岩溶IGCP国际合作30年与岩溶关键带研究展望
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摘要
全球岩溶类型多样,对环境变化敏感,资源与环境问题突出,是地球关键带监测与研究的重点,IGCP661项目的执行为岩溶区关键带类型划分与监测对比研究提供了契机和国际合作平台。近30年岩溶IGCP执行始终强调岩溶系统与人类活动环境的相互作用,其轨迹实际上与地球系统科学到地球关键带理念是一脉相承的。IGCP299提出了岩溶形态组合概念,揭示各种岩溶形态与其形成环境之间的因果关系。岩溶动力系统(IGCP379),岩溶生态系统(IGCP448)概念的提出有助于我们更好地理解岩溶系统的整体功能,及系统内水、生物地球化学过程、人类活动的相互作用,进而形成了一整套岩溶动力学研究方法体系。开辟了岩溶记录与全球变化、碳循环与应对气候变化、石漠化形成演变与生态修复等研究新领域,并取得了丰硕的研究成果,有力地推动了现代岩溶学的发展。
IGCP661 "the Critical Zone in Karst Systems"(2017-2021) is a successive karst related project of IGCP299, 379, 448, 513 and 598. The implementation of IGCP661 provides a fine opportunity to bring scientists in karst community together and an international cooperation platform to conduct karst critical zone monitoring work and research. Tracing back to the six karst IGCP projects, the implementation trajectory and development of those projects are in line with the earth system science in 1990 s to earth critical zone science in early 21 st century. The impacts of climate change and anthropogenic activities to karst systems' sustainability are always concerned over two decades. In this paper, main scientific results and progresses achieved by working groups of six karst IGCP projects were summarized, in hope of promoting the correlation of various karst critical zones and establishing a global network of monitoring sites. Following the guideline of Earth System Science and multidisciplinary cooperation, systematic methodologies, namely, the Karst Feature Complex concept was raised and adopted in IGCP299 as a tool to avoid the confusion of isomorphism that might arise in morphological correlation on karst. The Karst Dynamic System(KDS)(in Project 379), Karst Ecosystem(in Project448) were used to better understand how karst systems function, and how the water, chemical, biological and human systems interact within them. Guideline with this synthesized conceptual framework, karst study was extended to global change research field. IGCP 379 sets up a link between karst processes and global change. Carbonate rock dissolution consumed atmospheric CO_2 and/or soil CO_2, thus the resulting CO_2 uptake could contribute to atmospheric CO_2 precipitation(sink). There will be an increase on this value with further consideration of carbon-pumping effect of aquatic plants. The greatest societal contribution to karst science within the framework of the IGCP has come by way of study and training efforts in the development and protection of karst water resources, with both ecological(IGCP 448) and human(IGCP 513) dimensions. Some extension works focusing on environmental change impacts upon karst system sustainability were continued and enhanced(IGCP/SIDA598), scientists and laboratories affiliated with IGCP/SIDA 598 made contributions to quantifying the impact of biogeochemical processes and human activities such as land use change on the carbon cycle.Correlation work of IGCP661 is planned to start along the Belt and Road karst zone. Karst Technical Committee(TC319) under International Organization for Standardization, will work closely with IGCP 661 to develop technical specifications for karst critical zone monitoring, thus supporting site international correlation and network establishment.
