化学预处理对微塑料Pb吸附潜力的影响及机理研究
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摘要
污水和污泥是土壤等生态环境中微塑料的重要来源,受到人们的广泛关注.由于污水和污泥中含有大量的有机质,化学预处理通常被用于提高其中微塑料的提取及分析效率,然而至今关于化学预处理对微塑料的吸附潜力及表面理化特性的影响研究较少.本研究探讨了5种预处理条件,即1 mol·L~(-1) HCl、1 mol·L~(-1) HNO_3、30%H_2O_2、1 mol·L~(-1) NaOH和5 mol·L~(-1) NaOH,对6种微塑料类型(PA、PE、PP、PS、PET和PMMA)Pb吸附潜力的影响,同时通过微塑料表面理化特性的分析,探讨了预处理影响微塑料Pb吸附的机理.结果表明6种微塑料对Pb吸附等温式符合Langmuir模型,Pb吸附能力大小顺序分别为:PA>PMMA>PET>PE>PP>PS,最大吸附量分别为2922.9、699.3、584.8、549.5、510.2和277.8μg·g~(-1).与此同时,不同预处理条件对微塑料Pb吸附特性的影响不同,总体而言,碱预处理会导致微塑料Pb吸附量增加,且随着碱处理浓度的增加而增加,而酸预处理会引起Pb吸附量减小,其中硝酸预处理作用更加显著.进一步分析预处理前后微塑料质量、尺寸、表面官能团及表面形态等的变化情况,发现碱预处理对微塑料的腐蚀作用最大,其次为硝酸预处理组,最后为盐酸和过氧化氢预处理组.此外,与玻璃型(如PS)微塑料相比,预处理对橡胶型微塑料(如PE)的影响更大.
Sewage sludge and wastewater treatment plant is considered as an important source of microplastics(MPs) of natural ecosystem, which is paid extensive attention. Wastewater and sewage sludge contain high content of organic matter, and thus chemical pretreatment is often used to improve extraction and purification efficiency of sludge-based MPs. However, the effect on adsorption potentials and physicochemical characteristics of MPs to pollutants is lacking of knowledge so far. In this study, five chemical pretreatments, i.e., 1 mol·L~(-1) HCl, 1 mol·L~(-1) HNO_3, 30% H_2O_2, 1 mol·L~(-1) NaOH and 5 mol·L~(-1) NaOH, were applied to treat six MPs, i.e., polyamide(PA), polyethylene(PE), polypropylene(PP), polystyrene(PS), Polyethylene terephthalate(PET), polymethyl methacrylate(PMMA). Results showed that the adsorption isotherms of six MPs to Pb conform to Langmuir model, and their adsorption potentials followed the order: PA > PMMA > PET > PP>PE > PS, and the maximums were 2922.9, 699.3, 510.2, 549.5, 277.8, 584.8 and 277.8 μg·g~(-1). Meanwhile, different chemical pretreatment had different effect on adsorption potential of MPs to Pb. Generally, alkaline pretreatment could cause an increase in the adsorption potentials, while acid pretreatment led to a decrease. Analysis of MP physicochemical characteristics before and after pretreatments implied that the pretreatment by alkaline has stronger effect than nitric acid, followed by hydrochloric-acid and hydrogen-peroxide. Additionally, Pretreatment has a greater impact on rubber-type MPs(eg PE) than glass-type MPs(eg PS).
Sewage sludge and wastewater treatment plant is considered as an important source of microplastics(MPs) of natural ecosystem, which is paid extensive attention. Wastewater and sewage sludge contain high content of organic matter, and thus chemical pretreatment is often used to improve extraction and purification efficiency of sludge-based MPs. However, the effect on adsorption potentials and physicochemical characteristics of MPs to pollutants is lacking of knowledge so far. In this study, five chemical pretreatments, i.e., 1 mol·L~(-1) HCl, 1 mol·L~(-1) HNO_3, 30% H_2O_2, 1 mol·L~(-1) NaOH and 5 mol·L~(-1) NaOH, were applied to treat six MPs, i.e., polyamide(PA), polyethylene(PE), polypropylene(PP), polystyrene(PS), Polyethylene terephthalate(PET), polymethyl methacrylate(PMMA). Results showed that the adsorption isotherms of six MPs to Pb conform to Langmuir model, and their adsorption potentials followed the order: PA > PMMA > PET > PP>PE > PS, and the maximums were 2922.9, 699.3, 510.2, 549.5, 277.8, 584.8 and 277.8 μg·g~(-1). Meanwhile, different chemical pretreatment had different effect on adsorption potential of MPs to Pb. Generally, alkaline pretreatment could cause an increase in the adsorption potentials, while acid pretreatment led to a decrease. Analysis of MP physicochemical characteristics before and after pretreatments implied that the pretreatment by alkaline has stronger effect than nitric acid, followed by hydrochloric-acid and hydrogen-peroxide. Additionally, Pretreatment has a greater impact on rubber-type MPs(eg PE) than glass-type MPs(eg PS).
