渔业养殖对东太湖沉积物氮磷营养盐的影响
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摘要
围网养殖是东太湖渔业养殖的传统模式。传统围网养殖中高密度的围网设置、过度地投放饵料等盲目追求经济效益的做法已对东太湖生态系统造成了严重的不良影响。近年来,东太湖的渔业养殖模式已经得到了优化和改良。该文通过对比东太湖不同区域(养殖区1、养殖区2、恢复区、对照区),不同季节(冬季:2月;夏季:7月)的沉积物理化指标数据,研究东太湖渔业养殖区沉积物营养盐的时空变化。结果表明:冬季和夏季,养殖区1和养殖区2的沉积物营养盐浓度略高于恢复区和对照区。随季节变化(冬季至夏季),各研究区域的沉积物总氮、总磷、硝酸盐氮、亚硝酸盐氮和有机氮浓度均有所下降,但氨态氮浓度均显著升高;养殖区(养殖区1和养殖区2)、恢复区和对照区沉积物营养盐浓度的差异逐渐减小;恢复区和对照区沉积物营养盐浓度受季节变化影响较养殖区(养殖区1和养殖区2)小;冬季和夏季恢复区沉积物营养盐浓度均低于养殖区1和2但略高于对照区,说明恢复区沉积物营养负荷治理已初见成效。
The seine aquaculture is the traditional method of the aquaculture in the Eastern Lake Taihu.However,the blind pursuit of economic benefits,such as high density fence setting,excessive delivery of bait in traditional seine aquaculture has seriously adverse effects on the aquatic ecosystem of the Eastern Lake Taihu.In recent years,the aquaculture methods in the Eastern Lake Taihu have been optimized and improved.In this study,the temporal and spatial changes of sediment nutrients in the aquaculture areas of Eastern Lake Taihu are studied by comparing the data of sediment physicochemical indexes in different areas of Eastern Lake Taihu(Aquaculture Area 1,Aquaculture Area 2,Recovery Area and Control Area)and different seasons(winter:February;summer:July).The results showed that in winter and summer,the sediment nutrient contents of Aquaculture Area 1 and Aquaculture Area 2 was slightly higher than that of the Recovery Area and Control Area.With seasonal variations(winter to summer),total nitrogen(TN),total phosphorus(TP),nitrate nitrogen(NO_3~--N),nitrite nitrogen(NO_2~--N)and organic nitrogen concentrations decreased in the sediments of each study area,however,the concentrations of ammonia nitrogen(NH_4~+-N)increased significantly.The differences in sediment nutrient concentrations in the aquaculture areas(Aquaculture Area 1 and aquaculture Area 2),Recovery Area and Control Area decreased gradually.The nutrient concentrations of sediment in the Recovery area and Control area was less affected by the seasonal variation than those in the aquaculture areas(Aquaculture Area 1 and Aquaculture Area 2).In winter and summer,sediment nutrient concentration of Recovery Area was lower than that of aquaculture areas(Aquaculture Area 1 and Aquaculture Area 2).But sediment nutrient concentration of Recovery Area was slightly higher than that of Control Area.It suggests that the treatment of sediment nutrient load in the Recovery Area is beginning to bear fruit.
The seine aquaculture is the traditional method of the aquaculture in the Eastern Lake Taihu.However,the blind pursuit of economic benefits,such as high density fence setting,excessive delivery of bait in traditional seine aquaculture has seriously adverse effects on the aquatic ecosystem of the Eastern Lake Taihu.In recent years,the aquaculture methods in the Eastern Lake Taihu have been optimized and improved.In this study,the temporal and spatial changes of sediment nutrients in the aquaculture areas of Eastern Lake Taihu are studied by comparing the data of sediment physicochemical indexes in different areas of Eastern Lake Taihu(Aquaculture Area 1,Aquaculture Area 2,Recovery Area and Control Area)and different seasons(winter:February;summer:July).The results showed that in winter and summer,the sediment nutrient contents of Aquaculture Area 1 and Aquaculture Area 2 was slightly higher than that of the Recovery Area and Control Area.With seasonal variations(winter to summer),total nitrogen(TN),total phosphorus(TP),nitrate nitrogen(NO_3~--N),nitrite nitrogen(NO_2~--N)and organic nitrogen concentrations decreased in the sediments of each study area,however,the concentrations of ammonia nitrogen(NH_4~+-N)increased significantly.The differences in sediment nutrient concentrations in the aquaculture areas(Aquaculture Area 1 and aquaculture Area 2),Recovery Area and Control Area decreased gradually.The nutrient concentrations of sediment in the Recovery area and Control area was less affected by the seasonal variation than those in the aquaculture areas(Aquaculture Area 1 and Aquaculture Area 2).In winter and summer,sediment nutrient concentration of Recovery Area was lower than that of aquaculture areas(Aquaculture Area 1 and Aquaculture Area 2).But sediment nutrient concentration of Recovery Area was slightly higher than that of Control Area.It suggests that the treatment of sediment nutrient load in the Recovery Area is beginning to bear fruit.
