飑线对定点地形变观测的影响特征与机理——以陕西关中盆地为例
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摘要
2013年7月31日～8月1日陕西关中盆地爆发了一次强飑线灾害性天气过程,为揭示此次飑线生命史期间对定点地形变观测的影响特征与机理,本文结合多普勒天气雷达和气象资料,系统分析了关中盆地内4个地形变观测数据。结果表明:(1)飑线过境时的短时气压突变是造成定点地形变的主要原因,引起最大的地倾斜和地应变分别达9.70×10~(-3″)和21.02×10~(-9);(2)气压变幅与地形变的弹性响应量具有较好的线性关系,二者持续时间较一致,为2～4h,其中,钻孔体应变的动态气压系数达4.04×10~(-9)/h Pa;(3)宝鸡、乾陵和华阴台对飑线的响应能力较好,西安台则较差;(4)除水管仪外,垂直摆、洞体应变和钻孔体应变等对飑线的响应均较为灵敏。上述结果有助于合理识别和科学推定飑线所导致定点地形变异常变化的物理本质,进而减少实际业务中的误判;同时,还能为定点地形变观测台站的科学选址、仪器的优化布设及不同空间尺度大气负荷模型的实证等提供重要的参考依据。
During 31 July to 1 August 2013,a severe squall line crossed the Weihe Basin,Shaanxi Province,which caused hazardous weather. The aim of this work is to investigate the influence characteristics of squall line on the measurements of fixed-point crustal deformation in detail,and to improve our understanding of atmospheric pressure loading signals in pendulum tiltmeter,watertube tiltmeter,extensometer and borehole dilatometer observations during the passage of the squall line. In this paper,we systematically analyze the tilts and strains with 1-minute resolution of the shallow crust at Baoji,Qianling,Xi'an and Huayin observatories induced by the passage of a squall line using the Doppler radar,atmospheric pressure and outdoor air temperature records. The results show that:(1) The atmospheric pressure jump over a short time span produced by the squall line is the dominant driving force for the pressure-induced crustal deformations. The maximum magnitudes in pressure-induced tilt and strain mostly reach up to 9.70×10~(-3″) and 21.02×10~(-9),respectively.(2) It is observed that the relationship between the variation in amplitude of atmospheric pressure and the magnitude of elastic deformation of shallow crust shows a good linear variation. Their durations are almost the same,which range from 2 to 4 hours. Further,the atmospheric pressure coefficient of crustal deformation can reach up to 4.04 × 10~(-9)/h Pa.(3) The responses of observatories at Baoji,Qianling and Huayin to atmospheric pressure loading are much better than the Xi'an observatory,which implies that the rock cover of Xi'an observatory has low modulus of elasticity. Meanwhile,the effective physical transfer mechanisms for atmospheric loading are strongly influenced by the controlling factors,such as rock integrity,rock strength,cavity and topographic effects.(4) Quasi-synchronous responses of signals in vertical pendulum tiltmeter,extensometer,and borehole dilatometer data to atmospheric pressure loading are very well except for the watertube tiltmeter. The results obtained can be used for identifying and determining reasonably the physical mechanism of anomalous changes in measurements of crustal deformation as a result of squall line aiming to avoid wrong interpretation. Furthermore,the results can contribute to the selection of future observation sites,and give helpful indications for the location of instrument sites promising a low atmospheric pressure influence as well as for evidencing the atmospheric loading models on various spatial scales. In addition,the results also provide the crucial constraints for further numerical modeling with regard to physical transfer mechanisms.
