宁夏沙坡头干旱沙漠自然保护区生态系统稳定性评估
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摘要
稳定性是生态系统的基本特征之一,也是决定生态系统兴亡的重要特征。宁夏中卫沙坡头国家级自然保护区是位于干旱沙漠区以荒漠为背景的自然保护区,具有脆弱性(生态与环境)、过渡性(草原向荒漠、沙漠向城市)与复合性(自然与人工生态系统并存)的特点,对其进行生态系统稳定性评估研究,对于维护腾格里沙漠西南缘生态安全和实现宁夏中卫市社会经济持续健康发展具有重要意义。在总结国内外生态系统稳定性评估研究基础上,基于稳定性三维内涵(恢复力稳定性、抵抗力稳定性和演替稳定性)、评估指标构建(原则与逻辑框架及指标体系)、评估方法确立(红绿灯综合评估法)等,针对性地开展沙坡头国家级自然保护区生态稳定性示范性评估,发现:1)近20年19个单项指标中,多数指标情况趋于变好,少部分进一步恶化,保持基本稳定仅两个。2)影响生态系统稳定性的要素由群落组成为主转变为以生境条件为主;2001年、2005年、2007年、2010年、2012年和2014年6个关键年份中,生态系统稳定性3个内涵对稳定性的贡献基本以抵抗力稳定性或恢复力稳定性为主。3)保护区整体生态稳定指数ESI由0.41增至0.661,稳定状态从临界到稳定,总体上保护区生态系统稳定性增强。这主要得益于长期的治沙防沙与生态修复工程实施、大规模推沙造林、各种生态监测和维护、大规模取黄河水灌溉等。
Stability is an important characteristic of the ecosystem that determines the rise and fall of ecosystems. Ningxia Zhongwei Shapotou National Nature Reserve is a nature reserve in an arid desert area, with the desert as the background. This protected area has the characteristics of vulnerability(ecology and environment), transition(grassland to desert and desert to city), and complexity(coexistence of natural and artificial ecosystems). Evaluation of ecosystem stability in Shapotou Reserve is of great significance for maintaining the ecological security of the southwestern margin of Tengger Desert and sustainable and healthy development(social and economic) of Zhongwei City. On the basis of summarizing the research on the stability evaluation of ecosystems at home and abroad, in this paper, we have defined the three-dimensional connotation of stability(resilience, resistance, and succession stability). We also performed a demonstrative assessment of the ecological stability of Shapotou National Nature Reserve from three aspects: defined three-dimensional stability(resilience, resistance, and succession stability), constructed evaluation indicators(principle and logical framework), and established assessment methods(traffic light comprehensive assessment method). The results were as follows:(1) In the past 20 years, of 19 individual indicators, most of the indicators tended to improve, a few deteriorated further, and two remained basically stable.(2) Factors that affect the stability of the ecosystem were changed from community composition to habitat conditions. In the six key years of 2001, 2005, 2007, 2010, 2012, and 2014, resistance or resilience contributed the most to ecosystem stability.(3) The overall ecological stability index of protected areas increased from 0.41 to 0.661, and the trend was from critical point to stable point. Overall, the stability of regional ecosystems has increased. This was mainly due to the implementation of long-term sand control and ecological restoration projects, large-scale reforestation projects, ecological monitoring and maintenance, and large-scale irrigation of the Yellow River water.