引文
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[6]陈重军,王建芳,张海芹,等.厌氧氨氧化污水处理工艺及其实际应用研究进展[J].生态环境学报,2014,23(3):521-527.Chen Zhongjun,Wang Jianfang,Zhang Haiqing,et al.Research progress of anaerobic ammonia oxidation wastewater treatment process and its practical application[J].Journal of Ecological Environment,2014,23(3):521-527.
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[9]吴庆龙,陈开宁,胡耀辉,等.东太湖河蟹网围养殖的环境效应[J].农业环境保护,2001(6):432-434,442.Wu Qinglong,Chen Kaining,Hu Yaohui,et al.Environmental effects of river crab net surrounding culture in East Taihu Lake[J].Agricultural Environmental Protection,2001(6):432-434,442.
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[11]曾庆飞,谷孝鸿,周露洪,等.东太湖水质污染特征研究[J]中国环境科学,2011,31(8):1355-1360.Zeng Qingfei,Gu Xiaohong,Zhou Luhong,et al.Study on water pollution characteristics of East Taihu Lake[J].Environmental Science in China,2011,31(8):1355-1360.
[12]胡琼丹.太湖沉积物中DOM的分子量组成和光谱学特征[D].成都：四川师范大学,2014.Hu Jundan.Molecular Weight Composition and Spectroscopic Characteristics of DOM in Sediment of Taihu Lake[D].Chengdu:Sichuan Normal University,2014.
[13]梁兰英.紫外分光光度法测定土壤中的硝态氮[J].甘肃环境研究与监测,2001(2):80-81.Liang Lanying.Determination of nitrate nitrogen in soil by ultraviolet spectrophotometry[J].Environmental Research And Monitoring in Gansu Province,2001(2):80-81.
[14]王慧敏,唐玉霞.流动注射分析法与紫外分光光度法测定土壤硝态氮含量的比较[J].河北农业科学,2016,20(2):105-108.Wang Huimin,Tang Yuxia.Comparison of determination of nitrate nitrogen content in soil by flow injection analysis and ultraviolet spectrophotometry[J].Hebei Agricultural Science,2016,20(2):105-108.
[15]蒋岳文,陈淑梅,马英.靛酚蓝分光光度法测定海水中氨氮最佳条件的选择[J].海洋环境科学,1997(4):43-47.Jiang Yuewen,Chen Shumei,Ma Ying.Selection of optimum conditions for determination of ammonia nitrogen in seawater by Indigo Blue spectrophotometry[J].Marine Environment Science,1997(4):43-47.
[16]蒋增杰,方建光,毛玉泽,等.海水鱼类网箱养殖水域沉积物有机质的来源甄别[J].中国水产科学,2012,19(2):348-354.Jiang Zengjie,Fang Jianguang,Mao Yuze,et al.Source screening of sediment organic matter in marine fish cage cultured waters[J].Aquatic Science In China,2012,19(2):348-354.
[17]施炜纲,王博,周昕.蟹、鱼网围混养对草型湖泊氮磷平衡的影响[J].湖泊科学,1999(4):363-368.Shi Weigang,Wang Bo,Zhou Xin.Effects of mixed breeding of crab and fishnet on nitrogen and phosphorus balance in grass-type lakes[J].Lake Science,1999(4):363-368.
[18]潘慧云,徐小花,高士祥.沉水植物衰亡过程中营养盐的释放过程及规律[J].环境科学研究,2008(1):64-68.Pan Huiyun,Xu Xiaohua,Gao Shixiang.Release process and regularity of nutrient salt in the process of decay of submerged plants[J].Environmental Science Research,2008(1):64-68.
[19]孔祥龙,叶春,李春华,等.苦草对水-底泥-沉水植物系统中氮素迁移转化的影响[J].中国环境科学,2015,35(2):539-549.Kong Xianglong,Ye Chun,Li Chunhua,et al.Effects of bitter grass on nitrogen migration and transformation in watersediment-submerged plant systems[J].Environmental Science in China,2015,35(2):539-549.
[20]刘雪芳.太湖沉积物有机质组成特征及其对磷吸附的影响[D].郑州：河南大学,2017.Liu Xuefang.Characteristics of Organic Matter Composition of Sediment in Taihu Lake and Its Effect on Phosphorus Adsorption[D].Zhengzhou:Henan University,2017.