During 31 July to 1 August 2013,a severe squall line crossed the Weihe Basin,Shaanxi Province,which caused hazardous weather. The aim of this work is to investigate the influence characteristics of squall line on the measurements of fixed-point crustal deformation in detail,and to improve our understanding of atmospheric pressure loading signals in pendulum tiltmeter,watertube tiltmeter,extensometer and borehole dilatometer observations during the passage of the squall line. In this paper,we systematically analyze the tilts and strains with 1-minute resolution of the shallow crust at Baoji,Qianling,Xi'an and Huayin observatories induced by the passage of a squall line using the Doppler radar,atmospheric pressure and outdoor air temperature records. The results show that:(1) The atmospheric pressure jump over a short time span produced by the squall line is the dominant driving force for the pressure-induced crustal deformations. The maximum magnitudes in pressure-induced tilt and strain mostly reach up to 9.70×10~(-3″) and 21.02×10~(-9),respectively.(2) It is observed that the relationship between the variation in amplitude of atmospheric pressure and the magnitude of elastic deformation of shallow crust shows a good linear variation. Their durations are almost the same,which range from 2 to 4 hours. Further,the atmospheric pressure coefficient of crustal deformation can reach up to 4.04 × 10~(-9)/h Pa.(3) The responses of observatories at Baoji,Qianling and Huayin to atmospheric pressure loading are much better than the Xi'an observatory,which implies that the rock cover of Xi'an observatory has low modulus of elasticity. Meanwhile,the effective physical transfer mechanisms for atmospheric loading are strongly influenced by the controlling factors,such as rock integrity,rock strength,cavity and topographic effects.(4) Quasi-synchronous responses of signals in vertical pendulum tiltmeter,extensometer,and borehole dilatometer data to atmospheric pressure loading are very well except for the watertube tiltmeter. The results obtained can be used for identifying and determining reasonably the physical mechanism of anomalous changes in measurements of crustal deformation as a result of squall line aiming to avoid wrong interpretation. Furthermore,the results can contribute to the selection of future observation sites,and give helpful indications for the location of instrument sites promising a low atmospheric pressure influence as well as for evidencing the atmospheric loading models on various spatial scales. In addition,the results also provide the crucial constraints for further numerical modeling with regard to physical transfer mechanisms.
引文
崔庆谷、杨星、杨跃文，2014，水管仪、垂直摆及水平摆高频段记录数据差异的对比，大地测量与地球动力学，34(4),175~178．
丁一汇、李鸿洲、章名立等，1982，我国飑线发生条件的研究，大气科学，6(1),18~27．
郭淳薇，2013，飑线的研究进展，气象与减灾研究，36(4),1~7．
孟妙志、卢晔、王仲文等，2017，关中秋季飑线天气成因和中尺度特征分析，陕西气象，(2),1~6．
牛安福，2003，地倾斜变化的突变性及与地震关系的研究，地震学报，25(4),441~445．
牛乐田、李春娥、王英等，2014，陕西中部一次冷涡飑线天气特征分析，陕西气象，(4),7~10．
于庚康、吴海英、曾明剑等，2013，江苏地区两次强飑线天气过程的特征分析，大气科学学报，36(1),47~59．
张凌空、王广才、牛安福，2011，周期气压波对地壳应变场观测影响的若干因素分析，地震学报，33(3),351~361．
张凌空、吴利军、杨颖，2012，雷暴产生的气压突变对体应变与同井水位干扰的对比研究，中国地震，28(1),69~77．
周龙寿、邱泽华、唐磊，2008，地壳应变场对气压短周期变化的响应，地球物理学进展，23(6),1717~1726．
竹本修三，1981，台風通過に伴なう坑道変形について，測地学会誌，27(2),93~101．
庄薇、刘黎平、薄兆海等，2010，新疆一次强飑线过程双多普勒雷达观测的中尺度风场结构分析，气象学报，68(2),224~234．
Bn D,Mentes G,Kis M,et al,2018,Observation of the Earth liquid core resonance by extensometers,Pure Appl Geophys,175(5),1631~1642．
Boy J P,Longuevergne L,Boudin F,et al,2009,Modelling atmospheric and induced non-tidal oceanic loading contributions to surface gravity and tilt measurements,J Geodyn,48(3~5),182~188．
Farrell W E,1972,Deformation of the Earth by surface loads,Rev Geophys,10(3),761~797．