IGCP661 "the Critical Zone in Karst Systems"(2017-2021) is a successive karst related project of IGCP299, 379, 448, 513 and 598. The implementation of IGCP661 provides a fine opportunity to bring scientists in karst community together and an international cooperation platform to conduct karst critical zone monitoring work and research. Tracing back to the six karst IGCP projects, the implementation trajectory and development of those projects are in line with the earth system science in 1990 s to earth critical zone science in early 21 st century. The impacts of climate change and anthropogenic activities to karst systems' sustainability are always concerned over two decades. In this paper, main scientific results and progresses achieved by working groups of six karst IGCP projects were summarized, in hope of promoting the correlation of various karst critical zones and establishing a global network of monitoring sites. Following the guideline of Earth System Science and multidisciplinary cooperation, systematic methodologies, namely, the Karst Feature Complex concept was raised and adopted in IGCP299 as a tool to avoid the confusion of isomorphism that might arise in morphological correlation on karst. The Karst Dynamic System(KDS)(in Project 379), Karst Ecosystem(in Project448) were used to better understand how karst systems function, and how the water, chemical, biological and human systems interact within them. Guideline with this synthesized conceptual framework, karst study was extended to global change research field. IGCP 379 sets up a link between karst processes and global change. Carbonate rock dissolution consumed atmospheric CO_2 and/or soil CO_2, thus the resulting CO_2 uptake could contribute to atmospheric CO_2 precipitation(sink). There will be an increase on this value with further consideration of carbon-pumping effect of aquatic plants. The greatest societal contribution to karst science within the framework of the IGCP has come by way of study and training efforts in the development and protection of karst water resources, with both ecological(IGCP 448) and human(IGCP 513) dimensions. Some extension works focusing on environmental change impacts upon karst system sustainability were continued and enhanced(IGCP/SIDA598), scientists and laboratories affiliated with IGCP/SIDA 598 made contributions to quantifying the impact of biogeochemical processes and human activities such as land use change on the carbon cycle.Correlation work of IGCP661 is planned to start along the Belt and Road karst zone. Karst Technical Committee(TC319) under International Organization for Standardization, will work closely with IGCP 661 to develop technical specifications for karst critical zone monitoring, thus supporting site international correlation and network establishment.
引文
[1] Jiang Z Ch,Zhang Ch,Qin X Q,et al.Structure feature and function of the karst critical zone[J].Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition),2019,93(s1):109-112.
[2] Ford D C ,William P W.Karst hydrogeology and geomorphology [M].Chichester:JohnWilly&Sons,2007:1-562.
[3] Yuan D X,Liu Z H(Eds.),Global Karst Correlation[C].Beijing/New York:Science Press;Utrecht/Tokyo:VSP BV.1998,308.
[4] Yuan D X.The carbon cycle in karst[C].Z.Geomorph N F,SupplBd,1997,108:91-102.
[5] Yuan D X,Cheng H,Edwards R L,et al.,Timing,duration,and transitions of the last interglacial Asian monsoon[J].Science,2004,304:575-578.
[6] Chris G,Yuan D X,Zhang Ch.IGCP299,379,448,513,598:Global efforts to understand the nature of karst systems:over two decades with the IGCP[C].In:Derbyshire E.(Ed.),Tales Set in Stone-40 Years of the International Geoscience Programme(IGCP).UNESCO Paris,Framce,2012:80-87.
[7] Zhang Ch ,Chris G ,Yuan D X,New development of IGCP/SIDA 598 "Environmental Change and Sustainability in Karst Systems (2011-2015)"[J].Episodes,2015,38(3):219-221.
[8] Plummer L N,Wigley T M L,Parkhurst D L.Kinetics of calcite dissolution in CO2-water systems at 5 ℃to 60 ℃ and 0.0 to 1.0 atm CO2[J].America Journal of Science,1978,278:179-216.
[9] Kump L R,Brantley S L,Arthur M A.Chemical weathering,atmospheric CO2,and climate[J].Annu Rev Earth Planet Sci,2000,28:611-667.
[10] Dreybrodt W.Processes in Karst systems:Physics,Chemistry,and Geology[M].Berlin Heidelberg:Springer-Verlag,1988,288.
[11] Liu Z,Dreybrodt W.Dissolution kinetics of calcium carbonate minerals in H2O-CO2 solutions in turbulent flow:The role of the diffusion boundary layer and the slow reaction H2O+CO2?H++HCO■[J].Geochim Cosmochim Acta,1997,61:2879-2889.
[12] Hélie J-F,Hillaire-Marcel C,Rondeau B.Seasonal changes in the sources and fluxes of dissolved inorganic carbon through the St.Lawrence River-isotopic and chemical constraint.Chemical Geology[J].2002,186(1):117-138.
[13] Yuan D X,Sensitivity of karst process to environmental change along the PEP II transect[J].Quaternary International,1997,37:105-113.
[14] Jiang Zh C,Yuan D X.CO2 Source-sink in karst processes in karst areas of China[J].Episodes,1999,22:33-35.
[15] Yuan D X,Zhang Ch (Eds).Karst Processes and the carbon cycle-Final Report of IGCP379[C].Beijing:Geological Publishing House,2002,220.
