宏图:珠江三角洲景观动态解析
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摘要
聚焦珠江三角洲地区的景观动态演变,重点介绍影响该区域在未来变化中的一些关键问题和驱动因素。三角洲的景观形成以自然动态和过程演替为特征,而土壤沉积是形成其景观格局的关键性因素。人类的活动极大程度地改变了珠江三角洲的景观格局。数百年前,大规模的原生林被急剧砍伐,致使其遭受了严重的水土流失和泥沙沉积,直至20世纪末实施"植树造林"计划,毁林导致生态恶化的情形才有所缓解。在低洼的冲积平原,农业和水产养殖业则在很大程度上依赖于对堤防系统和地下水位的管理。珠江三角洲具有得天独厚的基塘农业系统,但伴随着高强度的城市化进程,其蚕桑生产逐渐萎缩,而高度集约化的现代水产养殖正在这些区域蔓延。近几十年来,珠三角都市群已拥有1.2亿居民。伴随着人口膨胀,采砂和疏浚常被用来满足日益增长的基建需求,水坝和水库的建设也大量减少了珠江所携带的泥沙沉积,这些因素都致使珠三角的沉积物呈负平衡的状态。与此同时,湿地资源也面临着巨大的考验,诸多问题如土壤侵蚀与采砂工程,进一步加大对滨海和河口湿地的负面影响。上述这些互相牵制且高度复杂的环境问题,亟须通过多尺度、跨学科协作的方法进行研究并寻求解决方法,进而为实现更加可持续的环境管理提供科学的依据。
This paper focuses on landscape dynamics in the Pearl River Delta region and highlights some of the key issues and drivers influencing future change. Delta landscapes are characterised by natural dynamics and processes. Sedimentation is the key factor in delta landscapes. The Pearl River Delta landscape today is highly influenced by human activities. Primary forests were harvested centuries ago. Large-scale deforestation caused massive erosion leading to sedimentation and growth of the delta. Only since the late 20 th century rehabilitation and afforestation programmes helped preventing erosion. Agriculture and aquaculture in the low-lying alluvial plain largely depends on dike systems and management of water tables. Traditional and unique dike-pond systems found in parts of the delta providing a variety of fish as well as agricultural products including fruit, vegetables, sugar cane and mulberry trees for silk production are on a steady decline. Instead, highly intensive aquaculture is spreading on a big scale in the Pearl River Delta. Massive population increase in recent decades has turned the Pearl River Delta into a megacity of an estimated 120 million inhabitants. This corresponds directly to a rocketing demand in construction material for infrastructure and housing projects. The demand is largely satisfied through sand mining and dredging in the delta region. In addition, the construction of dams and reservoirs reduces sediment supply resulting in an overall dramatic negative balance in sedimentation in the delta region. While wetlands in the Pearl River delta are under pressure e.g. through urbanisation, the reduced sediment load in the rivers combined with the sand extraction in turn amplifies the negative impact in particular on coastal and estuary wetlands. This high level of complexity of interconnected issues requires multi-scale, crossdisciplinary and collaborative approaches leading to a more sustainable environmental management.
This paper focuses on landscape dynamics in the Pearl River Delta region and highlights some of the key issues and drivers influencing future change. Delta landscapes are characterised by natural dynamics and processes. Sedimentation is the key factor in delta landscapes. The Pearl River Delta landscape today is highly influenced by human activities. Primary forests were harvested centuries ago. Large-scale deforestation caused massive erosion leading to sedimentation and growth of the delta. Only since the late 20 th century rehabilitation and afforestation programmes helped preventing erosion. Agriculture and aquaculture in the low-lying alluvial plain largely depends on dike systems and management of water tables. Traditional and unique dike-pond systems found in parts of the delta providing a variety of fish as well as agricultural products including fruit, vegetables, sugar cane and mulberry trees for silk production are on a steady decline. Instead, highly intensive aquaculture is spreading on a big scale in the Pearl River Delta. Massive population increase in recent decades has turned the Pearl River Delta into a megacity of an estimated 120 million inhabitants. This corresponds directly to a rocketing demand in construction material for infrastructure and housing projects. The demand is largely satisfied through sand mining and dredging in the delta region. In addition, the construction of dams and reservoirs reduces sediment supply resulting in an overall dramatic negative balance in sedimentation in the delta region. While wetlands in the Pearl River delta are under pressure e.g. through urbanisation, the reduced sediment load in the rivers combined with the sand extraction in turn amplifies the negative impact in particular on coastal and estuary wetlands. This high level of complexity of interconnected issues requires multi-scale, crossdisciplinary and collaborative approaches leading to a more sustainable environmental management.
