中国北方自然生态系统土壤有机碳含量及其影响因素
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摘要
土壤有机碳是陆地生态系统碳库中最活跃的组分,其较小幅度的变动,可导致大气中CO_2浓度的剧烈变化,从而影响全球气候变化。本研究以中国北方荒漠、草地、灌丛和森林生态系统为研究对象,结合气候、土壤和植被群落特征等因素,探究区域尺度下表层土壤有机碳含量及影响因素。结果表明:研究区内各生态系统间土壤有机碳含量差异显著,其中森林土壤有机碳含量最高,其次为灌丛和草地,荒漠土壤有机碳含量最低;土壤有机碳含量与年平均温度、土壤pH和砂粒含量呈显著负相关,与年平均降水量、黏粒含量、粉粒含量、NDVI指数和植物物种丰富度呈显著正相关,与植物物种多样性呈正相关趋势但未达到显著水平;在区域尺度下,土壤有机碳含量主要受到气候因子、土壤因子和植被因子共同作用的影响。
Soil organic carbon(SOC) is the most active component in terrestrial carbon pool.Small variations in global SOC stock could result in significant impacts on the atmospheric CO2 concentration and contribute to global climate change.In this study,we collected 528 soil samples at 77 sites from different natural ecosystems(desert,grassland,shrubland,and forest) in northern China.We compared the differences of SOC concentrations in different ecosystems and analyzed the influencing factors on SOC concentrations.The results showed that SOC concentration was the highest in forests,with an order:forest>shrubland>grassland>desert.The SOC concentrations were significantly positively correlated with mean annual precipitation,clay content,silt content,NDVI,and plant species richness,but negatively correlated with mean annual temperature,soil pH,and sand content.We found a positive but insignificant correlation between SOC concentrations and plant species alpha diversity.The variations of SOC concentrations were mainly driven by soil,climate,and vegetation factors at regional scale.
Soil organic carbon(SOC) is the most active component in terrestrial carbon pool.Small variations in global SOC stock could result in significant impacts on the atmospheric CO2 concentration and contribute to global climate change.In this study,we collected 528 soil samples at 77 sites from different natural ecosystems(desert,grassland,shrubland,and forest) in northern China.We compared the differences of SOC concentrations in different ecosystems and analyzed the influencing factors on SOC concentrations.The results showed that SOC concentration was the highest in forests,with an order:forest>shrubland>grassland>desert.The SOC concentrations were significantly positively correlated with mean annual precipitation,clay content,silt content,NDVI,and plant species richness,but negatively correlated with mean annual temperature,soil pH,and sand content.We found a positive but insignificant correlation between SOC concentrations and plant species alpha diversity.The variations of SOC concentrations were mainly driven by soil,climate,and vegetation factors at regional scale.
引文
阿娟,张福顺,张晓东,等.2012.荒漠植物群落特征及其与气候因子的对应分析.干旱区资源与环境,26(1):174-178.
鲍士旦.2000.土壤农化分析.北京:中国农业出版社.
车宗玺,刘贤德,车宗奇,等.2014.祁连山青海云杉林土壤有机质及氮素的空间分布特征.水土保持学报,28(5):164-169.
方精云,王襄平,沈泽昊,等.2009.植物群落清查的主要内容、方法和技术规范.生物多样性,17(6):533-548.
傅华,陈亚明,王彦荣,等.2004.阿拉善主要草地类型土壤有机碳特征及其影响因素.生态学报,24(3):469-476.
高贤明,黄建辉,万师强,等.1997.秦岭太白山弃耕地植物群落演替的生态学研究.Ⅱ.演替系列的群落α多样性特征.生态学报,17(6):619-625.
龚志莲,李勇.2015.川西南不同植被木本物种多样性与土壤有机碳积累.生态环境学报,24(9):1447-1452.
顾成军,史学正,于东升,等.2013.省域土壤有机碳空间分布的主控因子---土壤类型与土地利用比较.土壤学报,50(3):425-432.
黄锦学,熊德成,刘小飞,等.2017.增温对土壤有机碳矿化的影响研究综述.生态学报,37(1):12-24.
霍艳双,杨波,杨雪栋,等.2014.草地土壤有机碳研究进展.中国草地学报,36(6):90-96.
