耕地面源污染治理:纳入生态效益的农户补偿标准
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摘要
生态补偿是实现环境保护的重要经济手段,而合理的生态补偿标准是保障补偿政策可行和有效的关键。以水稻生产为例,在选择实验的设计中纳入了生态效益的考量,借助Multinomial Logit(MNL)模型实证分析了农户对耕地面源污染治理补偿方案的受偿意愿,基于此测算了兼顾社会支出最小化原则和农户利益诉求的生态补偿标准。实证结果显示:(1)补偿金对农户耕地面源污染治理参与意愿具有显著激励作用。耕地面源污染治理补偿标准为:化肥、农药分别减施1%的补偿标准是63.15元/公顷·年和49.65元/公顷·年;化肥农药施用量改善到国际平均水平和有机生产水平的补偿标准分别为7 544.40元/公顷·年和11 280.60元/公顷·年。(2)具有户主身份、年轻、受教育程度高、种植规模小、兼业化程度高、耕地面源污染治理生态效益认知程度高、偏好风险以及耕地面源污染治理政策措施了解程度高等特征的农户,更愿意参与耕地面源污染治理生态补偿。据此建议:将农户参与纳入耕地面源污染补偿政策制定环节,补偿标准核算应充分考虑农户经济损失和生态效益,借助各种现代媒体有针对性地向家庭中有话语权的农民进行环保宣传和教育。
Ecological compensation is an important economic mode to control the non-point pollution(NSP) of cultivated land The reasonable compensation standard is the key to whether the compensation policy is feasible and effective Taking rice production as an example, this paper used a choice experiment to measure farmers' minimum willingness to accept(WTA) which incorporating ecological benefits in controlling cultivated land NSP Based on this, we further measured the ecological compensation standard by the Multinomial Logit Model(MNL) The empirical results show that:(1) the compensation standard for 1% reduction of fertilizer and pesticide application is 63.15 yuan/(ha*year) and 49.65 yuan/(ha*year), respectively; the compensation standard for the improvement of fertilizer and pesticide application to the international average level and the organic production level is 7 544.40 yuan/(ha*year) and 11 280.60 yuan/(ha*year), respectively.(2) Farmers with the characteristics of head of household, young, highly educated, small planting scale, high degree of concurrent industry, high awareness of ecological benefits of NSP, high preference risk and high understanding of policies for NSP controlling are more willing to participate in ecological compensation. According to these results, we put forward suggestions: firstly, incorporating farmers' participation into the formulation of compensation policies for cultivated land NSP; fully considering farmers' economic losses and ecological benefits in the calculation of compensation standards; carrying out environmental protection propaganda and education to farmers who have the right to speak in their families with the help of various modern media.
Ecological compensation is an important economic mode to control the non-point pollution(NSP) of cultivated land The reasonable compensation standard is the key to whether the compensation policy is feasible and effective Taking rice production as an example, this paper used a choice experiment to measure farmers' minimum willingness to accept(WTA) which incorporating ecological benefits in controlling cultivated land NSP Based on this, we further measured the ecological compensation standard by the Multinomial Logit Model(MNL) The empirical results show that:(1) the compensation standard for 1% reduction of fertilizer and pesticide application is 63.15 yuan/(ha*year) and 49.65 yuan/(ha*year), respectively; the compensation standard for the improvement of fertilizer and pesticide application to the international average level and the organic production level is 7 544.40 yuan/(ha*year) and 11 280.60 yuan/(ha*year), respectively.(2) Farmers with the characteristics of head of household, young, highly educated, small planting scale, high degree of concurrent industry, high awareness of ecological benefits of NSP, high preference risk and high understanding of policies for NSP controlling are more willing to participate in ecological compensation. According to these results, we put forward suggestions: firstly, incorporating farmers' participation into the formulation of compensation policies for cultivated land NSP; fully considering farmers' economic losses and ecological benefits in the calculation of compensation standards; carrying out environmental protection propaganda and education to farmers who have the right to speak in their families with the help of various modern media.
引文
[1] 张维理,徐爱国,冀宏杰,等.中国农业面源污染形势估计及控制对策:中国农业面源污染控制中存在问题分析[J].中国农业科学,2004,37(7):1 026-1 033.
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[4] 饶静,许翔宇,纪晓婷.我国农业面源污染现状、发生机制和对策研究[J].农业经济问题,2011(8):81-87.
[5] 罗小娟,冯淑怡,Reidsma Pytrik,等.基于农户生物—经济模型的农业与环境政策响应模拟——以太湖流域为例[J].中国农村经济,2013(9):72-85.
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[7] 徐涛,赵敏娟,乔丹,等.外部性视角下的节水灌溉技术补偿标准核算基于选择实验法[J].自然资源学报,2018,33(6):1 116-1 128.
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[12] 耿翔燕,葛颜祥,张化楠.基于重置成本的流域生态补偿标准研究——以小清河流域为例[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2018,28(1):140-147.