[16] Yoshimura K,Inokura Y.The geochemical cycle of carbon dioxide in a carbonate rock area,Akiyoshi-dai Plateau,Yamaguchi,Southwestern,Japan[C].In:Proceedings of 30th International Geological Congress,1997,24:114-126.
[17] Liu Z,Zhao J.Contribution of carbonate rock weathering to the atmospheric CO2 sink[J].Environmental Geology,2000,39:1053-1058.
[18] Montety V de,Martin J B,Cohen M J,et al.Influence of diel biogeochemical cycles on carbonate equilibrium in a karst river[J].Chemical Geology,2011,283:31-43.
[19] Liu Z,Dreybrodt W,Wang H.A new direction in effective accounting for the atmospheric CO2 budget:Considering the combined action of carbonate dissolution,the global water cycle and photosynthetic uptake of DIC by aquatic organisms[J].Earth-Sci Rev.,2010,99:162-172.
[20] Zhang Ch.Carbonate rock dissolution rates in different landuses and their carbon sink effect[J].Chinese Sci Bull,2011,56:3759-3765.
[21] Zhang Ch ,Mahippong W ,Wang J L,et al.Dissolution rates in soil of different landuses of typical tropical karst peak depression valley in Thailand[J].Quaternary Science,2016,36(6):1393-1402.
[22] Zhang Ch,Yuan D X,Cao J H,Analysis of the environmental sensitivities of a typical dynamic epikarst system at the Nongla monitoring site,Guangxi,China[J].Environmental Geology,2005,47:615-619.
[23] 王宇.岩溶高原地下水径流系统垂向分带[J].中国岩溶,2018,37(1):1-8.
[24] Yuan D X,Karst of China[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House,1991:224.
[25] Doerfliger N,Jeannin P Y,Zwahlen F.Water vulnerability assessment in karst environment:a new method of defining protection areas using a multi-attribute approach and GIS tools (EPIK method) [J].Environmental Geology,1999,39(2):165-176.
[26] Jeannin P Y,Cornaton F,Zwahlen F,et al.VULK:a tool for intrinsic vulnerability assessment and validation[C].In:Seventh conference on limestone hydrology and fissured media,Besnacon 20-22 Sep 2001,Sciences et techniques de l’environnement.Mémoire hors-série,2001,13:185-190.
[27] Malík P,?vasta J.REKS-An alternative method of karst groundwater vulnerability estimation[C].In:Proceedings of XXIX IAH Congress:Hydrogeology and land use management.Editors:Miriam Fendeková,Marián Fendek.Bratislava,Slovak Republic,1999,79-86.
[28] Daly D,Dassargues A,Drew D,et al.Main concepts of the European approach for (karst) groundwater vulnerability assessment and mapping[J].Hydrogeol J,2002,10(2):340-345.
[29] Malík P,?vasta J,Groundwater Vulnerability Assessment Using Physical Principles of Contamination[C].In:Decision support for natural disasters and intentional threats to water security(Illangasekare T H et al.(eds.)),Springer Science+Business Media B.V.2009:199-211.
[30] Malík P,?vasta J,Michalko J,et al.Indicative mean transit time estimation from δ18O values as groundwater vulnerability indicator in karst-fissure aquifers[J].Environmental Earth Science,2016,75:988.(https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-016-5791-2.)
[31] 章程,曹建华.不同植被条件下表层岩溶泉动态变化特征对比研究:以广西马山弄拉兰电堂和东旺泉为例[J].中国岩溶,2003,22(1):1-5.
[32] 彭韬,周长生,宁茂岐,等.基于探地雷达解译的喀斯特坡地表层岩溶带空间分布特征研究[J].第四纪研究,2017,37(6):1262-1270.
[33] Yuan D X.IGCP448,World Correlation of Karst Ecosystem(2000-2004) [J].Episodes,2000,23(4):285-286.
[34] Zhang Cheng,Yuan Daoxian.New development of IGCP 448 “World Correlation of Karst Ecosystem (2000-2004)”[J].Episodes,2001,24(4):279-280.
[35] Jiang Z C,Lian Y Q,Qin X Q.Rock desertification in southwest China:impact,cause,and restoration[J].Earth Science Review,2014,132:1-12.
[36] 蒋忠诚,罗为群,童立强,等.21世纪西南岩溶石漠化演变特点及影响因素[J].中国岩溶,2016,35(5):461-468.
