基于“肥岛”效应探讨人工梭梭土壤养分时空演变趋势
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摘要
为阐明不同林龄人工梭梭对干旱荒漠区土壤养分利用机制及时空演变趋势,选取了乌兰布和西南缘营建年限为2,5,10,15,30 a的人工梭梭为研究对象,通过野外调查与室内试验的方法,分析了不同林龄梭梭土壤养分空间分布及其富集效应。结果表明:(1)人工梭梭土壤养分表现出显著的成层化分布特征,整体表现为0—10 cm>10—20 cm>20—40 cm,其中表层土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾均比深层平均高82.0%,228.2%,172.7%,39.0%,表层土壤养分积累更明显,说明表层土壤中的大部分养分主要从植物的枯落物质中获得。(2)水平方向土壤养分含量在15～30 a表现出显著差异,根部、灌丛内及株间空地土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效磷及速效钾分别增高了30.8%和38.0%,196.7%和15.6%,22.5%和8.3%,56.4%和10.6%,且富集率显著高于其他林龄,表层(0—10 cm,10—20 cm)表现出随林龄增高而增加的趋势,深层(20—40 cm)则先降低后升高。说明人工梭梭林在种植15 a后其土壤养分"肥岛"效应强于低林龄,而在10 a生长旺盛,养分消耗量大,"肥岛"效应较弱。(3)梭梭各生长指标均与有机质和碱解氮富集率显著相关(p<0.05),其中与有机质极显著相关(p<0.01),说明随着林龄的增加,土壤有机质与碱解氮含量累积较为明显。其中有机质的空间异质性最明显,而速效磷、钾时空异质性较弱。由此也进一步表明了干旱荒漠区人工梭梭与土壤养分间具有明显的时空耦合关系。
In order to clarify the spatial and temporal evolution trend of soil nutrient utilization mechanism of planted Haloxylon ammodendron in arid desert areas, the planted Haloxylon ammodendron with the plantation ages of 2 years, 5 years, 10 years, 15 year, and 30 years in the southwestern margin of Ulan Buh were selected as the research samples. The spatial distribution and enrichment effects of soil nutrients in different ages of Haloxylon ammodendron were analyzed by field investigation and laboratory experiments. The conclusions were drawn as follows.(1) The soil nutrients of the planted sand bogs of different ages demonstrated the significant stratification distribution, the nutrient contents decreased in the order: 0—10 cm>10—20 cm>20—40 cm, among them, soil organic matter, alkali nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium of surface layer were 82.0%, 228.2%, 172.7% and 39.0% higher than the averages of deep layers, and the accumulation of nutrients in surface soil was more obvious, indicating that most of the nutrients in the topsoil mainly resulted from plants litter material.(2) The soil nutrient content in the horizontal direction showed significant difference in 15～30 years, soil organic matter, alkali nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium in roots, shrubs and intercropping increased by 30.8% and 38.0%, 196.7% and 15.6%, 22.5% and 8.3%, and 56.4% and 10.6%, respectively. The enrichment rates were significantly higher than other forest ages. The nutrients in surface layers(0—10 cm, 10—20 cm) increased with the increase of forest age, while the nutrients in the deep layer(20—40 cm) decreased first and then rose. The results showed that the soil ‘fertile island’ of the artificial Haloxylon ammodendron was stronger than that of the low forest age, because the nutrient accumulation rate was strong and the nutrient consumption was large in 10 years, the ‘fertile island’ was weak.(3) The growth indexes of Haloxylon ammodendron were closely related to the enrichment and distribution of soil organic matter and alkali nitrogen, indicating that soil organic matter and alkali nitrogen content are more heterogeneous in space-time heterogeneity. Spatial and temporal heterogeneity of potassium is weak, which indicates that there is a significant spatial and temporal coupling relationship between planted Haloxylon ammodendron and soil nutrients in the arid desert areas.
