 10° was much lower. 3) With 2 rainfall intensities and 4 slope gradients,the total runoff and the amount of sediment yield of 5% gravel-mulching and 5% gravelembedded slopes were lower than those of the no gravel slopes. 4) For all slopes,the maximum of sediment yield intensity was found with the slope gradient 25°. When the rainfall intensity was 120 mm/h,the peak value of sediment yield intensity appeared in 25 minutes; and when the rainfall intensity was60 mm/h,the peak value of sediment yield intensity appeared in 35 minutes. [Conclusions] Gravelmulching soils are more effective than gravel-embedded soils in inhibiting the formation of surface soil rills,increasing the roughness of rills and reducing the runoff rate of rills under rainfall intensities 120 mm/h. This study provides basic data for quantifying soil and water processes on heterogeneous soil slopes,prediction of soil erosion and application of hydrological models on slopes.
[Background] Red soil hilly region in southern China is the area of serious soil erosion second only to the Loess Plateau. The presence of gravel in soil affects the hydrological cycle. Most of the existing studies mainly focus on gravel cover and soil erosion,while the effects of rainfall intensity and slope on soil erosion in different gravel forms are seldom studied. [Methods] In order to study the difference of erosion characteristics of red soil slope with different gravel forms,the erosion processes of red soil slope with no gravel(gravel content 0%),5% gravel-mulching and 5% gravel-embedded red soil slope were studied under 2 rainfall intensities(60 mm/h and 120 mm/h) and 4 slope gradients(10°,15°,20° and 25°),based on the indoor artificial rainfall simulation and combined with rainfall and slope characteristics in the upper reaches of Cao'e River of Zhejiang province. Characteristics such as the rainfall runoff generation time,runoff rate,runoff generation process,and sediment yield intensity were compared. [Results] 1) The runoff generation time of 4 slope gradients decreased with rainfall intensity increasing. The total runoff and the amount of sediment yield increased with rainfall intensity increasing. 2) The runoff rate of 4 slope gradients of no gravel and 5% gravel-mulching slopes was approximate when the rainfall intensity was 120 mm/h. Compared with other 3 slope gradients,the runoff rate of 5% gravel-embedded slopes with slope 10° was much lower. 3) With 2 rainfall intensities and 4 slope gradients,the total runoff and the amount of sediment yield of 5% gravel-mulching and 5% gravelembedded slopes were lower than those of the no gravel slopes. 4) For all slopes,the maximum of sediment yield intensity was found with the slope gradient 25°. When the rainfall intensity was 120 mm/h,the peak value of sediment yield intensity appeared in 25 minutes; and when the rainfall intensity was60 mm/h,the peak value of sediment yield intensity appeared in 35 minutes. [Conclusions] Gravelmulching soils are more effective than gravel-embedded soils in inhibiting the formation of surface soil rills,increasing the roughness of rills and reducing the runoff rate of rills under rainfall intensities 120 mm/h. This study provides basic data for quantifying soil and water processes on heterogeneous soil slopes,prediction of soil erosion and application of hydrological models on slopes.
引文
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[2]史倩华,王文龙,郭明明,等.模拟降雨条件下含砾石红壤工程堆积体产流产沙过程[J].应用生态学报,2015,26(9):2673.SHI Qianhua,WANG Wenlong,GUO Mingming,et al.Runoff and sediment yielding processes on red soil engineering accumulation containing gravels by a simulated rainfall experiment[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2015,26(9):2673.
[3]袁正科,袁穗波,姚敏,等.板栗复合经营模式的土壤流失规律[J].中国水土保持科学,2005,3(4):115.YUAN Zhengke,YUAN Suibo,YAO Min,et al. Law of soil loss at agro-forest ecosystem of Castanea mollissima[J]. Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2005,3(4):115.
[4]张杰,陈晓安,汤崇军,等.典型水土保持措施对红壤坡地柑橘园水土保持效益的影响[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(24):165.ZHANG Jie,CHEN Xiaoan,TANG Chongjun,et al.Benefit evaluation on typical soil and water conservation measures in citrus orchard on red soil slope[J]. Transactions of the CSAE,2017,33(24):165.
[5]付兴涛,张丽萍.红壤丘陵区坡长对作物覆盖坡耕地土壤侵蚀的影响[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(5):91.FU Xingtao,ZHANG Liping. Impact of slope length on soil erosion of sloping farmland with crop in red soil hilly region[J]. Transactions of the CSAE,2014,30(5):91.