Stability is an important characteristic of the ecosystem that determines the rise and fall of ecosystems. Ningxia Zhongwei Shapotou National Nature Reserve is a nature reserve in an arid desert area, with the desert as the background. This protected area has the characteristics of vulnerability(ecology and environment), transition(grassland to desert and desert to city), and complexity(coexistence of natural and artificial ecosystems). Evaluation of ecosystem stability in Shapotou Reserve is of great significance for maintaining the ecological security of the southwestern margin of Tengger Desert and sustainable and healthy development(social and economic) of Zhongwei City. On the basis of summarizing the research on the stability evaluation of ecosystems at home and abroad, in this paper, we have defined the three-dimensional connotation of stability(resilience, resistance, and succession stability). We also performed a demonstrative assessment of the ecological stability of Shapotou National Nature Reserve from three aspects: defined three-dimensional stability(resilience, resistance, and succession stability), constructed evaluation indicators(principle and logical framework), and established assessment methods(traffic light comprehensive assessment method). The results were as follows:(1) In the past 20 years, of 19 individual indicators, most of the indicators tended to improve, a few deteriorated further, and two remained basically stable.(2) Factors that affect the stability of the ecosystem were changed from community composition to habitat conditions. In the six key years of 2001, 2005, 2007, 2010, 2012, and 2014, resistance or resilience contributed the most to ecosystem stability.(3) The overall ecological stability index of protected areas increased from 0.41 to 0.661, and the trend was from critical point to stable point. Overall, the stability of regional ecosystems has increased. This was mainly due to the implementation of long-term sand control and ecological restoration projects, large-scale reforestation projects, ecological monitoring and maintenance, and large-scale irrigation of the Yellow River water.
引文
[1] 王萍.陆地生态系统稳定性及其判别[D].武汉:中国地质大学(武汉),2008.
[2] King A W,Pimm S L.Complexity,diversity,and stability:a reconciliation of theoretical and empirical results.The American Naturalist,1983,122(2):229-239.
[3] Doak D F,Bigger D,Harding E K,Marvier M A,O′Malley R E,Thomson D.The statistical inevitability of stability-diversity relationships in community ecology.The American Naturalist,1998,151(3):264-276.
[4] McCann K S.The diversity-stability debate.Nature,2000,405(6783):228-233.
[5] Tilman D.Functional diversity.Encyclopedia of Biodiversity,2001,3(1):109-120.
[6] 钟军弟,李先琨,吕仕洪,刘晟源,陆茂新,陈燕,成夏岚.广西弄岗喀斯特区域不同群落的稳定性评价分析.中国岩溶,2012,31(1):16-22.
[7] 白永飞,陈佐忠.锡林河流域羊草草原植物种群和功能群的长期变异性及其对群落稳定性的影响.植物生态学报,2000,24(6):641-647.
[8] 周华坤,周立,赵新全,刘伟,李英年,古松,周兴民.青藏高原高寒草甸生态系统稳定性研究.科学通报,2006,51(1):63-69.
[9] 张继义,赵哈林.短期极端干旱事件干扰后退化沙质草地群落恢复力稳定性的测度与比较.生态学报,2011,31(20):6060-6071.
[10] 张景慧,黄永梅.生物多样性与稳定性机制研究进展.生态学报,2016,36(13):3859-3870.
[11] 柳新伟,周厚诚,李萍,彭少麟.生态系统稳定性定义剖析.生态学报,2004,24(11):2635-2640.
[12] Westman W E.Ecology,Impact Assessment,and Environmental Planning.New York:Wiley,1985:532-532.
[13] 陈昌毓.河西走廊实际水资源及其确定的适宜绿洲和农田面积.干旱区资源与环境,1995,9(3):122-128.
[14] 陈曦.中国干旱区土地利用与土地覆被变化.北京:科学出版社,2008:28-54.
[15] 陈亚宁,郝兴明,李卫红,陈亚鹏,叶朝霞,赵锐锋.干旱区内陆河流域的生态安全与生态需水量研究——兼谈塔里木河生态需水量问题.地球科学进展,2008,23(7):732-738.
[16] 郭巧玲,杨云松,陈志辉,鲁学纲.额济纳绿洲植被生态需水及其估算.水资源与水工程学报,2010,21(3):80-84.
[17] Odum E.P.Properties of agroecosystems.in Lowrance R,Stinner BR,House GJ,eds.Agricultural Ecosystems:Unifying Concepts.New York:John Wiley,1984:5-12.
[18] 曹文志,王磬基.区域农业生态系统稳定性分析与评价的理论和方法.河南大学学报:自然科学版,1998,28(1):70-75.
[19] 王玲玲,曾光明,黄国和,苏小康,徐敏.湖滨湿地生态系统稳定性评价.生态学报,2005,25(12):3406-3410.
[20] 夏继红,严忠民,蒋传丰.河岸带生态系统综合评价指标体系研究.水科学进展,2005,16(3):345-348.