In order to clarify the spatial and temporal evolution trend of soil nutrient utilization mechanism of planted Haloxylon ammodendron in arid desert areas, the planted Haloxylon ammodendron with the plantation ages of 2 years, 5 years, 10 years, 15 year, and 30 years in the southwestern margin of Ulan Buh were selected as the research samples. The spatial distribution and enrichment effects of soil nutrients in different ages of Haloxylon ammodendron were analyzed by field investigation and laboratory experiments. The conclusions were drawn as follows.(1) The soil nutrients of the planted sand bogs of different ages demonstrated the significant stratification distribution, the nutrient contents decreased in the order: 0—10 cm>10—20 cm>20—40 cm, among them, soil organic matter, alkali nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium of surface layer were 82.0%, 228.2%, 172.7% and 39.0% higher than the averages of deep layers, and the accumulation of nutrients in surface soil was more obvious, indicating that most of the nutrients in the topsoil mainly resulted from plants litter material.(2) The soil nutrient content in the horizontal direction showed significant difference in 15～30 years, soil organic matter, alkali nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium in roots, shrubs and intercropping increased by 30.8% and 38.0%, 196.7% and 15.6%, 22.5% and 8.3%, and 56.4% and 10.6%, respectively. The enrichment rates were significantly higher than other forest ages. The nutrients in surface layers(0—10 cm, 10—20 cm) increased with the increase of forest age, while the nutrients in the deep layer(20—40 cm) decreased first and then rose. The results showed that the soil ‘fertile island’ of the artificial Haloxylon ammodendron was stronger than that of the low forest age, because the nutrient accumulation rate was strong and the nutrient consumption was large in 10 years, the ‘fertile island’ was weak.(3) The growth indexes of Haloxylon ammodendron were closely related to the enrichment and distribution of soil organic matter and alkali nitrogen, indicating that soil organic matter and alkali nitrogen content are more heterogeneous in space-time heterogeneity. Spatial and temporal heterogeneity of potassium is weak, which indicates that there is a significant spatial and temporal coupling relationship between planted Haloxylon ammodendron and soil nutrients in the arid desert areas.
引文
[1] 瞿王龙,杨小鹏,张存涛,等.干旱、半干旱地区天然草原灌木及其肥岛效应研究进展[J].草业学报,2015,24(4):201-207.
[2] West C N E.Plant-induced soil chemical patterns in some shrub-dominated semi-desert ecosystems of Utah[J].Journal of Ecology,1975,63(3):945-963.
[3] Reynolds J F,Virginia R A,Kemp P R,et al.Impact of drought on desert shrubs:effects of seasonality and degree of resource island development[J].Ecological Monographs,1999,69(1):69-106.
[4] 刘建军,陈海滨.秦岭火地塘林区主要树种根际微生态系统土壤性状研究[J].水土保持学报,1998,4(3):52-56.
[5] Fuhlendorf S D,Engle D M.Restoring heterogeneity on rangelands:Ecosystem management based on evolutionary grazing patterns[J].Bioscience,2001,51(8):625-632.
[6] 熊小刚.内蒙古半干旱草原灌丛化过程中小叶锦鸡儿引起的土壤碳、氮资源空间异质性分布[J].生态学报,2005,25(7):1678-1683.
[7] Schlesinger W H.On the spatial pattern of soil nutrients in desert eco-systems[J].Ecology,1996,77(2):364-374.
[8] Stock W D,Lewis OA M.Soil nitrogen and the role of fire as a mineralizing agent in a South African coastal fynbos ecosystem[J].Journal of Ecology,1986,74(2):317-328.
[9] 陈斌.干旱区立地条件与植物群落组成结构特征[D].南京:南京大学,2010.
[10] 李新荣,回嵘,苏洁琼,等.中国干旱区恢复生态学研究进展及趋势评述[J].地理科学进展,2014,33(11):1435-1443.
[11] Garner W,Steinberger Y.A proposed mechanism for the formation of fertile islands in the desert ecosystem[J].Journal of Arid Environments,1989,16(3):257-262.
[12] Robertson G P,Crum J R,Ellis B G.The spatial variability of soil resources following long-term disturbance[J].Oecologia,1993,96(4):451-456.
