人工智能实施背景下的环境风险控制——以社会源危险废弃物全程追踪机制为样本
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摘要
目前,末端治理的方式已经难以达到控制社会源危险废弃物环境风险的理想效果,必须以新的手段重塑其治理措施、治理强度、治理效力等。以条形码技术作为社会源危险废弃物全程追踪治理机制的切入点,既可解决现有规制空白的理论窘境,又可从制度设计上解决其现实困惑,不失为社会源危险废弃物污染治理及环境保护的可行路径。条形码与社会源危险废弃物的全新结合提供了一种全程追溯、节点分责,以及可持续的动态循环的有效、双赢的模式,从而实现对破坏性材料的从"摇篮"到"坟墓"的全过程控制。
In this context, the end-of-pipe management method is difficult to achieve the ideal effect of controlling the pollution risk of household hazardous wastes. It is necessary to rethink the issues of governance measures, governance intensity, and governance effectiveness. Barcode technology is the entry point for the whole process of tracking and controlling the hazardous wastes of social sources. It can not only solve the problem of regulatory blanks, but also solve the practical confusion it faces. It is also feasible for the household hazardous waste pollution control and environmental protection. At this time, "Barcode and Household Hazardous Waste" provides an effective, win-win model: full traceability, node responsibilities,and sustainable dynamic cycles, from cradle to grave control of current destructive materials.
In this context, the end-of-pipe management method is difficult to achieve the ideal effect of controlling the pollution risk of household hazardous wastes. It is necessary to rethink the issues of governance measures, governance intensity, and governance effectiveness. Barcode technology is the entry point for the whole process of tracking and controlling the hazardous wastes of social sources. It can not only solve the problem of regulatory blanks, but also solve the practical confusion it faces. It is also feasible for the household hazardous waste pollution control and environmental protection. At this time, "Barcode and Household Hazardous Waste" provides an effective, win-win model: full traceability, node responsibilities,and sustainable dynamic cycles, from cradle to grave control of current destructive materials.
引文
(1)王利明:《人工智能时代对民法学的新挑战》,《东方法学》2018年第3期。
(2)张彪:《智能互联网将颠覆所有传统行业》,《计算机与网络》2016年第23期。
(3)James Warner,“Ai Is Stepping Ahead to Save The Planet,by Fighting the Most Dangerous Monster”,Pollution,2019-6-11,https://www.analyticsinsight.net/ai-stepping-ahead-save-planet-fighting-dangerous-monster-pollution/.
(4)“AI could help us protect the environment-or destroy it”,2018-12-21 https://www.dw.com/en/ai-couldhelp-us-protect-the-environment-or-destroy-it/a-44694471.
(5)Li H,Chen Z,Wong CTC,“Barcode Technology for an Incentive Reward Program to Reduce Construction Wastes”,Computer-Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering,Vol.18,No.4,2003,pp.313~324.
(1)Karamessini D,Petit BE,Bouquey M,Charles L,Lutz JF,“Identification-Tagging of Methacrylate-Based Intraocular Implants Using Sequence Defined Polyurethane Barcodes”,Advanced Functional Materials,Vol.27,No.3,2017.
(2)Randall J.Knapp,“Tracking and Traceability in Plastic Gas Distribution Systems-Changes and Challenges in Technology”,Proceedings of the 17 the Plastic Pipes Conference,Chicago,the USA,2014.
(3)早在20世纪90年代,欧盟便进行了对于质量安全追溯体系的研究,以应对日益严重的疯牛病疫情。在十多年的研究与实践后,欧盟对外公布了《食品安全白皮书》,对食品从生产到最终销售的全过程进行追溯,同时利用HACCP食品安全认证体系,对食品全生命周期各环节追踪溯源。
(4)Li H,Chen Z,Wong CTC,“Barcode Technology for an Incentive Reward Program to Reduce Construction Wastes”,Computer-Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering,Vol.18,No.4,2003,pp.313~324.
(5)“Guidelines for Bar Code System for Effective Management of Bio-medical Waste”,Ministry of Environment,Forest and Climate Change,India,2018.
(6)医疗废物的数据以电子方式收集,并以报告的形式每月提供给管理单位。
(1)任立明、王志国、郑磊:《我国社会源危险废弃物产生、回收及处置现状及管理对策》,《中国环境管理》2013年第2期。
(2)Inglezakis VJ,Konstantinos M,“Household Hazardous Waste Management:A Review”,Journal of Environmental Management,Vol.150,2015,pp.310~321.