[21] 李新旺,门明新,王树涛,齐跃普,杜博洋,许皞.基于过程的河北平原农田生态系统稳定性评价.自然资源学报,2008,23(3):430-439.
[22] 任平,洪步庭,程武学,周介铭.长江上游森林生态系统稳定性评价与空间分异特征.地理研究,2013,32(6):1017-1024.
[23] 李霞,杜世勋,桑满杰,郭新亚.山西省自然保护区生态系统格局及稳定性变化趋势研究.自然资源学报,2018,33(2):208-218.
[24] 刘振波,赵军,倪绍祥.绿洲生态环境质量评价指标体系研究——以张掖市绿洲为例.干旱区地理,2004,27(4):580-585.
[25] 杜巧玲,许学工,刘文政.黑河中下游绿洲生态安全评价.生态学报,2004,24(9):1916-1923.
[26] 樊华,卞玮,雍会,王开勇,张凤华.新疆玛纳斯河流域绿洲生态环境可持续发展的综合评价——以石河子市绿洲为例.干旱区资源与环境,2007,21(9):25-28.
[27] 周跃志,潘晓玲,吕光辉,刘建平,肖英.现代绿洲稳定性评价——以新疆阜康绿洲为例.农业系统科学与综合研究,2005,21(3):178-181.
[28] 韦如意.绿洲稳定性及其评价指标体系的研究[D].南京:南京气象学院,2004.
[29] 毋兆鹏.博、精河流域绿洲稳定性及其时空动态模拟研究[D].上海:华东师范大学,2008.
[30] 王耀斌,冯起,刘光琇,司建华.极端干旱区额济纳绿洲稳定性评价研究.生态经济,2015,31(9):162-165,190-190.
[31] 张金萍,张静,孙素艳.灰色关联分析在绿洲生态稳定性评价中的应用.资源科学,2006,28(4):195-200.
[32] 高润梅,石晓东,郭跃东.山西文峪河上游河岸林群落稳定性评价.植物生态学报,2012,36(6):491-503.
[33] 陈亚宁.干旱荒漠区生态系统与可持续管理.北京:科学出版社,2009:40-61.
[34] 刘廼发,郝耀明,吴洪斌.宁夏沙坡头国家级自然保护区综合科学考察.兰州:兰州大学出版社,2005:16-34.
[35] 高翔.干旱沙漠自然保护区生态系统稳定性评估技术.北京:中国环境出版社,2017:57-67,148-164.
[36] 裴源生,孙素艳,陆垂裕.绿洲生态稳定性预测.水利学报,2007,38(4):434-442.
[2] King A W,Pimm S L.Complexity,diversity,and stability:a reconciliation of theoretical and empirical results.The American Naturalist,1983,122(2):229-239.
[3] Doak D F,Bigger D,Harding E K,Marvier M A,O′Malley R E,Thomson D.The statistical inevitability of stability-diversity relationships in community ecology.The American Naturalist,1998,151(3):264-276.
[4] McCann K S.The diversity-stability debate.Nature,2000,405(6783):228-233.
[5] Tilman D.Functional diversity.Encyclopedia of Biodiversity,2001,3(1):109-120.
[6] 钟军弟,李先琨,吕仕洪,刘晟源,陆茂新,陈燕,成夏岚.广西弄岗喀斯特区域不同群落的稳定性评价分析.中国岩溶,2012,31(1):16-22.
[7] 白永飞,陈佐忠.锡林河流域羊草草原植物种群和功能群的长期变异性及其对群落稳定性的影响.植物生态学报,2000,24(6):641-647.
[8] 周华坤,周立,赵新全,刘伟,李英年,古松,周兴民.青藏高原高寒草甸生态系统稳定性研究.科学通报,2006,51(1):63-69.
[9] 张继义,赵哈林.短期极端干旱事件干扰后退化沙质草地群落恢复力稳定性的测度与比较.生态学报,2011,31(20):6060-6071.
[10] 张景慧,黄永梅.生物多样性与稳定性机制研究进展.生态学报,2016,36(13):3859-3870.
[11] 柳新伟,周厚诚,李萍,彭少麟.生态系统稳定性定义剖析.生态学报,2004,24(11):2635-2640.