引文
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[2]UN Habitat.State of the World’s Cities 2012/2013[R].New York:Routledge,2013:184.
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[9]ZHOU Z C,CHOKKALINGAM U.Success and Sustainability:Lessons from Guangdong Province[M]//CHOKKALINGAM U,ZHOU Z,WANG C,et al.Learning Lessons from China’s Forest Rehabilitation Efforts:National Level Review and Special Focus on Guangdong Province Bogor:CIFOR,2006:69-134.
[10]SUN L,GUAN D S.Carbon Stock of the Ecosystem of Lower Subtropical Broadleaved Evergreen Forests of Different Ages in Pearl River Delta,China[J].Journal of Tropical Forest Science,2014,26(2):249-258.
[11]LO C P,PANNELL C W.Seasonal Agricultural Land Use Patterns in China’s Pearl River Delta from Multi-Date Landsat Images[J].GeoJournal,1985,10(2):183-195.
[12]WENG Q H.Human-Environment Interactions in Agricultural Land Use in a South China’s Wetland Region:AStudy on the Zhujiang Delta in the Holocene[J].GeoJournal,2000,51(3):191-202.
[13]RUDDLE K,ZHONG C.Integrated Agriculture-Aquaculture in South China:the Dike-Pond System of the Zhujiang Delta[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1988:173.
[14]GUO S H.The Research into the World Heritage Value and Tourism Development of Dike-Pond Agriculture in the Pearl River Delta[M]//ZENG G J.Tourism and Hospitality Development Between China and EU.Heidelberg:Springer,2015:111-127.
[15]ZHONG G F.The Types,Structure and Results of the Dike-Pond System in South China[J].GeoJournal,1990,21(1/2):83-89.
[16]XU L,CHEN X X,LI X L,et al.Changes in Landscape Pattern of Wetlands in the Pearl Rivers Estuary in the Past Two Decades[C]//IEEE.2009 17th International Conference on Geoinformatics,Fairfax:IEEE,2009.
[17]LI Y N,LIU K,LIU Y,et al.The Dynamic of Dike-Pond System in the Pearl River Delta During 1964-2012[M]//PIRASTEH S.Global Changes and Natural Disaster Management:Geo-information Technologies.Cham,Switzerland:Springer,2017:47-59.
[18]WONG M H,CHEUNG K C,YEDILER A,et al.The DykePond Systems in South China:Past,Present and Future[M]//WONG M H.Wetlands Ecosystems in Asia:Function and Management.Amsterdam:Elsevier,2004:47-66.
[19]YEE A W C:New Developments in Integrated Dikepond Agriculture-Aquaculture in the Zhujiang Delta,China:Ecological Implications[J].Ambio,1999,28(6):529-533.
[20]DAI S B,YANG S L,CAI A M.Impacts of Dams on the Sediment Flux of the Pearl River,Southern China[J].Catena,2008,76:36-43.
[21]LIU F,HU S,GUO X J,et al.Recent Changes in The Sediment Regime of the Pearl River(South China):Causes and Implications for the Pearl River Delta[J].Hydrological Processes,2018,32,1771-1785.
[22]TAN C,HUANG B,LIU F,et al.Transformation of the Three Largest Chinese River Deltas in Response to the Reduction of Sediment Discharges[J].Journal of Coastal Research,2016,32(6):1402-1416.
[23]ZHANG S R,LU X X,HIGGITT D L,et al.Recent Changes of Water Discharge and Sediment Load in the Zhujiang(Pearl River)Basin,China[J].Global and Planetary Change,2008,60(3/4):365-380.
[24]WU Z Y,SAITO Y,ZHAO D N,et al.Impact of Human Activities on Subaqueous Topographic Change in Lingding Bay of the Pearl River estuary,China,During 1955-2013[J].Nature:scientific report,2016,6:10.
[25]ZHANG Q M,WANG P,WANG W J,et al.Marine Sand Resources in the Pearl River Estuary Waters of China[J].Journal of Marine Systems,2010,82:83-89.
[26]JIA L W,LUO Z R,YANG Q S,et al.Impacts of the Large Amount of Sand Mining on Riverbed Morphology and Tidal Dynamics in Lower Reaches and Delta of the Dongjiang River[J].Journal of Geographical Sciences,2007,17(2):197-211.