(3)钭晓东、赵文萍:《社会源废弃物的损害复合性及其法律控制研究》,《湖南师范大学社会科学学报》2017年第6期。
(4)“Study on Hazardous Household Waste(HHW)With A Main Emphasis on Hazardous Household Chemicals(HHC)”,Final Report,European Commission,Belgium,2002.
(5)Inglezakis V J,Konstantinos M,“Household hazardous waste management:a review”,Journal of Environmental Management,Vol.150,2015,pp.310~321.
(6)Slack RJ,Gronow JR,Voulvoulis N,“The Management of Household Hazardous Waste in the United Kingdom”,Journal of Environmental Management,Vol.90,No.1,2009,pp.36~42.
(7)“Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment”,Risk Assessment Forum U.S.Environmental Protection Agency,Washington,DC,2005.
(1)Otoniel BD,Liliana MB,Francelia PG,“Consumption Patterns and Household Hazardous Solid Waste Generation in An Urban Settlement in Mexico”,Waste Management,Vol.28,2008,pp.2~6.
(2)据统计,在2012年,上海全年产生废旧节能灯约1500吨,但回收量只有10吨,回收率仅为0.67%。
(3)“Study on Hazardous Household Waste(HHW)with a Main Emphasis on Hazardous Household Chemicals(HHC)”,Final Report,European Commission,Belgium,2002.
(4)钭晓东、赵文萍:《社会源废弃物的损害复合性及其法律控制研究》,《湖南师范大学社会科学学报》2017年第6期。
(5)国际上的做法是明确规定了政府、企业和消费者等参与主体所应当承担的法律责任和履行的法律义务。如德国规定了节能灯的制造企业必须承担处理废弃节能灯的责任,同时规定了销售方有回收的义务;日本政府要求居民将废弃的节能灯放入垃圾袋并要在袋子上明确标注“有害垃圾”,禁止与普通的生活垃圾混在一起处理,同时在超市和便利店等地方设置了专门的回收点。
(6)王卫平、洪华生、陈宗团:《基于Web GIS的危险废物管理系统开发》,《厦门大学学报(自然科学版)》2004年第S1期。
(1)欧阳恩钱:《整体性环境责任与社会源危险废物的法律治理》,《法学杂志》2017年第7期。
(2)Sunstein CR,Risk and reason:safety,law,and the environment,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2002,pp.24~28.
(1)A driana X.Sanchez,Keith D.Hampson,Geoffrey London,“Integrating Information in Built Environmentsfrom Concept to Practice”,London:Routledge,2018,p.1.
(2)WRAP,Waste Logistics Case Study,“Improving Waste Traceability and Control”,pp.1~8.
(3)“Improving Waste Traceability and Control”,Waste&Resources Action Programme,UK.,2019-6-10,http://www.wrap.org.uk/.
(1)“Hazardous Waste Identified and Sorted Using Simple Barcodes”,New Scientist,2018-11-9,https://www.newscientist.com/article/2139900-hazardous-waste-identified-and-sorted-using-simple-barcodes/.
(1)马长山:《人工智能的社会风险及其法律规制》,《法律科学》2018年第6期。
(2)该系统在沿海多个省政府的固废全程监管模拟推演中使用ET环境大脑共预警131次,其中有效预警122次,囊括管理企业2.5万家。
(2)张彪:《智能互联网将颠覆所有传统行业》,《计算机与网络》2016年第23期。
(3)James Warner,“Ai Is Stepping Ahead to Save The Planet,by Fighting the Most Dangerous Monster”,Pollution,2019-6-11,https://www.analyticsinsight.net/ai-stepping-ahead-save-planet-fighting-dangerous-monster-pollution/.
(4)“AI could help us protect the environment-or destroy it”,2018-12-21 https://www.dw.com/en/ai-couldhelp-us-protect-the-environment-or-destroy-it/a-44694471.
(5)Li H,Chen Z,Wong CTC,“Barcode Technology for an Incentive Reward Program to Reduce Construction Wastes”,Computer-Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering,Vol.18,No.4,2003,pp.313~324.
(1)Karamessini D,Petit BE,Bouquey M,Charles L,Lutz JF,“Identification-Tagging of Methacrylate-Based Intraocular Implants Using Sequence Defined Polyurethane Barcodes”,Advanced Functional Materials,Vol.27,No.3,2017.
(2)Randall J.Knapp,“Tracking and Traceability in Plastic Gas Distribution Systems-Changes and Challenges in Technology”,Proceedings of the 17 the Plastic Pipes Conference,Chicago,the USA,2014.