[13] 段靖,严岩,王丹寅,等.流域生态补偿标准中成本核算的原理分析与方法改进[J].生态学报,2010,30(1):221-227.
[14] Agency E E.Scaling up Ecosystem Benefits:A Contribution to the Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB) Study[M].Luxembourg:Office for Official Publications of the European Union,2010:9-11.
[15] 马爱慧,蔡银莺,张安录.基于选择实验法的耕地生态补偿额度测算[J].自然资源学报,2012(6):1 154-1 163.
[16] Adamowicz W,Boxall P,Willimas M,et al.Stated Preference Approaches for Measuring Passive use Values:Choice Experiments and Contingent Valuation [J].American Journal of Agricultural Economics,1998,80(1):64-75.
[17] Mcfadden D.Conditional Logit Analysis of Qualitative Choice Behavior[J].Frontiers in Econometrics,1974(1):105-142.
[18] 姚柳杨,赵敏娟,徐涛.耕地保护政策的社会福利分析:基于选择实验的非市场价值评估[J].农业经济问题,2017(2):32-40.
[19] 张利国.农户从事环境友好型农业生产行为研究——基于江西省278份农户问卷调查的实证分析[J].农业技术经济,2011(5):114-120.
[20] 朱兆良,David Norse,孙波.中国农业面源污染控制对策[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2006:1-3
[21] 冀伟珍.农业面源污染的原理及其防治的新进展[J].中国西部科技,2008,7(36):7-9.
[22] 李秀芬,朱金兆,顾晓君,等.农业面源污染现状与防治进展[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2010,20(3):81-84.
[2] Beharry Borg N,Smart J C R,Termansen M.Evaluating Farmers’ Likely Participation in A Payment Programme for Water Quality Protection in the UK Uplands[J].Regional Environmental Change,2013,13(3):633-647.
[3] 金书秦,武岩.农业面源是水体污染的首要原因吗?——基于淮河流域数据的检验[J].中国农村经济,2014(7):71-81.
[4] 饶静,许翔宇,纪晓婷.我国农业面源污染现状、发生机制和对策研究[J].农业经济问题,2011(8):81-87.
[5] 罗小娟,冯淑怡,Reidsma Pytrik,等.基于农户生物—经济模型的农业与环境政策响应模拟——以太湖流域为例[J].中国农村经济,2013(9):72-85.
[6] 袁伟彦,周小柯.生态补偿问题国外研究进展综述[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2014,24(9):76-82.
[7] 徐涛,赵敏娟,乔丹,等.外部性视角下的节水灌溉技术补偿标准核算基于选择实验法[J].自然资源学报,2018,33(6):1 116-1 128.
[8] Claassen R,Cattaneo A,Johansson R.Cost-effective Design of Ari-environmental Payment Programs:U.S.Experience in Theory and Practice[J].Ecological Economics,2008,65(3):737-752.
[9] 李京梅,陈琦,姚海燕.基于选择实验法的胶州湾湿地围垦生态效益损失评估[J].资源科学,2015,37(1):68-75.
[10] Wünscher T,Engel S,Wunder S.Spatial Targeting of Payments for Environmental Services:A Tool for Boosting Conservation Benefits[J].Ecological Economics,2008,65(3):822-833.
[11] 李国平,石涵予.退耕还林生态补偿标准、农户行为选择及损益[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2015,25(5):152-161.
[12] 耿翔燕,葛颜祥,张化楠.基于重置成本的流域生态补偿标准研究——以小清河流域为例[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2018,28(1):140-147.
[13] 段靖,严岩,王丹寅,等.流域生态补偿标准中成本核算的原理分析与方法改进[J].生态学报,2010,30(1):221-227.
[14] Agency E E.Scaling up Ecosystem Benefits:A Contribution to the Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB) Study[M].Luxembourg:Office for Official Publications of the European Union,2010:9-11.
[15] 马爱慧,蔡银莺,张安录.基于选择实验法的耕地生态补偿额度测算[J].自然资源学报,2012(6):1 154-1 163.
[16] Adamowicz W,Boxall P,Willimas M,et al.Stated Preference Approaches for Measuring Passive use Values:Choice Experiments and Contingent Valuation [J].American Journal of Agricultural Economics,1998,80(1):64-75.
[17] Mcfadden D.Conditional Logit Analysis of Qualitative Choice Behavior[J].Frontiers in Econometrics,1974(1):105-142.
[18] 姚柳杨,赵敏娟,徐涛.耕地保护政策的社会福利分析:基于选择实验的非市场价值评估[J].农业经济问题,2017(2):32-40.
[19] 张利国.农户从事环境友好型农业生产行为研究——基于江西省278份农户问卷调查的实证分析[J].农业技术经济,2011(5):114-120.
[20] 朱兆良,David Norse,孙波.中国农业面源污染控制对策[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2006:1-3
[21] 冀伟珍.农业面源污染的原理及其防治的新进展[J].中国西部科技,2008,7(36):7-9.
[22] 李秀芬,朱金兆,顾晓君,等.农业面源污染现状与防治进展[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2010,20(3):81-84.
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