[37] Luo W Q,Jiang Zh Ch ,Yang Q Y,et al.The features of soil erosion and soil leakage in karst peak-cluster areas of Southwest China[J].Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering,2018,6(1):18-30.
[38] Brantley S L,White T S,White A F.Frontiers in exploration of the critical zone[R].USA,2005.
[39] Lin H S.Earth’s Critical Zone and hydropedology:concepts,characteristics,and advances[J].Hydrology and Earth System Sciences,2010,6(2):3417-3481.
[40] National Research Council.Basic Research Opportunities in Earth Science[M].Washington DC:National Academy Press,2001,Chapter2:35-45.
[2] Ford D C ,William P W.Karst hydrogeology and geomorphology [M].Chichester:JohnWilly&Sons,2007:1-562.
[3] Yuan D X,Liu Z H(Eds.),Global Karst Correlation[C].Beijing/New York:Science Press;Utrecht/Tokyo:VSP BV.1998,308.
[4] Yuan D X.The carbon cycle in karst[C].Z.Geomorph N F,SupplBd,1997,108:91-102.
[5] Yuan D X,Cheng H,Edwards R L,et al.,Timing,duration,and transitions of the last interglacial Asian monsoon[J].Science,2004,304:575-578.
[6] Chris G,Yuan D X,Zhang Ch.IGCP299,379,448,513,598:Global efforts to understand the nature of karst systems:over two decades with the IGCP[C].In:Derbyshire E.(Ed.),Tales Set in Stone-40 Years of the International Geoscience Programme(IGCP).UNESCO Paris,Framce,2012:80-87.
[7] Zhang Ch ,Chris G ,Yuan D X,New development of IGCP/SIDA 598 "Environmental Change and Sustainability in Karst Systems (2011-2015)"[J].Episodes,2015,38(3):219-221.
[8] Plummer L N,Wigley T M L,Parkhurst D L.Kinetics of calcite dissolution in CO2-water systems at 5 ℃to 60 ℃ and 0.0 to 1.0 atm CO2[J].America Journal of Science,1978,278:179-216.
[9] Kump L R,Brantley S L,Arthur M A.Chemical weathering,atmospheric CO2,and climate[J].Annu Rev Earth Planet Sci,2000,28:611-667.
[10] Dreybrodt W.Processes in Karst systems:Physics,Chemistry,and Geology[M].Berlin Heidelberg:Springer-Verlag,1988,288.
[11] Liu Z,Dreybrodt W.Dissolution kinetics of calcium carbonate minerals in H2O-CO2 solutions in turbulent flow:The role of the diffusion boundary layer and the slow reaction H2O+CO2?H++HCO■[J].Geochim Cosmochim Acta,1997,61:2879-2889.
[12] Hélie J-F,Hillaire-Marcel C,Rondeau B.Seasonal changes in the sources and fluxes of dissolved inorganic carbon through the St.Lawrence River-isotopic and chemical constraint.Chemical Geology[J].2002,186(1):117-138.
[13] Yuan D X,Sensitivity of karst process to environmental change along the PEP II transect[J].Quaternary International,1997,37:105-113.
[14] Jiang Zh C,Yuan D X.CO2 Source-sink in karst processes in karst areas of China[J].Episodes,1999,22:33-35.
[15] Yuan D X,Zhang Ch (Eds).Karst Processes and the carbon cycle-Final Report of IGCP379[C].Beijing:Geological Publishing House,2002,220.
[16] Yoshimura K,Inokura Y.The geochemical cycle of carbon dioxide in a carbonate rock area,Akiyoshi-dai Plateau,Yamaguchi,Southwestern,Japan[C].In:Proceedings of 30th International Geological Congress,1997,24:114-126.
[17] Liu Z,Zhao J.Contribution of carbonate rock weathering to the atmospheric CO2 sink[J].Environmental Geology,2000,39:1053-1058.
[18] Montety V de,Martin J B,Cohen M J,et al.Influence of diel biogeochemical cycles on carbonate equilibrium in a karst river[J].Chemical Geology,2011,283:31-43.
