‘库尔勒香梨’园测土配方推荐施肥研究
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摘要
【目的】制定不同树龄‘库尔勒香梨’园的推荐施肥方案。【方法】以‘库尔勒香梨’为试材,在库尔勒市大致等间距选定100个香梨园,运用GPS定位技术进行田间调查与采样,并结合室内养分测定,分析不同树龄段‘库尔勒香梨’园土壤养分分布特征,并根据养分平衡法和地力差减法制定了不同树龄‘库尔勒香梨’园的推荐施肥方案。【结果】随着树龄的增加香梨园土壤碱解氮含量表现为先升高后降低的趋势,树龄8～10 a(年)香梨园土壤碱解氮含量属于5级缺的水平,树龄12～15 a、16～20 a、22～25 a香梨园土壤碱解氮含量属于4级平的水平。随着树龄的增加香梨园土壤有效磷含量表现为先降低后升高的趋势。不同树龄段的‘库尔勒香梨’园有效磷含量均属于3级平的水平。随着树龄的增加香梨园土壤速效钾含量表现为先升高后降低的趋势,树龄8～10、12～15 a香梨园土壤速效钾含量属于3级平的水平,树龄16～20 a香梨园土壤速效钾含量属于1级丰的水平,树龄22～25 a香梨园土壤速效钾含量属于2级丰的水平。【结论】树龄8～10 a果园目标产量下氮(N)、磷(P2O5)、钾肥(K_2O)推荐施用量分别为76、80、20 kg·hm~(-2)。树龄12～15 a果园目标产量下氮(N)、磷(P2O_5)、钾肥(K_2O)推荐施用量分别为158、258、30 kg·hm~(-2)。树龄16～20 a的果园目标产量下氮(N)、磷(P_2O_5)、钾肥(K_2O)推荐施用量分别为232、374、38 kg·hm~(-2)。树龄22～25 a的果园目标产量下氮(N)、磷(P_2O_5)、钾肥(K_2O)推荐施用量为300、476、50 kg·hm~(-2)。
【Objective】‘Kuerlexiangli'pear is one of the most famous fruits in Xinjiang. Its peel is very thin, and the flesh is very crisp and has high nutritional value. The planting area is mainly distributed in Babingoolam, Mongolia, Aksu and other places in southern Xinjiang. By 2016, the planting area of‘Kuerlexiangli'has reached 51 810 hm~2, which has become the main fruit crop locally. However,there are still many places with unreasonable practices in the production of‘Kuerlexiangli'. For example, excessive fertilization causes soil compaction, decrease in soil permeability and nutrient imbalance in the tree, and indirectly affects fruit quality. Too little fertilization results in poor nutrients in the tree,leading to poor growth, uneven fruit coloration, low yield, etc. Study on‘Kuerlexiangli'of different ages, a recommended fertilization scheme for different ages of‘Kuerlexiangli'orchard was developed.On the basis of rational application of organic fertilizer, the application quantity and fertilization period of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium elements were proposed to improve the nutrient balance of‘Kuerlexiangli'tree. The nutrients needed for the trees were reasonably supplemented and soil fertility was maintained in the‘Kuerlexiangli'orchard, in order to provide sufficient nutrients for tree growth.We aimed to improve the efficient use of nutrient resources in‘Kuerlexiangli'orchard, to promote productivity and sustainability of‘Kuerlexiangli', and to improve the economic returns while protecting farmland ecological environment.【Methods】‘Kuerlexiangli'pear trees of different ages were used as the test material. 100‘Kuerlexiangli'orchards at approximately equal intervals in Korla municipality were selected for sampling. The ages of the trees for the‘Kuerlexiangli'orchards were different. There were 13‘Kuerlexiangli'orchards with trees at the age of 8-10 years, 29 at the age of 12-15 years, 45 at the age of 16-20 years, and 13 at the age of 22-25 years. GPS technology was used to conduct field investigation and sampling. Based on nutrient analysis, the soil nutrient distribution patterns in the orchards in different tree age groups were analyzed. Based on the comprehensive soil nutrient test, nutrient balance method and soil fertility subtraction method, fertilization schemes for‘Kuerlexiangli'orchards at different ages were recommended.