[6]吴冰,朱元骏,邵明安.含砾石土壤坡面流速及产流产沙过程研究[J].中国水土保持科学,2011,9(1):99.WU Bing,ZHU Yuanjun,SHAO Mingan. Flow velocity and process of runoff and sediment generation on soil containing gravels[J]. Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2011,9(1):99.
[7]高杨,符素华,罗来军,等.北京山区砾石覆盖度和砾石含量的关系研究[J].水土保持研究,2011,18(4):145.GAO Yang,FU Suhua,LUO Laijun,et al. Study on the relationship between rock fragments cover and weight percentage in Beijing Mountain[J]. Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2011,18(4):145.
[8] MA D,SHAO M. Simulating infiltration into stony soils with a dual-porosity model[J]. European Journal of Soil Science,2008,59(5):950.
[9]王葆,马俊明,程金花,等.华北土石山区砾石覆盖对土壤溅蚀的影响[J].中国水土保持科学,2015,13(5):95.WANG Bao, MA Junming, CHENG Jinhua, et al.Effects of gravel coverage on splash erosion in the mountainous region of northern China[J]. Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2015,13(5):95.
[10] VERBIST K,BAETENS J,COMELIS W M,et al. Hydraulic conductivity as influenced by stoniness in degraded drylands of Chile[J]. Soil Science Society America Journal,2009,73(2):471.
[11]朱元骏,邵明安.含砾石土壤降雨入渗过程模拟[J].水科学进展,2010,21(6):779.ZHU Yuanjun,SHAO Mingan. Simulation of rainfall infiltration in stony soil[J]. Advances in Water Science,2010,21(6):779.
[12]梁洪儒,余新晓,樊登星,等.砾石覆盖对坡面产流产沙的影响[J].水土保持学报,2014,28(3):57.LIANG Hongru,YU Xinxiao,FAN Dengxing. Effect of gravel-sand mulching on slope runoff and sediment yield[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2014,28(3):57.
[13]毛天旭,朱元骏,邵明安,等.模拟降雨条件下含砾石土壤的坡面产流和入渗特征[J].土壤通报,2011,42(5):1214.MAO Tianxu,ZHU Yuanjun,SHAO Mingan,et al.Characteristics of runoff and infiltration in stony soil under simulated rainfall conditions[J]. Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2011,42(5):1214.
[14]王小燕,李朝霞,徐勤学,等.砾石覆盖对土壤水蚀过程影响的研究进展[J].中国水土保持科学,2011,9(1):115.WANG Xiaoyan,LI Chaoxia,XU Qinxue,et al. Review of effects of rock fragment cover on soil water erosion processes[J]. Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2011,9(1):115.
[15]陈心逸,李丽,佘冬立,等.砾石覆盖条件下盐碱土边坡降雨侵蚀水动力学特征[J].水土保持学报,2018,32(1):116.CHEN Xinyi,LI Li,SHE Dongli,et al. Hydrodynamia characterisistic of rainfall runoff on saline-alkali slope covered by gravel[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2018,32(1):116.
[16]代数,蒋光毅,夏清,等.坡度和雨强对重庆市黄壤旱坡地产流产沙特征的影响[J].水土保持学报,2011,25(4):1.DAI Shu,JIANG Guangyi,XIA Qing,et al. Effects of slopes and rainfall intensities on runoff and sendiment characterisistic of arid hillside land with yellow soil in Chongqing[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2011,25(4):1.
[17]张会茹,郑粉莉.不同降雨强度下地面坡度对红壤坡面土壤侵蚀过程的影响[J].水土保持学报,2011,25(3):40.ZHANG Huiru,ZHENG Fenli. Effects of slope gradient on erosion from red soil hillslope under different rainfall intensity[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2011,25(3):40.
[18]盛贺伟,郑粉莉,蔡强国,等.降雨强度和坡度对粘黄土坡面片蚀的影响[J].水土保持学报,2016,30(6):13.SHENG Hewei,ZHENG Fenli,CAI Qiangguo,et al.Effects of rainfall intensity and slope gradient on sheet erosion at the clay loess hillslope[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2016,30(6):13.
[19]符素华,路炳军,叶芝菡.地表砾石对降雨径流及土壤侵蚀的影响[J].水土保持学报,2010,24(2):15.FU Suhua,LU Bingjun,YE Zhihan. Effect of rock frangments on runoff and soil erosion[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2010,24(2):15.
[20]梁志权,张思毅,卓慕宁,等.不同雨强及坡度对华南红壤侵蚀过程的影响[J].水土保持通报,2017,37(2):2.LIANG Zhiquan,ZHANG Siyi,ZHUO Muning,et al.Effect of rainfall intensity and slope gradient on erosion process in red soil hillslope[J]. Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2017,37(2):2.
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