[27]ZHAO M L,YANG D W,WANG P,et al.A MarketBased Approach to Marine Sand Resource Management in the Pearl River Estuary,China[J].Ocean&Coastal Management,2015,105:56-64.
[28]HAN W D.Present Status and Conservation Strategies of Mangrove Resource in Guangdong,P.R.China[J].Journal of Forestry Research,2003,14(2):151-154.
[29]LI X,YEH A,LIU K,et al.Inventory of Mangrove Wetlands in the Pearl River Estuary of China Using Remote Sensing[J].Geographical Sciences,2006,16(2):155-164.
[30]LI M S,LEE S Y.Mangroves of China:a Brief Review[J].Forest Ecology and Management,1997,96(3):241-259.
[31]REN H,WU X M,NING T Z,et al.Wetland Changes and Mangrove Restoration Planning in Shenzhen Bay,Southern China[J].Landscape and Ecological Engineering,2011,7(2):241-250.
[32]LI Q S,WU Z F,CHU B,et al.Heavy Metals in Coastal Wetland Sediments of the Pearl River Estuary,China[J].Environmental Pollution,2007,149(2):158-164.
[33]GAO Y,SU F Z,SUN X Y,et al.A Study on Spatial and Temporal Variations of Coastal Wetland in Pearl River Estuary[C]//IEEE.2010 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium.Honolulu:IEEE,2010:429-432.
[34]WU Z Y,MILLIMAN J D,ZHAO D N,et al.Recent Geomorphic Change in LingDing Bay,China,in Response to Economic and Urban Growth on the Pearl River Delta,Southern China[J].Global and Planetary Change,2014,123:1-12.
[35]ZHANG W,RUAN X H,ZHENG J H,et al.Long-term Change in Tidal Dynamics and its Cause in the Pearl River Delta,China[J].Geomorphology,2010,120(3):209-223.
[36]SYVITSKI J P M,KETTNER A J,OVEREEM I,et al.Sinking Deltas Due to Human Activities[J].Nature geoscience,2009,2(10):681-686.
[37]KONDOLFG M,GAOY,ANNANDALEGW.Sustainable Sediment Management in Reservoirs and Regulated Rivers:Experiences from Five Continents[J].Earth’s Future,2014,2(5):256-280.
[38]MORIDI A,YAZDI J.Sediment Flushing of Reservoirs under Environmental Considerations[J].Water Resources Management,2017,31(6):1899-1914.
[39]KONDOLF G M.Hungry Water:Effects of Dams and Gravel Mining on River Channels[J].Environmental Management,1997,21(4):533-551.
[40]UNESCO&IRTCES.Sediment Issues&Sediment Management in Large River Basins.International Sediment Initiative Technical Documents in Hydrology UNESCO Office in Beijing&IRTCES Interim Case Study Synthesis Report[R].Beijing:UNESCO Office Beijing/IRTCES,2011:82.
[41]PAOLA C,TWILLEY R R,DOUGLAS A E,et al.Natural Processes in Delta Restoration:Application to the Mississippi Delta[R].Annual Review of Marine Science,2011,3:67-91.
[42]WANG H,WRIGHT T J,YU Y P,et al.InSAR Reveals Coastal Subsidence in the Pearl River Delta,China[J].Geophysical Journal International,2012,191(3):1119-1128.
[43]PENG Y S,CHEN G Z,TIAN G H,et al.Niches of Plant Populations in Mangrove Reserve of Qi’ao Island,Pearl River Estuary[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2009,29(6):357-361.
[44]HEHLLANGES.Structural Elements of the Visual Landscape and Their Ecological Functions[J].Landscape and Urban Planning(Elsevier):Visual resource management.Special Issue,2001,54:105-113.
[45]STEINITZ C.Critic at Large.Matters of Scale[J].Landscape Architecture Magazine,2010,9:205-207.
[2]UN Habitat.State of the World’s Cities 2012/2013[R].New York:Routledge,2013:184.
[3]CUI W Z.Issues and Countermeasures on Mudflat Wetland Protection in the Pearl River Estuary[C].Hangzhou:International Conference on Estuaries and Coasts,2003:700-707.
[4]FOX J M.How Blaming‘Slash and Burn’Farmers is Deforesting Mainland Southeast Asia[J].East-West Center Asia Pacific Issues,2000(47):8.