[13] 陈广生,曾德慧,陈伏生,等.干旱和半干旱地区灌木下土壤“肥岛”研究进展[J].应用生态学报,2003,14(12):2295-2300.
[14] 刘乃君.人工梭梭林对沙地土壤理化性质的影响[J].土壤通报,2008,39(6):1480-1482.
[15] 席军强,杨自辉,郭树江,等.人工梭梭林对沙地土壤理化性质和微生物的影响[J].草业学报,2015,24(5):44-52.
[16] 黄丕振.人工梭梭林的生态效益和经济收益[J].干旱区研究,1987(4):16-20.
[17] 李旭,王海燕,丁国栋,等.华北土石山区森林土壤养分空间变异研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,2014,28(6):136-142.
[18] 张珂,苏永中,王婷,等.荒漠绿洲区不同种植年限人工梭梭林土壤化学计量特征[J].生态学报,2016,36(11):3235-3243.
[19] Scholes R J,Archer S R.Tree-grass interactions in Savannas[J].Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics,1997,28:517-544.
[20] 刘发民,金燕,张小军.梭梭林“肥岛”效应的初步研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,1999(3):86-88.
[21] Scottwendt J,Chase R G,Hossner L R.Soil chemical variability in sandy ustalfs in semiarid Niger,West Africa[J].Soil Science,1988,145(6):414-419.
[22] Whitford W G,Anderson J,Rice P M.Stemflow contribution to the ‘fertile island’effect in creosotebush,Larrea tridentata[J].Journal of Arid Environments,1997,35(3):451-457.
[23] 苏永中,赵哈林,张铜会.几种灌木、半灌木对沙地土壤肥力影响机制的研究[J].应用生态学报,2002,13(7):802-806.
[24] Wezel A,Rajot J L,Herbrig C.Influence of shrubs on soil characteristics and their function in Sahelian agro-ecosystems in semi-arid Niger[J].Journal of Arid Environments,2000,44(4):383-398.
[25] 张晗,赵小敏,朱美青,等.近30年南方丘陵山区耕地土壤养分时空演变特征:以江西省为例[J].水土保持研究,2018,25(2):58-65.
[26] 董志玲.干旱荒漠区人工梭梭林土壤碳氮储量分布规律及影响因子研究[D].北京:中国林业科学研究院,2014.
[27] 刘耘华,杨玉玲,盛建东,等.北疆荒漠植被梭梭立地土壤养分“肥岛”特征研究[J].土壤学报,2010,47(3):545-554.
[28] 孙特生,李文彦,刘继亮.黑河中游荒漠绿洲人工梭梭土壤养分特征[J].干旱区资源与环境,2017,31(5):179-185.
[29] 裴世芳,傅华,陈亚明,等.放牧和围封下霸王灌丛对土壤肥力的影响[J].中国沙漠,2004,24(6):103-107.
[30] 刘兴诏,周国逸,张德强,等.南亚热带森林不同演替阶段植物与土壤中N,P的化学计量特征[J].植物生态学报,2010,34(1):64-71.
[2] West C N E.Plant-induced soil chemical patterns in some shrub-dominated semi-desert ecosystems of Utah[J].Journal of Ecology,1975,63(3):945-963.
[3] Reynolds J F,Virginia R A,Kemp P R,et al.Impact of drought on desert shrubs:effects of seasonality and degree of resource island development[J].Ecological Monographs,1999,69(1):69-106.
[4] 刘建军,陈海滨.秦岭火地塘林区主要树种根际微生态系统土壤性状研究[J].水土保持学报,1998,4(3):52-56.
[5] Fuhlendorf S D,Engle D M.Restoring heterogeneity on rangelands:Ecosystem management based on evolutionary grazing patterns[J].Bioscience,2001,51(8):625-632.
[6] 熊小刚.内蒙古半干旱草原灌丛化过程中小叶锦鸡儿引起的土壤碳、氮资源空间异质性分布[J].生态学报,2005,25(7):1678-1683.