(3)早在20世纪90年代,欧盟便进行了对于质量安全追溯体系的研究,以应对日益严重的疯牛病疫情。在十多年的研究与实践后,欧盟对外公布了《食品安全白皮书》,对食品从生产到最终销售的全过程进行追溯,同时利用HACCP食品安全认证体系,对食品全生命周期各环节追踪溯源。
(4)Li H,Chen Z,Wong CTC,“Barcode Technology for an Incentive Reward Program to Reduce Construction Wastes”,Computer-Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering,Vol.18,No.4,2003,pp.313~324.
(5)“Guidelines for Bar Code System for Effective Management of Bio-medical Waste”,Ministry of Environment,Forest and Climate Change,India,2018.
(6)医疗废物的数据以电子方式收集,并以报告的形式每月提供给管理单位。
(1)任立明、王志国、郑磊:《我国社会源危险废弃物产生、回收及处置现状及管理对策》,《中国环境管理》2013年第2期。
(2)Inglezakis VJ,Konstantinos M,“Household Hazardous Waste Management:A Review”,Journal of Environmental Management,Vol.150,2015,pp.310~321.
(3)钭晓东、赵文萍:《社会源废弃物的损害复合性及其法律控制研究》,《湖南师范大学社会科学学报》2017年第6期。
(4)“Study on Hazardous Household Waste(HHW)With A Main Emphasis on Hazardous Household Chemicals(HHC)”,Final Report,European Commission,Belgium,2002.
(5)Inglezakis V J,Konstantinos M,“Household hazardous waste management:a review”,Journal of Environmental Management,Vol.150,2015,pp.310~321.
(6)Slack RJ,Gronow JR,Voulvoulis N,“The Management of Household Hazardous Waste in the United Kingdom”,Journal of Environmental Management,Vol.90,No.1,2009,pp.36~42.
(7)“Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment”,Risk Assessment Forum U.S.Environmental Protection Agency,Washington,DC,2005.
(1)Otoniel BD,Liliana MB,Francelia PG,“Consumption Patterns and Household Hazardous Solid Waste Generation in An Urban Settlement in Mexico”,Waste Management,Vol.28,2008,pp.2~6.
(2)据统计,在2012年,上海全年产生废旧节能灯约1500吨,但回收量只有10吨,回收率仅为0.67%。
(3)“Study on Hazardous Household Waste(HHW)with a Main Emphasis on Hazardous Household Chemicals(HHC)”,Final Report,European Commission,Belgium,2002.
(4)钭晓东、赵文萍:《社会源废弃物的损害复合性及其法律控制研究》,《湖南师范大学社会科学学报》2017年第6期。
(5)国际上的做法是明确规定了政府、企业和消费者等参与主体所应当承担的法律责任和履行的法律义务。如德国规定了节能灯的制造企业必须承担处理废弃节能灯的责任,同时规定了销售方有回收的义务;日本政府要求居民将废弃的节能灯放入垃圾袋并要在袋子上明确标注“有害垃圾”,禁止与普通的生活垃圾混在一起处理,同时在超市和便利店等地方设置了专门的回收点。
(6)王卫平、洪华生、陈宗团:《基于Web GIS的危险废物管理系统开发》,《厦门大学学报(自然科学版)》2004年第S1期。
(1)欧阳恩钱:《整体性环境责任与社会源危险废物的法律治理》,《法学杂志》2017年第7期。
(2)Sunstein CR,Risk and reason:safety,law,and the environment,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2002,pp.24~28.
(1)A driana X.Sanchez,Keith D.Hampson,Geoffrey London,“Integrating Information in Built Environmentsfrom Concept to Practice”,London:Routledge,2018,p.1.
(2)WRAP,Waste Logistics Case Study,“Improving Waste Traceability and Control”,pp.1~8.
(3)“Improving Waste Traceability and Control”,Waste&Resources Action Programme,UK.,2019-6-10,http://www.wrap.org.uk/.
(1)“Hazardous Waste Identified and Sorted Using Simple Barcodes”,New Scientist,2018-11-9,https://www.newscientist.com/article/2139900-hazardous-waste-identified-and-sorted-using-simple-barcodes/.
(1)马长山:《人工智能的社会风险及其法律规制》,《法律科学》2018年第6期。
(2)该系统在沿海多个省政府的固废全程监管模拟推演中使用ET环境大脑共预警131次,其中有效预警122次,囊括管理企业2.5万家。
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