解宪丽,孙波,周慧珍,等.2004.不同植被下中国土壤有机碳的储量与影响因子.土壤学报,41(5):687-699.
刘伟,程积民,高阳,等.2012.黄土高原草地土壤有机碳分布及其影响因素.土壤学报,49(1):68-76.
宋敏,彭晚霞,邹冬生,等.2012.喀斯特峰丛洼地不同森林表层土壤有机质的空间变异及成因.生态学报,32(19):6259-6269.
王绍强,周成虎,李克让,等.2000.中国土壤有机碳库及空间分布特征分析.地理学报,55(5):533-544.
王淑芳,王效科,欧阳志云.2011.密云水库上游流域土壤有机碳特征及其影响因素.土壤,43(4):515-524.
杨利民,李建东.1997.土壤盐碱化对羊草草地植物多样性的影响.草地学报,5(3):154-160.
张俊华,李国栋,南忠仁.2012.黑河中游典型土地利用方式下土壤粒径分布及与有机碳的关系.生态学报,32(12):3745-3753.
赵明松,张甘霖,李德成,等.2013.江苏省土壤有机质变异及其主要影响因素.生态学报,33(16):5058-5066.
赵明月,赵文武,钟莉娜.2014.土地利用和环境因子对表层土壤有机碳影响的尺度效应---以陕北黄土丘陵沟壑区为例.生态学报,34(5):1105-1113.
Batjes NH.1996.Total carbon and nitrogen in the soils of the world.European Journal of Soil Science,47:151-163.
Bot A,Benites J.2005.The importance of soil organic matter.Journal of Geology,117:241-262.
Burke IC,Yonker CM,Parton WJ,et al.1989.Texture,climate,and cultivation effects on soil organic matter content in U.S.grassland soils.Soil Science Society of America Journal,53:800-805.
Carlson TN,Ripley DA.1997.On the relation between NDVI,fractional vegetation cover,and leaf area index.Remote Sensing of Environment,62:241-252.
Chen S,Wan W,Xu W,et al.2018.Plant diversity enhances productivity and soil carbon storage.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,115:4027-4032.
Chen YL,Xu TL,Veresoglou SD,et al.2017.Plant diversity represents the prevalent determinant of soil fungal community structure across temperate grasslands in northern China.Soil Biology&Biochemistry,110:12-21.
Clarence LL,Tilman D.2000.Biodiversity,stability,and productivity in competitive communities.American Naturalist,156:534-552.
Fang J,Liu G,Xu S.1996.Soil carbon pool in China and its global significance.Journal of Environmental Sciences,23:249-254.
Hu Y,Xiang D,Veresoglou SD,et al.2014.Soil organic carbon and soil structure are driving microbial abundance and community composition across the arid and semi-arid grasslands in northern China.Soil Biology&Biochemistry,77:51-57.
Jobbgy EG,Jackson RB.2000.The vertical distribution of soil organic carbon and its relation to climate and vegetation.Ecological Applications,10:423-436.
Kato T,Tang Y,Song GU,et al.2006.Temperature and biomass influences on interannual changes in CO2exchange in an alpine meadow on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.Global Change Biology,12:1285-1298.
Kirschbaum MUF.2000.Will changes in soil organic carbon act as a positive or negative feedback on global warming?Biogeochemistry,48:21-51.
Lal R.2004.Soil carbon sequestration impacts on global climate change and food security.Science,304:1623-1627.
Lal R.2005.Forest soils and carbon sequestration.Forest Ecology and Management,220:242-258.
Lange M,Eisenhauer N,Sierra CA,et al.2015.Plant diversity increases soil microbial activity and soil carbon storage.Nature Communications,6:6707.
O'Brien EM.2006.Biological relativity to water-energy dynamics.Journal of Biogeography,33:1868-1888.
O'Rourke SM,Angers DA,Holden NM,et al.2015.Soil organic carbon across scales.Global Change Biology,21:3561-3574.
Peet RK.1974.The measurement of species diversity.Annual Review of Ecology&Systematics,5:285-307.
Prince SD.1991.A model of regional primary production for use with coarse resolution satellite data.International Journal of Remote Sensing,12:1313-1330.