[7] Schlesinger W H.On the spatial pattern of soil nutrients in desert eco-systems[J].Ecology,1996,77(2):364-374.
[8] Stock W D,Lewis OA M.Soil nitrogen and the role of fire as a mineralizing agent in a South African coastal fynbos ecosystem[J].Journal of Ecology,1986,74(2):317-328.
[9] 陈斌.干旱区立地条件与植物群落组成结构特征[D].南京:南京大学,2010.
[10] 李新荣,回嵘,苏洁琼,等.中国干旱区恢复生态学研究进展及趋势评述[J].地理科学进展,2014,33(11):1435-1443.
[11] Garner W,Steinberger Y.A proposed mechanism for the formation of fertile islands in the desert ecosystem[J].Journal of Arid Environments,1989,16(3):257-262.
[12] Robertson G P,Crum J R,Ellis B G.The spatial variability of soil resources following long-term disturbance[J].Oecologia,1993,96(4):451-456.
[13] 陈广生,曾德慧,陈伏生,等.干旱和半干旱地区灌木下土壤“肥岛”研究进展[J].应用生态学报,2003,14(12):2295-2300.
[14] 刘乃君.人工梭梭林对沙地土壤理化性质的影响[J].土壤通报,2008,39(6):1480-1482.
[15] 席军强,杨自辉,郭树江,等.人工梭梭林对沙地土壤理化性质和微生物的影响[J].草业学报,2015,24(5):44-52.
[16] 黄丕振.人工梭梭林的生态效益和经济收益[J].干旱区研究,1987(4):16-20.
[17] 李旭,王海燕,丁国栋,等.华北土石山区森林土壤养分空间变异研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,2014,28(6):136-142.
[18] 张珂,苏永中,王婷,等.荒漠绿洲区不同种植年限人工梭梭林土壤化学计量特征[J].生态学报,2016,36(11):3235-3243.
[19] Scholes R J,Archer S R.Tree-grass interactions in Savannas[J].Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics,1997,28:517-544.
[20] 刘发民,金燕,张小军.梭梭林“肥岛”效应的初步研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,1999(3):86-88.
[21] Scottwendt J,Chase R G,Hossner L R.Soil chemical variability in sandy ustalfs in semiarid Niger,West Africa[J].Soil Science,1988,145(6):414-419.
[22] Whitford W G,Anderson J,Rice P M.Stemflow contribution to the ‘fertile island’effect in creosotebush,Larrea tridentata[J].Journal of Arid Environments,1997,35(3):451-457.
[23] 苏永中,赵哈林,张铜会.几种灌木、半灌木对沙地土壤肥力影响机制的研究[J].应用生态学报,2002,13(7):802-806.
[24] Wezel A,Rajot J L,Herbrig C.Influence of shrubs on soil characteristics and their function in Sahelian agro-ecosystems in semi-arid Niger[J].Journal of Arid Environments,2000,44(4):383-398.
[25] 张晗,赵小敏,朱美青,等.近30年南方丘陵山区耕地土壤养分时空演变特征:以江西省为例[J].水土保持研究,2018,25(2):58-65.
[26] 董志玲.干旱荒漠区人工梭梭林土壤碳氮储量分布规律及影响因子研究[D].北京:中国林业科学研究院,2014.
[27] 刘耘华,杨玉玲,盛建东,等.北疆荒漠植被梭梭立地土壤养分“肥岛”特征研究[J].土壤学报,2010,47(3):545-554.
[28] 孙特生,李文彦,刘继亮.黑河中游荒漠绿洲人工梭梭土壤养分特征[J].干旱区资源与环境,2017,31(5):179-185.
[29] 裴世芳,傅华,陈亚明,等.放牧和围封下霸王灌丛对土壤肥力的影响[J].中国沙漠,2004,24(6):103-107.
[30] 刘兴诏,周国逸,张德强,等.南亚热带森林不同演替阶段植物与土壤中N,P的化学计量特征[J].植物生态学报,2010,34(1):64-71.
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