引文
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Lwanga E H,Gertsen H,Gooren H,et al.2016.Microplastics in the terrestrial ecosystem:Implications for Lumbricus terrestris (Oligochaeta,Lumbricidae)[J].Environmental Science & Technology,50(5):2685-2691
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Mani T,Hauk A,Walter U,et al.2015.Microplastics profile along the Rhine river[J].Scientific reports,5:17988
Mccormick A,Hoellein T J,Mason S A,et al.2014.Microplastic is an abundant and distinct microbial habitat in an urban river[J].Environmental Science & Technology,48(20):11863-11871
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Rillig M C.2012.Microplastics in terrestrial ecosystems and the soil[J].Environmental Science & Technology,46(12):6453-6454
Turner A,Holmes L A.2015.Adsorption of trace metals by microplastic pellets in fresh water [J].Environmental Chemistry,12(5):600-610
Van Cauwenberghe L,Devriese L,Galgani F,et al.2015.Microplastics in sediments:A review of techniques,occurrence and effects[J].Marine Environmental Research,111:5-17
Vianello A,Boldrin A,Guerriero P,et al.2013.Microplastic particles in sediments of Lagoon of Venice,Italy:First observations on occurrence,spatial patterns and identification[J].Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science,130:54-61
Wagner M,Scherer C,Alvarez-Muňoz D,et al.2014.Microplastics in freshwater ecosystems:what we know and what we need to know[J].Environmental Sciences Europe,26(12):1-9
Wang F,Shih K M,Li X Y.2015.The partition behavior of perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanesulfonamide (FOSA) on microplastics[J].Chemosphere,119:841-847
Wang W,Wang J.2018.Comparative evaluation of sorption kinetics and isotherms of pyrene onto microplastics[J].Chemosphere,193:567-573
Wijesekara H,Bolan N S,Bradney L.2018.Trace element dynamics of biosolids-derived microbeads [J].Chemosphere,199:331-339
Andrady A L.2011.Microplastics in the marine environment[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,62(8):1596-1605
Castaneda R A,Avlijas S,Simard M A,et al.2014.Microplastic pollution in St.Lawrence River sediments[J].Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences,71(12):1767-1771
Cole M,Lindeque P,Halsband C,et al.2011.Microplastics as contaminants in the marine environment:A review[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,62(12):2588-2597
戴晓虎.2017.城镇污水处理厂污泥稳定化处理的必要性和迫切性的思考[J].给水排水,43:1-5
Dehaut A,Cassone A L,Frere L,et al.2016.Microplastics in seafood:Benchmark protocol for their extraction and characterization[J].Environmental Pollution,215:223-233
Eerkes-Medrano D,Thompson R C,Aldridge D C.2015.Microplastics in freshwater systems:a review of the emerging threats,identification of knowledge gaps and prioritisation of research needs[J].Water Research,75(15):63-82
Hurley R R,Lusher A L,Olsen M,et al.2018.Validation of a method for extracting microplastics from complex,organic-rich,environmental matrices[J].Environmental Science & Technology,52(13):7409-7417
Lassen C,Hansen S F,Magnusson K,et al.2015.Microplastics-occurrence,effects and sources of releases to the environment in Denmark [R].Denmark:Danish Environmental Protection Agency.104
Li X,Chen L,Mei Q,et al.2018.Microplastics in sewage sludge from the wastewater treatment plants in China [J].Water Research,142:75-85
Li X,Mei Q,Chen L,et al.2019.Enhancement in adsorption potential of microplastics in sewage sludge for metal pollutants after the wastewater treatment process [J].Water Research,157:228-237
Lwanga E H,Gertsen H,Gooren H,et al.2016.Microplastics in the terrestrial ecosystem:Implications for Lumbricus terrestris (Oligochaeta,Lumbricidae)[J].Environmental Science & Technology,50(5):2685-2691
Mahon A M,O′Connell B,Healy M G,et al.2017.Microplastics in sewage sludge:Effects of treatment [J].Environmental Science & Technology,51:810-818
Mani T,Hauk A,Walter U,et al.2015.Microplastics profile along the Rhine river[J].Scientific reports,5:17988
Mccormick A,Hoellein T J,Mason S A,et al.2014.Microplastic is an abundant and distinct microbial habitat in an urban river[J].Environmental Science & Technology,48(20):11863-11871
Nizzetto L,Langaas S,Futter M.2016.Pollution:Do microplastics spill on to farm soils?[J].Nature,537(7621):488-488
O′connor I A,Golsteijn L,Hendriks A J.2016.Review of the partitioning of chemicals into different plastics:Consequences for the risk assessment of marine plastic debris[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,113(1/2):17-24
Rillig M C.2012.Microplastics in terrestrial ecosystems and the soil[J].Environmental Science & Technology,46(12):6453-6454
Turner A,Holmes L A.2015.Adsorption of trace metals by microplastic pellets in fresh water [J].Environmental Chemistry,12(5):600-610
Van Cauwenberghe L,Devriese L,Galgani F,et al.2015.Microplastics in sediments:A review of techniques,occurrence and effects[J].Marine Environmental Research,111:5-17
Vianello A,Boldrin A,Guerriero P,et al.2013.Microplastic particles in sediments of Lagoon of Venice,Italy:First observations on occurrence,spatial patterns and identification[J].Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science,130:54-61
Wagner M,Scherer C,Alvarez-Muňoz D,et al.2014.Microplastics in freshwater ecosystems:what we know and what we need to know[J].Environmental Sciences Europe,26(12):1-9
Wang F,Shih K M,Li X Y.2015.The partition behavior of perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanesulfonamide (FOSA) on microplastics[J].Chemosphere,119:841-847
Wang W,Wang J.2018.Comparative evaluation of sorption kinetics and isotherms of pyrene onto microplastics[J].Chemosphere,193:567-573
Wijesekara H,Bolan N S,Bradney L.2018.Trace element dynamics of biosolids-derived microbeads [J].Chemosphere,199:331-339
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