河南省花生田地膜使用及残膜污染现状分析
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摘要
采用问卷与实地调查相结合的方法,对河南省花生田地膜使用、回收与残膜污染现状进行了分析。调查结果表明,河南省花生地膜厚度多为0. 004～0. 006 mm,地膜使用量一般为45 kg·hm~(-2);农户多采用人工捡拾的方式回收花生田残膜。花生田地膜残留量为15. 0～40. 0 kg·hm~(-2),低于国家标准GB/T 25413-2010规定的农田残膜污染的一级标准75 kg·hm~(-2);覆膜年限越长,地膜残留量越大,覆膜5年、10年和15年的残留量分别达到15. 0 kg·hm~(-2)、26. 9 kg·hm~(-2)和40. 0 kg·hm~(-2)。花生田残膜主要集中在0～10 cm浅层土壤中,残膜主要以中块膜(4～25 cm~2)和大块膜(> 25 cm~2)为主。依据75 kg·hm~(-2)的残膜污染标准,年均覆膜量、年均残留率分别按45 kg·hm~(-2)、5. 92%～6. 65%计算,河南省覆膜花生安全使用地膜的年限约为25～29年。
Using methods of questionnaire and field survey,we analyzed mulching film utilization,collecting and residue pollution in peanut field of Henan Province. The results showed that mulching film in peanut field was mostly with 0. 004-0. 006 mm of thickness with 45 kg·hm~(-2). Most peanut farmers collected residual film by hand-picking. The average residual film amount was within 15. 0-40. 0 kg·hm~(-2) in 0-30 cm depth of peanut field,which was lower than the national standard of 75 kg·hm~(-2)( GB/T 25413-2010)at the first pollution level. The amount of residual film increased with the mulching years. The total amount of residual film in peanut field was 15. 0,26. 9 and 40. 0 kg·hm~(-2) for 5 years,10 years and 15 years,respectively. Film residuals were mainly distributed in the 0-10 cm depth of soil,and majority of them was in the sizes of 4-25 cm~2 or > 25 cm~2. Based on the national standard of 75 kg·hm~(-2) at the first pollution level,and mulching plastic film amount of 45 kg·hm~(-2) and residual ratio of 5. 92%-6. 65%annualy,we estimated that the safety years of film application in peanut field of Henan province was 25-29 years.
Using methods of questionnaire and field survey,we analyzed mulching film utilization,collecting and residue pollution in peanut field of Henan Province. The results showed that mulching film in peanut field was mostly with 0. 004-0. 006 mm of thickness with 45 kg·hm~(-2). Most peanut farmers collected residual film by hand-picking. The average residual film amount was within 15. 0-40. 0 kg·hm~(-2) in 0-30 cm depth of peanut field,which was lower than the national standard of 75 kg·hm~(-2)( GB/T 25413-2010)at the first pollution level. The amount of residual film increased with the mulching years. The total amount of residual film in peanut field was 15. 0,26. 9 and 40. 0 kg·hm~(-2) for 5 years,10 years and 15 years,respectively. Film residuals were mainly distributed in the 0-10 cm depth of soil,and majority of them was in the sizes of 4-25 cm~2 or > 25 cm~2. Based on the national standard of 75 kg·hm~(-2) at the first pollution level,and mulching plastic film amount of 45 kg·hm~(-2) and residual ratio of 5. 92%-6. 65%annualy,we estimated that the safety years of film application in peanut field of Henan province was 25-29 years.
引文
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[14]聂胜委,张玉亭,张巧萍,等.粉垄耕作对小麦玉米产量及耕层土壤养分的影响[J].土壤通报,2017,48(4):930-936.NIE S W,ZHANG Y T,ZHANG Q P,et al. Effect of smashing ridge tillage on grain yields of winter wheat and summer maize and contents ofsoil nutrients[J]. Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2017,48(4):930-936.
[15]于淑婷,赵亚丽,王育红,等.轮耕模式对黄淮海冬小麦-夏玉米两熟区农田土壤改良效应[J].中国农业科学,2017,50(11):2150-2165.YU S T,ZHAO Y L,WANG Y H,et al. Improvement effects of rotational tillage patterns on soil in the winter wheat-summer maize doublecropping area of Huang-Huai-Hai region[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2017,50(11):2150-2165.