[21]季雨珊,方芳,王辉彬,等.光度法研究太湖表层沉积物中磷形态分布及动力学特征[J].光谱学与光谱分析,2018,38(5):1508-1513.Ji Yushan,Fang Fang,Wang Huibin,et al.Study on the morphological distribution and kinetic characteristics of phosphorus in surface sediments of Taihu Lake by photometric method[J].Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis,2018,38(5):1508-1513.
[22]俞盈,付广义,陈繁忠,等.水体中三氮转化规律及影响因素研究[J].地球化学,2008,37(6):565-571.Yu Ying,Fu Guangyi,Chen Fanzhong,et al.Study on the transformation law and influencing factors of tri-nitrogen in water body[J].Geochemistry,2008,37(6):565-571.
[23]Moss B.Engineering and biological approaches to the restoration fromeutrophication of shallow lakes in which aquatic plant communities areimportant components[J].Hydrobiologia,1990,200/201:367-377.
[24]尹盛乐,刘晓收,袁超,等.胶州湾大沽河口潮间带沉积物中叶绿素和有机质含量的季节变化[J].海洋湖沼通报,2012(2):97-106.Yin Shengle,Liu Xiaoshou,Yuan Chao,et al.Seasonal variation of chlorophyll and organic matter content in sediment of intertidal zone of Jiaozhouwan Dagu River estuary[J].Marine Lagoon Bulletin,2012(2):97-106.
[2]吴向峰.东太湖水源地水质保护工程改善效果[J].水资源开发与管理,2018(5):58-63.Wu Xiangfeng.Improvement effect of water quality protection project in East Taihu Lake[J].Water Resources Development and Management,2018(5):58-63.
[3]吴庆龙.东太湖养殖渔业可持续发展的思考[J].湖泊科学,2001(4):337-344.Wu Qinglong.Thoughts on the sustainable development of aquaculture fishery in East Taihu Lake[J].Lake Science,2001(4):337-344.
[4]陈家长,胡庚东,瞿建宏,等.太湖流域池塘河蟹养殖向太湖排放氮磷的研究[J].农村生态环境,2005(1):21-23.Chen Jiachang,Hu Gengdong,Qu Jianhong,et al.Study on the emission of nitrogen and phosphorus from pond crab culture to Taihu Lake in Taihu Basin[J].Rural Ecological Environment,2005(1):21-23.
[5]刘新,王芳,江和龙,等.太湖梅梁湾沉积物中铁氧化氨作用及其脱氮贡献[J].生态环境学报,2018,27(8):1481-1487.Liu Xin,Wang Fang,Jiang Helong,et al.Iron oxidation ammonia and its denitrification contribution in sediment of Meiliang Bay,Taihu Lake[J].Journal of Ecological Environment,2018,27(8):1481-1487.
[6]陈重军,王建芳,张海芹,等.厌氧氨氧化污水处理工艺及其实际应用研究进展[J].生态环境学报,2014,23(3):521-527.Chen Zhongjun,Wang Jianfang,Zhang Haiqing,et al.Research progress of anaerobic ammonia oxidation wastewater treatment process and its practical application[J].Journal of Ecological Environment,2014,23(3):521-527.
[7]李志建.南四湖沉积物内源污染释放规律与水质响应的关系研究[D].济南：山东大学,2011.Li Zhijian.Study on the relationship between the release law of endogenous pollution of sediment in Nansihu Lake and the response of water quality[D].Jinan:Shandong University,2011.
[8]范亚民,李海宇,何华春,等.近30年来太湖围湖利用及东太湖网围养殖动态变化研究[J].长江流域资源与环境,2012,21(S2):121-126.Fan Yamin,Li Haiyu,He Huachun,et al.Study on the utilization of surrounding lakes in Taihu Lake and the dynamic change of the surrounding culture of the East Taihu Lake in recent 30 years[J].Resources and Environment of the Yangtze River Basin,2012,21(S2):121-126.
[9]吴庆龙,陈开宁,胡耀辉,等.东太湖河蟹网围养殖的环境效应[J].农业环境保护,2001(6):432-434,442.Wu Qinglong,Chen Kaining,Hu Yaohui,et al.Environmental effects of river crab net surrounding culture in East Taihu Lake[J].Agricultural Environmental Protection,2001(6):432-434,442.
[10]何俊,谷孝鸿,刘国锋.东太湖网围养蟹效应及养殖模式优化[J].湖泊科学,2009,21(4):523-529.He Jun,Gu Xiaohong,Liu Guofeng.The effect of surrounding crab and the optimization of culture mode in the East Taihu Lake Network[J].Lake Science,2009,21(4):523-529.
[11]曾庆飞,谷孝鸿,周露洪,等.东太湖水质污染特征研究[J]中国环境科学,2011,31(8):1355-1360.Zeng Qingfei,Gu Xiaohong,Zhou Luhong,et al.Study on water pollution characteristics of East Taihu Lake[J].Environmental Science in China,2011,31(8):1355-1360.