Rial M,Martínez CA,Rodríguezlado L.2017.Understanding the spatial distribution of factors controlling topsoil organic carbon content in European soils.Science of the Total Environment,609:1411-1422.
Rousk J,Frey SD.2015.Revisiting the hypothesis that fungalto-bacterial dominance characterizes turnover of soil organic matter and nutrients.Ecological Monographs,85:457-472.
Stockmann U,Adams MA,Crawford JW,et al.2013.The knowns,known unknowns and unknowns of sequestration of soil organic carbon.Agriculture,Ecosystems&Environment,164:80-99.
Tang X,Zhao X,Bai Y,et al.2018.Carbon pools in China’s terrestrial ecosystems:New estimates based on an intensive field survey.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,115:4021-4026.
Trumbore SE.2006.Carbon respired by terrestrial ecosystems:Recent progress and challenges.Global Change Biology,12:141-153.
Vesterdal L,Clarke N,Sigurdsson BD,et al.2013.Do tree species influence soil carbon stocks in temperate and boreal forests.Forest Ecology and Management,309:4-18.
Yigini Y,Panagos P.2016.Assessment of soil organic carbon stocks under future climate and land cover changes in Europe.Science of the Total Environment,557-558:838-850.
Zinn YL,Lal R,Bigham JM,et al.2007.Edaphic controls on soil organic carbon retention in the Brazilian Cerrado:Texture and mineralogy.Soil Science Society of America Journal,71:1204-1214.
鲍士旦.2000.土壤农化分析.北京:中国农业出版社.
车宗玺,刘贤德,车宗奇,等.2014.祁连山青海云杉林土壤有机质及氮素的空间分布特征.水土保持学报,28(5):164-169.
方精云,王襄平,沈泽昊,等.2009.植物群落清查的主要内容、方法和技术规范.生物多样性,17(6):533-548.
傅华,陈亚明,王彦荣,等.2004.阿拉善主要草地类型土壤有机碳特征及其影响因素.生态学报,24(3):469-476.
高贤明,黄建辉,万师强,等.1997.秦岭太白山弃耕地植物群落演替的生态学研究.Ⅱ.演替系列的群落α多样性特征.生态学报,17(6):619-625.
龚志莲,李勇.2015.川西南不同植被木本物种多样性与土壤有机碳积累.生态环境学报,24(9):1447-1452.
顾成军,史学正,于东升,等.2013.省域土壤有机碳空间分布的主控因子---土壤类型与土地利用比较.土壤学报,50(3):425-432.
黄锦学,熊德成,刘小飞,等.2017.增温对土壤有机碳矿化的影响研究综述.生态学报,37(1):12-24.
霍艳双,杨波,杨雪栋,等.2014.草地土壤有机碳研究进展.中国草地学报,36(6):90-96.
解宪丽,孙波,周慧珍,等.2004.不同植被下中国土壤有机碳的储量与影响因子.土壤学报,41(5):687-699.
刘伟,程积民,高阳,等.2012.黄土高原草地土壤有机碳分布及其影响因素.土壤学报,49(1):68-76.
宋敏,彭晚霞,邹冬生,等.2012.喀斯特峰丛洼地不同森林表层土壤有机质的空间变异及成因.生态学报,32(19):6259-6269.
王绍强,周成虎,李克让,等.2000.中国土壤有机碳库及空间分布特征分析.地理学报,55(5):533-544.
王淑芳,王效科,欧阳志云.2011.密云水库上游流域土壤有机碳特征及其影响因素.土壤,43(4):515-524.
杨利民,李建东.1997.土壤盐碱化对羊草草地植物多样性的影响.草地学报,5(3):154-160.
张俊华,李国栋,南忠仁.2012.黑河中游典型土地利用方式下土壤粒径分布及与有机碳的关系.生态学报,32(12):3745-3753.
赵明松,张甘霖,李德成,等.2013.江苏省土壤有机质变异及其主要影响因素.生态学报,33(16):5058-5066.
赵明月,赵文武,钟莉娜.2014.土地利用和环境因子对表层土壤有机碳影响的尺度效应---以陕北黄土丘陵沟壑区为例.生态学报,34(5):1105-1113.