[2]国家统计局农村社会经济调查司.中国农村统计年鉴[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2015.Rural Society Investigation Department of National Statistical Bureau. China rural statistics yearbook[M]. Beijing:China StatisticsPress,2015.
[3]王频.残留污染治理的对策和措施[J].农业工程学报,1998,14(3):185-188.WANG P. Measures to reduce the pollution of residual of mulching plastic film in farmland[J]. Transactions of the CSAE,1998,14(3):185-188.
[4]周明冬,秦晓辉,候洪,等.新疆农田废旧地膜污染治理现状和建议[J].环境与可持续发展,2014,39(5):171-174.ZHOU M D,QIN X H,HOU H,et al. Policy and present situation of pollution treatment of recycled plastic film in agricultural fields in Xinjiang[J]. Environment and Sustainable Development,2014,39(5):171-174.
[5]中华人民共和国国家统计局.中国统计年鉴[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2017.Department of National Statistical Bureau P. R. China. China statistics yearbook[M]. Beijing:China Statistics Press,2017.
[6]桑选民,常铁牛,胡恩龙,等.地膜花生干物质积累和产量形成规律研究[J].华北农学报,1988,3(3):25-31.SANG X M,CHANG T N,HU E L,et al. Study on dry matter accumulation and yielding-process of peanut under film mulching condition[J]. Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinaca,1988,3(3):25-31.
[7]李向东,吴爱荣,万勇善,等.夏花生覆膜对根瘤中固氮酶和叶片硝酸还原酶活性影响的研究[J].作物学报,1996,22(1):96-100.LI X D,WU A R,WAN Y S,et al. Effect of film mulching on the nitrogenase activity in nodules and the nitrate reductase activity(NRA)inleaves of summer peanut(A. hypogaea L.)[J]. Acta Agronomica Sinaca,1996,22(1):96-100.
[8]吴旭银,吴贺平,李彦生,等.地膜覆盖花生对钙、镁、硫吸收特性的研究[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2007,13(1):171-174.WU X Y,WU H P,LI Y S,et al. The absorption characteristics of Ca,Mg and S in plastic mulching peanut[J]. Plant Nutrition and Fertil-izer Science,2007,13(1):171-174.
[9]王晓光,孔雪梅,蒋春姬,等.不同材质地膜覆盖对花生产量品质的影响及防风蚀效果研究[J].干旱地区农业研究,2017,35(2):57-61.WANG X G,KONG X M,JIANG C J,et al. Effects of film with different materials on yield and quality of peanut and wind erosion prevention[J]. Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,2017,35(2):57-61.
[10]马辉,梅旭荣,严昌荣,等.华北典型农区棉田土壤中地膜残留特点研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2008,27(2):570-573.MA H,MEI X R,YAN C R,et al. The residue of mulching plastic film of cotton field in north China[J]. Journal of Agro-EnvironmentScience,2008,27(2):570-573.
[11]聚乙烯吹塑农用地面覆盖薄膜:GB 13735-2017[S].Polyethylene blown mulch film for agricultural uses:GB 13735-2017[S].
[12]农田地膜残留量限值及测定:GB/T 25413-2010[S].Limit and test method for residual quantity of agricultural mulch film:GB/T 25413-2010[S].
[13]何文清,严昌荣,赵彩霞,等.我国地膜应用污染现状及其防治途径研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2009,28(3):533-538.HE W Q,YAN C R,ZHAO C X,et al. Study on the pollution by plastic mulch film and its countermeasures in China[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2009,28(3):533-538.
[14]聂胜委,张玉亭,张巧萍,等.粉垄耕作对小麦玉米产量及耕层土壤养分的影响[J].土壤通报,2017,48(4):930-936.NIE S W,ZHANG Y T,ZHANG Q P,et al. Effect of smashing ridge tillage on grain yields of winter wheat and summer maize and contents ofsoil nutrients[J]. Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2017,48(4):930-936.
[15]于淑婷,赵亚丽,王育红,等.轮耕模式对黄淮海冬小麦-夏玉米两熟区农田土壤改良效应[J].中国农业科学,2017,50(11):2150-2165.YU S T,ZHAO Y L,WANG Y H,et al. Improvement effects of rotational tillage patterns on soil in the winter wheat-summer maize doublecropping area of Huang-Huai-Hai region[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2017,50(11):2150-2165.
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