种植模式和补灌对玉米生长发育及产量的影响
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摘要
为探明全膜双垄沟播技术和集雨补灌对玉米生长发育及产量的影响,采用完全随机区组设计,分别在不同全膜双垄沟播种植模式与补灌措施下对玉米干物质积累、叶面积指数、叶片SPAD值、0～200 cm土壤水分等指标进行对比分析。结果表明:在欠水年补灌条件下,全膜双垄沟播(FMRF_(70))种植模式不仅能够显著促进玉米的生长发育,还有利于玉米籽粒性状表现。干物质积累增加2.51%～26.88%,叶面积指数增加5.06%～14.37%,叶片SPAD值增加1.56%～8.75%,穗长增加0.3%～13.3%、百粒重增加3.3%～4.7%。全膜双垄沟播(FMRF_(70))种植模式能够充分利用有限的水资源,使0～200 cm土壤平均贮水量增加8.0 mm～23.54 mm,经济产量和水分利用效率均表现为FMRF_(70)>FP>FMRF_(60)>FMRF_(50),产量增加19.20%～78.96%,WUE提高15.97%～70.00%,差异显著(P<0.05)。可见,全膜双垄沟播(FMRF_(70))种植模式结合灌浆期适量补灌是半干旱区适宜的种植模式。
In order to explore the effect of full mulching and double ridge-furrow planting technology and supplemental irrigating on the growth and yield of maize,using a completely randomized block design,the dry matter accumulation,leaf area index,leaf SPAD value and soil moisture of 0 ～ 200 cm in maize were compared and analyzed. The results showed that FMRF_(70) treatment could not only significantly promote the growth and development of maize,but also contribute to the performance of maize grain traits under the condition of irrigation in waterdeficient years; dry matter accumulation was increased by 2.51% to 26.88%,leaf area index was increased by 5.06% to 14.37%,SPAD value of leaves was increased by 1.56% to 8.75%,spike length was increased by 0.3% to 13.3%,and 100-grain weight was increased by3.3% to 4.7%. FMRF_(70) planting pattern could make full use of limited water resources,and increased the average water storage of 0 ～ 200 cm soil by 8.0 mm to 23.54 mm. The economic yield and water use efficiency were both shown as FMRF_(70)>FP >FMRF_(60)>FMRF_(50),yield was increased by 19.20% to 8.96%,and WUE was increased by 15.97% to 70.00%,with significant difference( P<0.05). It can be found that FMRF_(70) planting pattern combined with appropriate supplemental irrigation in the grouting stage is an appropriate planting pattern in semiarid areas.
In order to explore the effect of full mulching and double ridge-furrow planting technology and supplemental irrigating on the growth and yield of maize,using a completely randomized block design,the dry matter accumulation,leaf area index,leaf SPAD value and soil moisture of 0 ～ 200 cm in maize were compared and analyzed. The results showed that FMRF_(70) treatment could not only significantly promote the growth and development of maize,but also contribute to the performance of maize grain traits under the condition of irrigation in waterdeficient years; dry matter accumulation was increased by 2.51% to 26.88%,leaf area index was increased by 5.06% to 14.37%,SPAD value of leaves was increased by 1.56% to 8.75%,spike length was increased by 0.3% to 13.3%,and 100-grain weight was increased by3.3% to 4.7%. FMRF_(70) planting pattern could make full use of limited water resources,and increased the average water storage of 0 ～ 200 cm soil by 8.0 mm to 23.54 mm. The economic yield and water use efficiency were both shown as FMRF_(70)>FP >FMRF_(60)>FMRF_(50),yield was increased by 19.20% to 8.96%,and WUE was increased by 15.97% to 70.00%,with significant difference( P<0.05). It can be found that FMRF_(70) planting pattern combined with appropriate supplemental irrigation in the grouting stage is an appropriate planting pattern in semiarid areas.
引文
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[21]吕丽华,陶洪斌,夏来坤,等.不同种植密度下的夏玉米冠层结构及光合特性[J].作物学报,2008,34(3):447-455.
[22]苏玉杰,秦永田,张守林,等.种植密度对夏玉米浚单28生长发育及产量的影响[J].江西农业学报,2012,24(6):49-50.
[23]梁书荣,赵会杰,李洪岐,等.密度、种植方式和品种对夏玉米群体发育特征的影响[J].生态学报,2010,30(7):1 927-1 931.
[24]张鹏,张富仓,吴立峰,等.不同灌水和施氮对河西绿洲春玉米生长、产量和水分利用的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2011,29(4):137-143.
[25]樊廷录,杨珍,王建华,等.灌水时期和灌水量对甘肃河西玉米制种产量和水分利用的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2014(5):1-6.
[26]韩清芳,李向拓,王俊鹏,等.微集水种植技术的农田水分调控效果模拟研究[J].农业工程学报,2004,20(2):78-82.
[27]李尚中,王勇,樊廷录,等.旱地玉米不同覆膜方式的水温及增产效应[J].中国农业科学,2010,43(5):922-931.
[28]王晓凌,陈明灿,易现峰,等.垄沟覆膜集雨系统垄宽和密度效应对玉米产量的影响[J].农业工程学报,2009,25(8):40-47.