Batjes NH.1996.Total carbon and nitrogen in the soils of the world.European Journal of Soil Science,47:151-163.
Bot A,Benites J.2005.The importance of soil organic matter.Journal of Geology,117:241-262.
Burke IC,Yonker CM,Parton WJ,et al.1989.Texture,climate,and cultivation effects on soil organic matter content in U.S.grassland soils.Soil Science Society of America Journal,53:800-805.
Carlson TN,Ripley DA.1997.On the relation between NDVI,fractional vegetation cover,and leaf area index.Remote Sensing of Environment,62:241-252.
Chen S,Wan W,Xu W,et al.2018.Plant diversity enhances productivity and soil carbon storage.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,115:4027-4032.
Chen YL,Xu TL,Veresoglou SD,et al.2017.Plant diversity represents the prevalent determinant of soil fungal community structure across temperate grasslands in northern China.Soil Biology&Biochemistry,110:12-21.
Clarence LL,Tilman D.2000.Biodiversity,stability,and productivity in competitive communities.American Naturalist,156:534-552.
Fang J,Liu G,Xu S.1996.Soil carbon pool in China and its global significance.Journal of Environmental Sciences,23:249-254.
Hu Y,Xiang D,Veresoglou SD,et al.2014.Soil organic carbon and soil structure are driving microbial abundance and community composition across the arid and semi-arid grasslands in northern China.Soil Biology&Biochemistry,77:51-57.
Jobbgy EG,Jackson RB.2000.The vertical distribution of soil organic carbon and its relation to climate and vegetation.Ecological Applications,10:423-436.
Kato T,Tang Y,Song GU,et al.2006.Temperature and biomass influences on interannual changes in CO2exchange in an alpine meadow on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.Global Change Biology,12:1285-1298.
Kirschbaum MUF.2000.Will changes in soil organic carbon act as a positive or negative feedback on global warming?Biogeochemistry,48:21-51.
Lal R.2004.Soil carbon sequestration impacts on global climate change and food security.Science,304:1623-1627.
Lal R.2005.Forest soils and carbon sequestration.Forest Ecology and Management,220:242-258.
Lange M,Eisenhauer N,Sierra CA,et al.2015.Plant diversity increases soil microbial activity and soil carbon storage.Nature Communications,6:6707.
O'Brien EM.2006.Biological relativity to water-energy dynamics.Journal of Biogeography,33:1868-1888.
O'Rourke SM,Angers DA,Holden NM,et al.2015.Soil organic carbon across scales.Global Change Biology,21:3561-3574.
Peet RK.1974.The measurement of species diversity.Annual Review of Ecology&Systematics,5:285-307.
Prince SD.1991.A model of regional primary production for use with coarse resolution satellite data.International Journal of Remote Sensing,12:1313-1330.
Rial M,Martínez CA,Rodríguezlado L.2017.Understanding the spatial distribution of factors controlling topsoil organic carbon content in European soils.Science of the Total Environment,609:1411-1422.
Rousk J,Frey SD.2015.Revisiting the hypothesis that fungalto-bacterial dominance characterizes turnover of soil organic matter and nutrients.Ecological Monographs,85:457-472.
Stockmann U,Adams MA,Crawford JW,et al.2013.The knowns,known unknowns and unknowns of sequestration of soil organic carbon.Agriculture,Ecosystems&Environment,164:80-99.
Tang X,Zhao X,Bai Y,et al.2018.Carbon pools in China’s terrestrial ecosystems:New estimates based on an intensive field survey.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,115:4021-4026.
Trumbore SE.2006.Carbon respired by terrestrial ecosystems:Recent progress and challenges.Global Change Biology,12:141-153.
Vesterdal L,Clarke N,Sigurdsson BD,et al.2013.Do tree species influence soil carbon stocks in temperate and boreal forests.Forest Ecology and Management,309:4-18.
Yigini Y,Panagos P.2016.Assessment of soil organic carbon stocks under future climate and land cover changes in Europe.Science of the Total Environment,557-558:838-850.
Zinn YL,Lal R,Bigham JM,et al.2007.Edaphic controls on soil organic carbon retention in the Brazilian Cerrado:Texture and mineralogy.Soil Science Society of America Journal,71:1204-1214.
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