【Results】Soil available nutrients in‘Kuerlexiangli'orchards of different ages were generally low. The minimum content of alkaline hydrolyzable N in the orchards with the tree age of 8-10 years was 56.7 mg · kg~(-1), and the nutrient grading was at level 5(shortage). The highest alkaline hydrolyzable N content was found in the orchards with the tree ages of 16-20 years, which was 75.5 mg · kg~(-1) at level 4(median). The content of soil alkaline hydrolyzable N in the orchards was generally low, within shortage to median level. The soil available phosphorus in 8-10 and 22-25 years old‘Kuerlexiangli'orchards was 11.40 mg ·kg~(-1) at level 3(median), higher than the other age groups. The content of soil available phosphorus was generally low and fell in the median level. The minimum content of available potassium in the orchards with the tree ages of 8-10 years was 148 mg · kg~(-1), and the nutrient grading was at level 3. The highest available potassium content was 203 mg · kg~(-1) in the‘Kuerlexiangli'orchards with the tree ages of 16-20 years, and the nutrient grading is at level 1(abundant). The content of soil available potassium was relatively high at median to abundant levels.【Conclusion】Organic fertilizer(sheep manure) was applied at 18 000 kg · hm~(-2) in orchards with 8-10 year old and 12-15 year old trees, and at 27 000 kg·hm~(-2) in those with 16-20 year old and 22-25 year old trees. Fertilizers used included urea(N 46%), heavy superphosphate(P2 O546%) and potassium sulfate(K_2 O 51%). 60% urea was used as the base fertilizer before budbreak, and the remaining 40% in the early stage of fruit expansion.Phosphate and potassium fertilizers were both used as the base fertilizers and applied before budbreak.In the 8-10 year old‘Kuerlexiangli'orchards with average alkaline hydrolzable N of 57.72 mg · kg~(-1),available phosphorus of 11.4 mg · kg~(-1), and available potassium of 148 mg · kg~(-1) in the soils, for a productivity of 17 936 kg · hm~(-2), the recommended nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer application rates are N 76 kg · hm~(-2), P_2O_5 80 kg · hm~(-2), K_2O 20 kg · hm~(-2), respectively. In 12-15 year old orchards with average alkaline hydrolyzable N of 63.33 mg · kg~(-1), available phosphorus of 10.0 mg · kg~(-1), and available potassium of 150 mg · kg~(-1), for target productivity of 26 372 kg · hm~(-2), the recommended nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer application rates are N 158 kg · hm~(-2), P_2 O5258 kg · hm~(-2), and K_2O 30 kg ·hm~(-2), respectively. In 16-20 year old orchards with alkaline hydrolyzable N of 75.50 mg · kg~(-1), available phosphorus of 10.2 mg · kg~(-1), and available potassium of 203 mg · kg~(-1), for target productivity of 33 091 kg·hm~(-2), the recommended nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer application rates are N 232 kg·hm-2, P_2O_5 374 kg · hm~(-2), and K_2 O 38 kg · hm~(-2), respectively. In 22-25 year old orchards with alkaline hydrolyzable N of 71.78 mg · kg~(-1), available phosphorus of 11.4 mg · kg~(-1), and available potassium of 158 mg · kg~(-1), for target productivity of 40 288 kg · hm~(-2), the recommended nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer application rates are N 300 kg·hm~(-2), P_2O_5 476 kg·hm~(-2), and K_2O 50 kg·hm~(-2), respectively.