[5]HU L,LI Z,LIAO W B,et al.Values of Village Fengshui Forest Patches in Biodiversity Conservation in the Pearl River Delta,China[J].Biological Conservation,2011,144(5):1553-1559.
[6]CHOI K I.‘Partly Copies from European Prints’:Johannes Kip and the Invention of Export Landscape Painting in Eighteenth-Century Canton[J].The Rijksmuseum Bulletin,2018,66(2):120-143.
[7]PARHAMW E.Art and the Pearl River Delta Environment[C]//Nankai University.International Symposium on Environment and Society in Chinese History.Tianjin:Nankai University,2005.
[8]HE F N,GE Q S,DAI J H,et al.Forest Change of China in Recent 300 Years[J].Journal of Geographical Sciences,2008,18(1):59-72.
[9]ZHOU Z C,CHOKKALINGAM U.Success and Sustainability:Lessons from Guangdong Province[M]//CHOKKALINGAM U,ZHOU Z,WANG C,et al.Learning Lessons from China’s Forest Rehabilitation Efforts:National Level Review and Special Focus on Guangdong Province Bogor:CIFOR,2006:69-134.
[10]SUN L,GUAN D S.Carbon Stock of the Ecosystem of Lower Subtropical Broadleaved Evergreen Forests of Different Ages in Pearl River Delta,China[J].Journal of Tropical Forest Science,2014,26(2):249-258.
[11]LO C P,PANNELL C W.Seasonal Agricultural Land Use Patterns in China’s Pearl River Delta from Multi-Date Landsat Images[J].GeoJournal,1985,10(2):183-195.
[12]WENG Q H.Human-Environment Interactions in Agricultural Land Use in a South China’s Wetland Region:AStudy on the Zhujiang Delta in the Holocene[J].GeoJournal,2000,51(3):191-202.
[13]RUDDLE K,ZHONG C.Integrated Agriculture-Aquaculture in South China:the Dike-Pond System of the Zhujiang Delta[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1988:173.
[14]GUO S H.The Research into the World Heritage Value and Tourism Development of Dike-Pond Agriculture in the Pearl River Delta[M]//ZENG G J.Tourism and Hospitality Development Between China and EU.Heidelberg:Springer,2015:111-127.
[15]ZHONG G F.The Types,Structure and Results of the Dike-Pond System in South China[J].GeoJournal,1990,21(1/2):83-89.
[16]XU L,CHEN X X,LI X L,et al.Changes in Landscape Pattern of Wetlands in the Pearl Rivers Estuary in the Past Two Decades[C]//IEEE.2009 17th International Conference on Geoinformatics,Fairfax:IEEE,2009.
[17]LI Y N,LIU K,LIU Y,et al.The Dynamic of Dike-Pond System in the Pearl River Delta During 1964-2012[M]//PIRASTEH S.Global Changes and Natural Disaster Management:Geo-information Technologies.Cham,Switzerland:Springer,2017:47-59.
[18]WONG M H,CHEUNG K C,YEDILER A,et al.The DykePond Systems in South China:Past,Present and Future[M]//WONG M H.Wetlands Ecosystems in Asia:Function and Management.Amsterdam:Elsevier,2004:47-66.
[19]YEE A W C:New Developments in Integrated Dikepond Agriculture-Aquaculture in the Zhujiang Delta,China:Ecological Implications[J].Ambio,1999,28(6):529-533.
[20]DAI S B,YANG S L,CAI A M.Impacts of Dams on the Sediment Flux of the Pearl River,Southern China[J].Catena,2008,76:36-43.
[21]LIU F,HU S,GUO X J,et al.Recent Changes in The Sediment Regime of the Pearl River(South China):Causes and Implications for the Pearl River Delta[J].Hydrological Processes,2018,32,1771-1785.
[22]TAN C,HUANG B,LIU F,et al.Transformation of the Three Largest Chinese River Deltas in Response to the Reduction of Sediment Discharges[J].Journal of Coastal Research,2016,32(6):1402-1416.
[23]ZHANG S R,LU X X,HIGGITT D L,et al.Recent Changes of Water Discharge and Sediment Load in the Zhujiang(Pearl River)Basin,China[J].Global and Planetary Change,2008,60(3/4):365-380.
[24]WU Z Y,SAITO Y,ZHAO D N,et al.Impact of Human Activities on Subaqueous Topographic Change in Lingding Bay of the Pearl River estuary,China,During 1955-2013[J].Nature:scientific report,2016,6:10.