Fukuyama E,2015,Dynamic faulting on a conjugate fault system detected by near-fault tilt measurements,Earth Planets Space,67,38．
Gebauer A,Schreiber K U,Klügel T,et al,2012,High-frequency noise caused by wind in large ring laser gyroscope data,J Seismol,16(4),777~786．
Gebauer A,Steffen H,Kroner C,et al,2010,Finite element modelling of atmosphere loading effects on strain,tilt and displacement at multi-sensor stations,Geophys J Int,181(3),1593~1612．
Harrison J C,1976,Cavity and topographic effects in tilt and strain measurement,J Geophys Res,81(2),319~328．
Hirose H,Obara K,2010,Recurrence behavior of short-term slow slip and correlated nonvolcanic tremor episodes in western Shikoku,southwest Japan,J Geophys Res,115(B6),B00A21．
Hsu Y J,Chang Y S,Liu C C,et al,2015,Revisiting borehole strain,typhoons,and slow earthquakes using quantitative estimates of precipitation-induced strain changes,J Geophys Res,120(6),4556~4571．
Huang N E,Shen Z,Long S R,et al,1998,The empirical mode decomposition and the Hilbert spectrum for nonlinear and nonstationary time series analysis,Proc Roy Soc A:Math,Phys Eng Sci,454(1971),903~995．
Kawai K,Sekine S,Fuji N,et al,2009,Waveform inversion for D″structure beneath northern Asia using Hi-net tiltmeter data,Geophys Res Lett,36(20),L20314．
King G A M,1983,Tiltmeter recordings re-analysed for earthquake precursors,Nature,302(5905),272．
Klügel T,Wziontek H,2009,Correcting gravimeters and tiltmeters for atmospheric mass attraction using operational weather models,J Geodyn,48(3~5),204~210．
Kroner C,Jahr T,Kuhlmann S,et al,2005,Pressure-induced noise on horizontal seismometer and strainmeter records evaluated by finite element modelling,Geophys J Int,161(1),167~178．
Liu C C,Linde A T,Sacks I S,2009,Slow earthquakes triggered by typhoons,Nature,459(7248),833~836．
Meertens C M,Wahr J M,1986,Topographic effect on tilt,strain,and displacement measurements,J Geophys Res,91(B14),14057~14062．
Mentes G,2008,Observation of recent tectonic movements by extensometers in the Pannonian Basin,J Geodyn,45(4~5),169~177．
Mentes G,Eperné-Ppai I,2002,The effect of atmospheric pressure on strain measurement at the Sopron observatory,Hungary,Bull Inf Marées Terr,137(3),10901~10906．
Mouyen M,Canitano A,Chao B F,et al,2017,Typhoon-induced ground deformation,Geophys Res Lett,44(21),11004~11011．
Müller T,Zürn W,1983,Observation of gravity changes during the passage of cold fronts,J Geophys,53(1),155~162．
Sgrigna V,Malvezzi V,2003,Preseismic creep strains revealed by ground tilt measurements in central Italy on the occasion of the1997 Umbria-Marche Apennines earthquake sequence,Pure Appl Geophys,160(8),1493~1515．
Takemoto S,1991,Some problems on detection of earthquake precursors by means of continuous monitoring of crustal strains and tilts,J Geophys Res,96(B6),10377~10390．
Tytell J,Vernon F,Hedlin M,et al,2016,The USArray transportable array as a platform for weather observation and research,Bull Amer Meteor Soc,97(4),603~619．
Wang H,Zhang Y X,Liu J,et al,2018,Pre-earthquake observations and their application in earthquake prediction in China:a review of historical and recent progress,In:Ouzounov D,Pulinets S,Hattori K,et al,Pre-earthquake Processes:AMultidisciplinary Approach to Earthquake Prediction Studies,19~39,Washington:John Wiley&Sons.
丁一汇、李鸿洲、章名立等，1982，我国飑线发生条件的研究，大气科学，6(1),18~27．
郭淳薇，2013，飑线的研究进展，气象与减灾研究，36(4),1~7．
孟妙志、卢晔、王仲文等，2017，关中秋季飑线天气成因和中尺度特征分析，陕西气象，(2),1~6．
牛安福，2003，地倾斜变化的突变性及与地震关系的研究，地震学报，25(4),441~445．
牛乐田、李春娥、王英等，2014，陕西中部一次冷涡飑线天气特征分析，陕西气象，(4),7~10．
于庚康、吴海英、曾明剑等，2013，江苏地区两次强飑线天气过程的特征分析，大气科学学报，36(1),47~59．
张凌空、王广才、牛安福，2011，周期气压波对地壳应变场观测影响的若干因素分析，地震学报，33(3),351~361．
张凌空、吴利军、杨颖，2012，雷暴产生的气压突变对体应变与同井水位干扰的对比研究，中国地震，28(1),69~77．
周龙寿、邱泽华、唐磊，2008，地壳应变场对气压短周期变化的响应，地球物理学进展，23(6),1717~1726．
竹本修三，1981，台風通過に伴なう坑道変形について，測地学会誌，27(2),93~101．