[19] Liu Z,Dreybrodt W,Wang H.A new direction in effective accounting for the atmospheric CO2 budget:Considering the combined action of carbonate dissolution,the global water cycle and photosynthetic uptake of DIC by aquatic organisms[J].Earth-Sci Rev.,2010,99:162-172.
[20] Zhang Ch.Carbonate rock dissolution rates in different landuses and their carbon sink effect[J].Chinese Sci Bull,2011,56:3759-3765.
[21] Zhang Ch ,Mahippong W ,Wang J L,et al.Dissolution rates in soil of different landuses of typical tropical karst peak depression valley in Thailand[J].Quaternary Science,2016,36(6):1393-1402.
[22] Zhang Ch,Yuan D X,Cao J H,Analysis of the environmental sensitivities of a typical dynamic epikarst system at the Nongla monitoring site,Guangxi,China[J].Environmental Geology,2005,47:615-619.
[23] 王宇.岩溶高原地下水径流系统垂向分带[J].中国岩溶,2018,37(1):1-8.
[24] Yuan D X,Karst of China[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House,1991:224.
[25] Doerfliger N,Jeannin P Y,Zwahlen F.Water vulnerability assessment in karst environment:a new method of defining protection areas using a multi-attribute approach and GIS tools (EPIK method) [J].Environmental Geology,1999,39(2):165-176.
[26] Jeannin P Y,Cornaton F,Zwahlen F,et al.VULK:a tool for intrinsic vulnerability assessment and validation[C].In:Seventh conference on limestone hydrology and fissured media,Besnacon 20-22 Sep 2001,Sciences et techniques de l’environnement.Mémoire hors-série,2001,13:185-190.
[27] Malík P,?vasta J.REKS-An alternative method of karst groundwater vulnerability estimation[C].In:Proceedings of XXIX IAH Congress:Hydrogeology and land use management.Editors:Miriam Fendeková,Marián Fendek.Bratislava,Slovak Republic,1999,79-86.
[28] Daly D,Dassargues A,Drew D,et al.Main concepts of the European approach for (karst) groundwater vulnerability assessment and mapping[J].Hydrogeol J,2002,10(2):340-345.
[29] Malík P,?vasta J,Groundwater Vulnerability Assessment Using Physical Principles of Contamination[C].In:Decision support for natural disasters and intentional threats to water security(Illangasekare T H et al.(eds.)),Springer Science+Business Media B.V.2009:199-211.
[30] Malík P,?vasta J,Michalko J,et al.Indicative mean transit time estimation from δ18O values as groundwater vulnerability indicator in karst-fissure aquifers[J].Environmental Earth Science,2016,75:988.(https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-016-5791-2.)
[31] 章程,曹建华.不同植被条件下表层岩溶泉动态变化特征对比研究:以广西马山弄拉兰电堂和东旺泉为例[J].中国岩溶,2003,22(1):1-5.
[32] 彭韬,周长生,宁茂岐,等.基于探地雷达解译的喀斯特坡地表层岩溶带空间分布特征研究[J].第四纪研究,2017,37(6):1262-1270.
[33] Yuan D X.IGCP448,World Correlation of Karst Ecosystem(2000-2004) [J].Episodes,2000,23(4):285-286.
[34] Zhang Cheng,Yuan Daoxian.New development of IGCP 448 “World Correlation of Karst Ecosystem (2000-2004)”[J].Episodes,2001,24(4):279-280.
[35] Jiang Z C,Lian Y Q,Qin X Q.Rock desertification in southwest China:impact,cause,and restoration[J].Earth Science Review,2014,132:1-12.
[36] 蒋忠诚,罗为群,童立强,等.21世纪西南岩溶石漠化演变特点及影响因素[J].中国岩溶,2016,35(5):461-468.
[37] Luo W Q,Jiang Zh Ch ,Yang Q Y,et al.The features of soil erosion and soil leakage in karst peak-cluster areas of Southwest China[J].Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering,2018,6(1):18-30.
[38] Brantley S L,White T S,White A F.Frontiers in exploration of the critical zone[R].USA,2005.
[39] Lin H S.Earth’s Critical Zone and hydropedology:concepts,characteristics,and advances[J].Hydrology and Earth System Sciences,2010,6(2):3417-3481.
[40] National Research Council.Basic Research Opportunities in Earth Science[M].Washington DC:National Academy Press,2001,Chapter2:35-45.
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