[12]胡琼丹.太湖沉积物中DOM的分子量组成和光谱学特征[D].成都：四川师范大学,2014.Hu Jundan.Molecular Weight Composition and Spectroscopic Characteristics of DOM in Sediment of Taihu Lake[D].Chengdu:Sichuan Normal University,2014.
[13]梁兰英.紫外分光光度法测定土壤中的硝态氮[J].甘肃环境研究与监测,2001(2):80-81.Liang Lanying.Determination of nitrate nitrogen in soil by ultraviolet spectrophotometry[J].Environmental Research And Monitoring in Gansu Province,2001(2):80-81.
[14]王慧敏,唐玉霞.流动注射分析法与紫外分光光度法测定土壤硝态氮含量的比较[J].河北农业科学,2016,20(2):105-108.Wang Huimin,Tang Yuxia.Comparison of determination of nitrate nitrogen content in soil by flow injection analysis and ultraviolet spectrophotometry[J].Hebei Agricultural Science,2016,20(2):105-108.
[15]蒋岳文,陈淑梅,马英.靛酚蓝分光光度法测定海水中氨氮最佳条件的选择[J].海洋环境科学,1997(4):43-47.Jiang Yuewen,Chen Shumei,Ma Ying.Selection of optimum conditions for determination of ammonia nitrogen in seawater by Indigo Blue spectrophotometry[J].Marine Environment Science,1997(4):43-47.
[16]蒋增杰,方建光,毛玉泽,等.海水鱼类网箱养殖水域沉积物有机质的来源甄别[J].中国水产科学,2012,19(2):348-354.Jiang Zengjie,Fang Jianguang,Mao Yuze,et al.Source screening of sediment organic matter in marine fish cage cultured waters[J].Aquatic Science In China,2012,19(2):348-354.
[17]施炜纲,王博,周昕.蟹、鱼网围混养对草型湖泊氮磷平衡的影响[J].湖泊科学,1999(4):363-368.Shi Weigang,Wang Bo,Zhou Xin.Effects of mixed breeding of crab and fishnet on nitrogen and phosphorus balance in grass-type lakes[J].Lake Science,1999(4):363-368.
[18]潘慧云,徐小花,高士祥.沉水植物衰亡过程中营养盐的释放过程及规律[J].环境科学研究,2008(1):64-68.Pan Huiyun,Xu Xiaohua,Gao Shixiang.Release process and regularity of nutrient salt in the process of decay of submerged plants[J].Environmental Science Research,2008(1):64-68.
[19]孔祥龙,叶春,李春华,等.苦草对水-底泥-沉水植物系统中氮素迁移转化的影响[J].中国环境科学,2015,35(2):539-549.Kong Xianglong,Ye Chun,Li Chunhua,et al.Effects of bitter grass on nitrogen migration and transformation in watersediment-submerged plant systems[J].Environmental Science in China,2015,35(2):539-549.
[20]刘雪芳.太湖沉积物有机质组成特征及其对磷吸附的影响[D].郑州：河南大学,2017.Liu Xuefang.Characteristics of Organic Matter Composition of Sediment in Taihu Lake and Its Effect on Phosphorus Adsorption[D].Zhengzhou:Henan University,2017.
[21]季雨珊,方芳,王辉彬,等.光度法研究太湖表层沉积物中磷形态分布及动力学特征[J].光谱学与光谱分析,2018,38(5):1508-1513.Ji Yushan,Fang Fang,Wang Huibin,et al.Study on the morphological distribution and kinetic characteristics of phosphorus in surface sediments of Taihu Lake by photometric method[J].Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis,2018,38(5):1508-1513.
[22]俞盈,付广义,陈繁忠,等.水体中三氮转化规律及影响因素研究[J].地球化学,2008,37(6):565-571.Yu Ying,Fu Guangyi,Chen Fanzhong,et al.Study on the transformation law and influencing factors of tri-nitrogen in water body[J].Geochemistry,2008,37(6):565-571.
[23]Moss B.Engineering and biological approaches to the restoration fromeutrophication of shallow lakes in which aquatic plant communities areimportant components[J].Hydrobiologia,1990,200/201:367-377.
[24]尹盛乐,刘晓收,袁超,等.胶州湾大沽河口潮间带沉积物中叶绿素和有机质含量的季节变化[J].海洋湖沼通报,2012(2):97-106.Yin Shengle,Liu Xiaoshou,Yuan Chao,et al.Seasonal variation of chlorophyll and organic matter content in sediment of intertidal zone of Jiaozhouwan Dagu River estuary[J].Marine Lagoon Bulletin,2012(2):97-106.
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