[29]张仁和,胡富亮,杨晓钦,等.不同栽培模式对旱地春玉米光合特性和水分利用率的影响[J].作物学报,2013,39(9):1 619-1 627.
[30]刘战东,肖俊夫,于景春,等.春玉米品种和种植密度对植株性状和耗水特性的影响[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(11):125-131.
[31]牛俊义,秦舒浩,蔺海明,等.集雨补灌对粮饲兼用玉米的产量及生理效应研究[J].草业学报,2002,11(1):1-3.
[2]李凤民,王静,赵松岭.半干旱黄土高原集水高效旱地农业的发展[J].生态学报,1999(2):259-264.
[3]胡恒觉.揭示旱区资源生产潜力确立区域治理开发途径-评《中国北方旱区农业》[J].干旱地区农业研究,1999,17(2):23.
[4]赵聚宝.中国北方旱地农田水分开发利用[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1996.
[5]申晓晶,李王成,田军仓.西北干旱地区降水高效利用的研究进展[J].节水灌溉,2014(2):26-28;32.
[6]张保军,韩海,朱芬萌,等.地膜小麦土壤温度动态变化研究[J].水土保持研究,2000,7(1):59-62.
[7]梁银丽,康绍忠.限量灌水和磷营养对冬小麦产量及水分利用的影响[J].水土保持学报,1997(1):61-67.
[8]赵西宁,冯浩,吴普特,等.黄土高原小流域雨水资源化综合效益评价体系研究[J].自然资源学报,2005,20(3):354-360.
[9]方彦杰,黄高宝,李玲玲,等.旱地全膜双垄沟播玉米生长发育动态及产量形成规律研究[J].干旱地区农业研究,2010,28(4):128-134.
[10]赵松岭,王静,李凤民.黄土高原半干旱地区水土保持型农业的局限性[J].西北植物学报,1995,15(8):13-18.
[11]齐伟,张吉旺,王空军,等.干旱胁迫对不同耐旱性玉米杂交种产量和根系生理特性的影响[J].应用生态学报,2010,21(1):48-52.
[12]马志林,段喜明,杨才敏.春玉米组合种植模式土壤水分变化规律研究[J].节水灌溉,2010(6):47-50.
[13]赵西宁,吴普特,冯浩,等.黄土高原半干旱区集雨补灌生态农业研究进展[J].中国农业科学,2009,42(9):3 187-3 194.
[14]刘布春,梅旭荣,李玉中,等.农业水资源安全的定义及其内涵和外延[J].中国农业科学,2006,39(5):947-951.
[15]黄占斌,程积民,赵世伟,等.半干旱地区集雨利用模式及其评价[J].农业工程学报,2004,20(2):301-304.
[16]杨世民,廖尔华,袁继超,等.玉米密度与产量及产量构成因素关系的研究[J].四川农业大学学报,2000,18(4):321-324.
[17]郭春明,王雪,赵鑫,等.密度调控对半干旱区不同株型玉米品种冠层和产量指标的影响[J].玉米科学,2017,25(6):113-118.
[18]石元亮,秦裕波,孙毅,等.土壤水分与玉米种植密度及产量的相关性研究[J].土壤通报,2008,39(4):793-796.
[19]刘永辉.夏玉米不同生育期对水分胁迫的生理反应与适应[J].干旱区资源与环境,2013,27(2):171-175.
[20]刘星华,王琦,贾生海.栽培方式对旱作春玉米土壤酶活性及干物质积累和产量形成的影响[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2015(9):73-81.
[21]吕丽华,陶洪斌,夏来坤,等.不同种植密度下的夏玉米冠层结构及光合特性[J].作物学报,2008,34(3):447-455.
[22]苏玉杰,秦永田,张守林,等.种植密度对夏玉米浚单28生长发育及产量的影响[J].江西农业学报,2012,24(6):49-50.
[23]梁书荣,赵会杰,李洪岐,等.密度、种植方式和品种对夏玉米群体发育特征的影响[J].生态学报,2010,30(7):1 927-1 931.
[24]张鹏,张富仓,吴立峰,等.不同灌水和施氮对河西绿洲春玉米生长、产量和水分利用的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2011,29(4):137-143.
[25]樊廷录,杨珍,王建华,等.灌水时期和灌水量对甘肃河西玉米制种产量和水分利用的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2014(5):1-6.
[26]韩清芳,李向拓,王俊鹏,等.微集水种植技术的农田水分调控效果模拟研究[J].农业工程学报,2004,20(2):78-82.
[27]李尚中,王勇,樊廷录,等.旱地玉米不同覆膜方式的水温及增产效应[J].中国农业科学,2010,43(5):922-931.
[28]王晓凌,陈明灿,易现峰,等.垄沟覆膜集雨系统垄宽和密度效应对玉米产量的影响[J].农业工程学报,2009,25(8):40-47.
[29]张仁和,胡富亮,杨晓钦,等.不同栽培模式对旱地春玉米光合特性和水分利用率的影响[J].作物学报,2013,39(9):1 619-1 627.
[30]刘战东,肖俊夫,于景春,等.春玉米品种和种植密度对植株性状和耗水特性的影响[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(11):125-131.
[31]牛俊义,秦舒浩,蔺海明,等.集雨补灌对粮饲兼用玉米的产量及生理效应研究[J].草业学报,2002,11(1):1-3.
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