庄薇、刘黎平、薄兆海等，2010，新疆一次强飑线过程双多普勒雷达观测的中尺度风场结构分析，气象学报，68(2),224~234．
Bn D,Mentes G,Kis M,et al,2018,Observation of the Earth liquid core resonance by extensometers,Pure Appl Geophys,175(5),1631~1642．
Boy J P,Longuevergne L,Boudin F,et al,2009,Modelling atmospheric and induced non-tidal oceanic loading contributions to surface gravity and tilt measurements,J Geodyn,48(3~5),182~188．
Farrell W E,1972,Deformation of the Earth by surface loads,Rev Geophys,10(3),761~797．
Fukuyama E,2015,Dynamic faulting on a conjugate fault system detected by near-fault tilt measurements,Earth Planets Space,67,38．
Gebauer A,Schreiber K U,Klügel T,et al,2012,High-frequency noise caused by wind in large ring laser gyroscope data,J Seismol,16(4),777~786．
Gebauer A,Steffen H,Kroner C,et al,2010,Finite element modelling of atmosphere loading effects on strain,tilt and displacement at multi-sensor stations,Geophys J Int,181(3),1593~1612．
Harrison J C,1976,Cavity and topographic effects in tilt and strain measurement,J Geophys Res,81(2),319~328．
Hirose H,Obara K,2010,Recurrence behavior of short-term slow slip and correlated nonvolcanic tremor episodes in western Shikoku,southwest Japan,J Geophys Res,115(B6),B00A21．
Hsu Y J,Chang Y S,Liu C C,et al,2015,Revisiting borehole strain,typhoons,and slow earthquakes using quantitative estimates of precipitation-induced strain changes,J Geophys Res,120(6),4556~4571．
Huang N E,Shen Z,Long S R,et al,1998,The empirical mode decomposition and the Hilbert spectrum for nonlinear and nonstationary time series analysis,Proc Roy Soc A:Math,Phys Eng Sci,454(1971),903~995．
Kawai K,Sekine S,Fuji N,et al,2009,Waveform inversion for D″structure beneath northern Asia using Hi-net tiltmeter data,Geophys Res Lett,36(20),L20314．
King G A M,1983,Tiltmeter recordings re-analysed for earthquake precursors,Nature,302(5905),272．
Klügel T,Wziontek H,2009,Correcting gravimeters and tiltmeters for atmospheric mass attraction using operational weather models,J Geodyn,48(3~5),204~210．
Kroner C,Jahr T,Kuhlmann S,et al,2005,Pressure-induced noise on horizontal seismometer and strainmeter records evaluated by finite element modelling,Geophys J Int,161(1),167~178．
Liu C C,Linde A T,Sacks I S,2009,Slow earthquakes triggered by typhoons,Nature,459(7248),833~836．
Meertens C M,Wahr J M,1986,Topographic effect on tilt,strain,and displacement measurements,J Geophys Res,91(B14),14057~14062．
Mentes G,2008,Observation of recent tectonic movements by extensometers in the Pannonian Basin,J Geodyn,45(4~5),169~177．
Mentes G,Eperné-Ppai I,2002,The effect of atmospheric pressure on strain measurement at the Sopron observatory,Hungary,Bull Inf Marées Terr,137(3),10901~10906．
Mouyen M,Canitano A,Chao B F,et al,2017,Typhoon-induced ground deformation,Geophys Res Lett,44(21),11004~11011．
Müller T,Zürn W,1983,Observation of gravity changes during the passage of cold fronts,J Geophys,53(1),155~162．
Sgrigna V,Malvezzi V,2003,Preseismic creep strains revealed by ground tilt measurements in central Italy on the occasion of the1997 Umbria-Marche Apennines earthquake sequence,Pure Appl Geophys,160(8),1493~1515．
Takemoto S,1991,Some problems on detection of earthquake precursors by means of continuous monitoring of crustal strains and tilts,J Geophys Res,96(B6),10377~10390．
Tytell J,Vernon F,Hedlin M,et al,2016,The USArray transportable array as a platform for weather observation and research,Bull Amer Meteor Soc,97(4),603~619．
Wang H,Zhang Y X,Liu J,et al,2018,Pre-earthquake observations and their application in earthquake prediction in China:a review of historical and recent progress,In:Ouzounov D,Pulinets S,Hattori K,et al,Pre-earthquake Processes:AMultidisciplinary Approach to Earthquake Prediction Studies,19~39,Washington:John Wiley&Sons.
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