模拟短期降雨量变化对准噶尔荒漠植物群落的影响
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摘要
开展准噶尔荒漠植物群落对未来降雨量变化的响应机制研究,不仅有助于揭示气候变化对荒漠生态系统的影响,也有助于准确评价荒漠生态系统各项健康指标并预测其演变趋势,对荒漠草地可持续管理具有重要理论与实践意义。以新疆准噶尔盆地东南缘荒漠植被为研究对象,2016—2017年在生长季(4—9月)开展不同梯度的人工增减雨试验(减雨60%、减雨30%、自然对照、增雨30%、增雨60%),分析了群落物种组成、多样性、盖度及生产力对生长季不同降雨量变化的响应。研究表明:减雨样地物种数量偏少,假木贼的优势明显,增雨样地内物种较多,且绢蒿的优势度明显增加;样地内植物群落物种丰富度(特别是一年生植物的物种丰富度)随降雨量增加呈上升趋势,且各处理间差异显著(p<0.05);随降雨量增加,灌木盖度、多年生草本植物盖度,以及植物群落总盖度与降雨量呈明显正相关(p<0.05),一年生草本植物盖度与降雨量无相关性;总地上生物量随降雨量增加,先增大后减小,当降雨增加30%时,地上生物量达到最大值。其中,多年生草本植物表现出与总地上生物量同样的变化趋势,灌木生物量随降雨量的增加而增加,且在增雨60%时达到最大值,一年生草本植物没有明显变化规律。本研究表明,降雨量减少不利于准噶尔荒漠草地,与极端的60%降雨量增加相比,正常年际30%的降雨量增加更有利于准噶尔荒漠植物群落维持物种多样性的维持和提高群落生产力的提高。
Studies on the mechanism of precipitation change on desert plant communities not only can reveal the influence of climate change on desert ecosystem in the future, but also helps evaluate the health index and succession trend, which have important theoretical and practical significance on sustainable management of desert rangeland. This research focuses on the desert rangeland in southeast edge of Junggar basin, northern Xinjiang. The effects of rainfall changes on desert vegetation in growing season(from April to September) were measured after field experiment, rain shelters and irrigation device were used to control the rainfall amount, and five rainfall treatments were set up: reduced 60%, reduced 30%, CK, increased 30% and increased 60%. Before the experiment, there are no significant differences(p>0.05) in different treatment plots. After 2 years field experiment on rainfall control, the species richness showed a stable upward trend with the increasing of rainfall amount, with significant difference between the rainfall gradients(p < 0.05). In terms of vegetation coverage, the coverage of shrubs and perennial herbs and total coverage has positive correlation with rainfall amount(p<0.05), while the coverage of annual plants has no correlation with rainfall amount. The results of this study indicated that the reduced rainfall affected the rangeland of Junggar desert compared with the extreme situation of annual rainfall increased by 60%, the normal annual rainfall increased by 30% is more beneficial to the maintenance of species diversity and the improvement of productivity of desert plant community.
Studies on the mechanism of precipitation change on desert plant communities not only can reveal the influence of climate change on desert ecosystem in the future, but also helps evaluate the health index and succession trend, which have important theoretical and practical significance on sustainable management of desert rangeland. This research focuses on the desert rangeland in southeast edge of Junggar basin, northern Xinjiang. The effects of rainfall changes on desert vegetation in growing season(from April to September) were measured after field experiment, rain shelters and irrigation device were used to control the rainfall amount, and five rainfall treatments were set up: reduced 60%, reduced 30%, CK, increased 30% and increased 60%. Before the experiment, there are no significant differences(p>0.05) in different treatment plots. After 2 years field experiment on rainfall control, the species richness showed a stable upward trend with the increasing of rainfall amount, with significant difference between the rainfall gradients(p < 0.05). In terms of vegetation coverage, the coverage of shrubs and perennial herbs and total coverage has positive correlation with rainfall amount(p<0.05), while the coverage of annual plants has no correlation with rainfall amount. The results of this study indicated that the reduced rainfall affected the rangeland of Junggar desert compared with the extreme situation of annual rainfall increased by 60%, the normal annual rainfall increased by 30% is more beneficial to the maintenance of species diversity and the improvement of productivity of desert plant community.
引文
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[22] 赵新风,徐海量,张鹏,等.养分与水分添加对荒漠草地植物群落结构和物种多样性的影响[J].植物生态学报,2014,38(2):167-177.
[23] 徐文轩,吴珂,黄怡,等.新疆北部绢蒿荒漠水源圈土壤养分的梯度变化[J].草地学报,2016,24(4):528-533.
[24] 杨维康,蒋慧萍,乔建芳.放牧对准噶尔荒漠植物群落及土壤特性的影响[J].干旱区地理,2008,31(5):659-664.
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[31] 曾勇,刘彤,赵丹,等.降水变化对古尔班通古特沙漠优势植物多样性的影响[J].石河子大学学报:自然科学版,2015,33(3):294-300.
[32] 常学礼,赵爱芬,李胜功.科尔沁沙地固定沙丘植被物种多样性对降水变化的响应[J].植物生态学报,2000,24(2):147-151.
[33] 景福军,张德罡,尚占环,等.黄土高原弃耕地不同地形下植物群落演替初期的群落结构及多样性研究[J].甘肃农业大学学报,2005,40(2):233-238.
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