[25]ZHANG Q M,WANG P,WANG W J,et al.Marine Sand Resources in the Pearl River Estuary Waters of China[J].Journal of Marine Systems,2010,82:83-89.
[26]JIA L W,LUO Z R,YANG Q S,et al.Impacts of the Large Amount of Sand Mining on Riverbed Morphology and Tidal Dynamics in Lower Reaches and Delta of the Dongjiang River[J].Journal of Geographical Sciences,2007,17(2):197-211.
[27]ZHAO M L,YANG D W,WANG P,et al.A MarketBased Approach to Marine Sand Resource Management in the Pearl River Estuary,China[J].Ocean&Coastal Management,2015,105:56-64.
[28]HAN W D.Present Status and Conservation Strategies of Mangrove Resource in Guangdong,P.R.China[J].Journal of Forestry Research,2003,14(2):151-154.
[29]LI X,YEH A,LIU K,et al.Inventory of Mangrove Wetlands in the Pearl River Estuary of China Using Remote Sensing[J].Geographical Sciences,2006,16(2):155-164.
[30]LI M S,LEE S Y.Mangroves of China:a Brief Review[J].Forest Ecology and Management,1997,96(3):241-259.
[31]REN H,WU X M,NING T Z,et al.Wetland Changes and Mangrove Restoration Planning in Shenzhen Bay,Southern China[J].Landscape and Ecological Engineering,2011,7(2):241-250.
[32]LI Q S,WU Z F,CHU B,et al.Heavy Metals in Coastal Wetland Sediments of the Pearl River Estuary,China[J].Environmental Pollution,2007,149(2):158-164.
[33]GAO Y,SU F Z,SUN X Y,et al.A Study on Spatial and Temporal Variations of Coastal Wetland in Pearl River Estuary[C]//IEEE.2010 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium.Honolulu:IEEE,2010:429-432.
[34]WU Z Y,MILLIMAN J D,ZHAO D N,et al.Recent Geomorphic Change in LingDing Bay,China,in Response to Economic and Urban Growth on the Pearl River Delta,Southern China[J].Global and Planetary Change,2014,123:1-12.
[35]ZHANG W,RUAN X H,ZHENG J H,et al.Long-term Change in Tidal Dynamics and its Cause in the Pearl River Delta,China[J].Geomorphology,2010,120(3):209-223.
[36]SYVITSKI J P M,KETTNER A J,OVEREEM I,et al.Sinking Deltas Due to Human Activities[J].Nature geoscience,2009,2(10):681-686.
[37]KONDOLFG M,GAOY,ANNANDALEGW.Sustainable Sediment Management in Reservoirs and Regulated Rivers:Experiences from Five Continents[J].Earth’s Future,2014,2(5):256-280.
[38]MORIDI A,YAZDI J.Sediment Flushing of Reservoirs under Environmental Considerations[J].Water Resources Management,2017,31(6):1899-1914.
[39]KONDOLF G M.Hungry Water:Effects of Dams and Gravel Mining on River Channels[J].Environmental Management,1997,21(4):533-551.
[40]UNESCO&IRTCES.Sediment Issues&Sediment Management in Large River Basins.International Sediment Initiative Technical Documents in Hydrology UNESCO Office in Beijing&IRTCES Interim Case Study Synthesis Report[R].Beijing:UNESCO Office Beijing/IRTCES,2011:82.
[41]PAOLA C,TWILLEY R R,DOUGLAS A E,et al.Natural Processes in Delta Restoration:Application to the Mississippi Delta[R].Annual Review of Marine Science,2011,3:67-91.
[42]WANG H,WRIGHT T J,YU Y P,et al.InSAR Reveals Coastal Subsidence in the Pearl River Delta,China[J].Geophysical Journal International,2012,191(3):1119-1128.
[43]PENG Y S,CHEN G Z,TIAN G H,et al.Niches of Plant Populations in Mangrove Reserve of Qi’ao Island,Pearl River Estuary[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2009,29(6):357-361.
[44]HEHLLANGES.Structural Elements of the Visual Landscape and Their Ecological Functions[J].Landscape and Urban Planning(Elsevier):Visual resource management.Special Issue,2001,54:105-113.
[45]STEINITZ C.Critic at Large.Matters of Scale[J].Landscape Architecture Magazine,2010,9:205-207.
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