【Objective】‘Kuerlexiangli'pear is one of the most famous fruits in Xinjiang. Its peel is very thin, and the flesh is very crisp and has high nutritional value. The planting area is mainly distributed in Babingoolam, Mongolia, Aksu and other places in southern Xinjiang. By 2016, the planting area of‘Kuerlexiangli'has reached 51 810 hm~2, which has become the main fruit crop locally. However,there are still many places with unreasonable practices in the production of‘Kuerlexiangli'. For example, excessive fertilization causes soil compaction, decrease in soil permeability and nutrient imbalance in the tree, and indirectly affects fruit quality. Too little fertilization results in poor nutrients in the tree,leading to poor growth, uneven fruit coloration, low yield, etc. Study on‘Kuerlexiangli'of different ages, a recommended fertilization scheme for different ages of‘Kuerlexiangli'orchard was developed.On the basis of rational application of organic fertilizer, the application quantity and fertilization period of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium elements were proposed to improve the nutrient balance of‘Kuerlexiangli'tree. The nutrients needed for the trees were reasonably supplemented and soil fertility was maintained in the‘Kuerlexiangli'orchard, in order to provide sufficient nutrients for tree growth.We aimed to improve the efficient use of nutrient resources in‘Kuerlexiangli'orchard, to promote productivity and sustainability of‘Kuerlexiangli', and to improve the economic returns while protecting farmland ecological environment.【Methods】‘Kuerlexiangli'pear trees of different ages were used as the test material. 100‘Kuerlexiangli'orchards at approximately equal intervals in Korla municipality were selected for sampling. The ages of the trees for the‘Kuerlexiangli'orchards were different. There were 13‘Kuerlexiangli'orchards with trees at the age of 8-10 years, 29 at the age of 12-15 years, 45 at the age of 16-20 years, and 13 at the age of 22-25 years. GPS technology was used to conduct field investigation and sampling. Based on nutrient analysis, the soil nutrient distribution patterns in the orchards in different tree age groups were analyzed. Based on the comprehensive soil nutrient test, nutrient balance method and soil fertility subtraction method, fertilization schemes for‘Kuerlexiangli'orchards at different ages were recommended.【Results】Soil available nutrients in‘Kuerlexiangli'orchards of different ages were generally low. The minimum content of alkaline hydrolyzable N in the orchards with the tree age of 8-10 years was 56.7 mg · kg~(-1), and the nutrient grading was at level 5(shortage). The highest alkaline hydrolyzable N content was found in the orchards with the tree ages of 16-20 years, which was 75.5 mg · kg~(-1) at level 4(median). The content of soil alkaline hydrolyzable N in the orchards was generally low, within shortage to median level. The soil available phosphorus in 8-10 and 22-25 years old‘Kuerlexiangli'orchards was 11.40 mg ·kg~(-1) at level 3(median), higher than the other age groups. The content of soil available phosphorus was generally low and fell in the median level. The minimum content of available potassium in the orchards with the tree ages of 8-10 years was 148 mg · kg~(-1), and the nutrient grading was at level 3. The highest available potassium content was 203 mg · kg~(-1) in the‘Kuerlexiangli'orchards with the tree ages of 16-20 years, and the nutrient grading is at level 1(abundant). The content of soil available potassium was relatively high at median to abundant levels.【Conclusion】Organic fertilizer(sheep manure) was applied at 18 000 kg · hm~(-2) in orchards with 8-10 year old and 12-15 year old trees, and at 27 000 kg·hm~(-2) in those with 16-20 year old and 22-25 year old trees. Fertilizers used included urea(N 46%), heavy superphosphate(P2 O546%) and potassium sulfate(K_2 O 51%). 60% urea was used as the base fertilizer before budbreak, and the remaining 40% in the early stage of fruit expansion.Phosphate and potassium fertilizers were both used as the base fertilizers and applied before budbreak.In the 8-10 year old‘Kuerlexiangli'orchards with average alkaline hydrolzable N of 57.72 mg · kg~(-1),available phosphorus of 11.4 mg · kg~(-1), and available potassium of 148 mg · kg~(-1) in the soils, for a productivity of 17 936 kg · hm~(-2), the recommended nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer application rates are N 76 kg · hm~(-2), P_2O_5 80 kg · hm~(-2), K_2O 20 kg · hm~(-2), respectively. In 12-15 year old orchards with average alkaline hydrolyzable N of 63.33 mg · kg~(-1), available phosphorus of 10.0 mg · kg~(-1), and available potassium of 150 mg · kg~(-1), for target productivity of 26 372 kg · hm~(-2), the recommended nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer application rates are N 158 kg · hm~(-2), P_2 O5258 kg · hm~(-2), and K_2O 30 kg ·hm~(-2), respectively. In 16-20 year old orchards with alkaline hydrolyzable N of 75.50 mg · kg~(-1), available phosphorus of 10.2 mg · kg~(-1), and available potassium of 203 mg · kg~(-1), for target productivity of 33 091 kg·hm~(-2), the recommended nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer application rates are N 232 kg·hm-2, P_2O_5 374 kg · hm~(-2), and K_2 O 38 kg · hm~(-2), respectively. In 22-25 year old orchards with alkaline hydrolyzable N of 71.78 mg · kg~(-1), available phosphorus of 11.4 mg · kg~(-1), and available potassium of 158 mg · kg~(-1), for target productivity of 40 288 kg · hm~(-2), the recommended nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer application rates are N 300 kg·hm~(-2), P_2O_5 476 kg·hm~(-2), and K_2O 50 kg·hm~(-2), respectively.
引文
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