[12] Westman W E.Ecology,Impact Assessment,and Environmental Planning.New York:Wiley,1985:532-532.
[13] 陈昌毓.河西走廊实际水资源及其确定的适宜绿洲和农田面积.干旱区资源与环境,1995,9(3):122-128.
[14] 陈曦.中国干旱区土地利用与土地覆被变化.北京:科学出版社,2008:28-54.
[15] 陈亚宁,郝兴明,李卫红,陈亚鹏,叶朝霞,赵锐锋.干旱区内陆河流域的生态安全与生态需水量研究——兼谈塔里木河生态需水量问题.地球科学进展,2008,23(7):732-738.
[16] 郭巧玲,杨云松,陈志辉,鲁学纲.额济纳绿洲植被生态需水及其估算.水资源与水工程学报,2010,21(3):80-84.
[17] Odum E.P.Properties of agroecosystems.in Lowrance R,Stinner BR,House GJ,eds.Agricultural Ecosystems:Unifying Concepts.New York:John Wiley,1984:5-12.
[18] 曹文志,王磬基.区域农业生态系统稳定性分析与评价的理论和方法.河南大学学报:自然科学版,1998,28(1):70-75.
[19] 王玲玲,曾光明,黄国和,苏小康,徐敏.湖滨湿地生态系统稳定性评价.生态学报,2005,25(12):3406-3410.
[20] 夏继红,严忠民,蒋传丰.河岸带生态系统综合评价指标体系研究.水科学进展,2005,16(3):345-348.
[21] 李新旺,门明新,王树涛,齐跃普,杜博洋,许皞.基于过程的河北平原农田生态系统稳定性评价.自然资源学报,2008,23(3):430-439.
[22] 任平,洪步庭,程武学,周介铭.长江上游森林生态系统稳定性评价与空间分异特征.地理研究,2013,32(6):1017-1024.
[23] 李霞,杜世勋,桑满杰,郭新亚.山西省自然保护区生态系统格局及稳定性变化趋势研究.自然资源学报,2018,33(2):208-218.
[24] 刘振波,赵军,倪绍祥.绿洲生态环境质量评价指标体系研究——以张掖市绿洲为例.干旱区地理,2004,27(4):580-585.
[25] 杜巧玲,许学工,刘文政.黑河中下游绿洲生态安全评价.生态学报,2004,24(9):1916-1923.
[26] 樊华,卞玮,雍会,王开勇,张凤华.新疆玛纳斯河流域绿洲生态环境可持续发展的综合评价——以石河子市绿洲为例.干旱区资源与环境,2007,21(9):25-28.
[27] 周跃志,潘晓玲,吕光辉,刘建平,肖英.现代绿洲稳定性评价——以新疆阜康绿洲为例.农业系统科学与综合研究,2005,21(3):178-181.
[28] 韦如意.绿洲稳定性及其评价指标体系的研究[D].南京:南京气象学院,2004.
[29] 毋兆鹏.博、精河流域绿洲稳定性及其时空动态模拟研究[D].上海:华东师范大学,2008.
[30] 王耀斌,冯起,刘光琇,司建华.极端干旱区额济纳绿洲稳定性评价研究.生态经济,2015,31(9):162-165,190-190.
[31] 张金萍,张静,孙素艳.灰色关联分析在绿洲生态稳定性评价中的应用.资源科学,2006,28(4):195-200.
[32] 高润梅,石晓东,郭跃东.山西文峪河上游河岸林群落稳定性评价.植物生态学报,2012,36(6):491-503.
[33] 陈亚宁.干旱荒漠区生态系统与可持续管理.北京:科学出版社,2009:40-61.
[34] 刘廼发,郝耀明,吴洪斌.宁夏沙坡头国家级自然保护区综合科学考察.兰州:兰州大学出版社,2005:16-34.
[35] 高翔.干旱沙漠自然保护区生态系统稳定性评估技术.北京:中国环境出版社,2017:57-67,148-164.
[36] 裴源生,孙素艳,陆垂裕.绿洲生态稳定性预测.水利学报,2007,38(4):434-442.
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