Floc structure and membrane fouling affected by sodium alginate interaction with Al species as model organic pollutants
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摘要
Membrane filtration combined with pre-coagulation has advantages in advanced wastewater treatment. As a model of a microbial polysaccharide, research on the effect of sodium alginate(SA) on alum hydrolysis has been rare; therefore, it is necessary to gain insight into the interface interaction between SA molecules and Al species, and the role SA plays during floc formation. In this study, the interaction mechanism between SA and Al species has been investigated, by evaluating the effect of SA on floc characteristics and membrane fouling during coagulation–ultrafiltration with different Al species coagulants(AlCl3 and preformed Al13). Al 2 p X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) confirmed that the complexation of ligands and Al species strongly affects the reaction pathways for Al hydrolysis and the final nature of the flocs, as Al13 can be decomposed into octahedral precipitates when SA is added. The presence of SA can affect floc properties, which have important impacts on the characteristics of the cake layer and membrane fouling. Due to the bridging ability of SA, the floc strength increased by about 50% using Ala, which was much better than preformed Al13, with a percentage increase of only about 6%. Moreover,the recovery factor of HA-flocs was decreased from 96% to 43% with SA addition of 0.5 mg/L.It was concluded that SA can affect the characteristics of the cake layer and membrane fouling through participating in the formation of primary flocs and altering the Al hydrolysis pathway.
Membrane filtration combined with pre-coagulation has advantages in advanced wastewater treatment. As a model of a microbial polysaccharide, research on the effect of sodium alginate(SA) on alum hydrolysis has been rare; therefore, it is necessary to gain insight into the interface interaction between SA molecules and Al species, and the role SA plays during floc formation. In this study, the interaction mechanism between SA and Al species has been investigated, by evaluating the effect of SA on floc characteristics and membrane fouling during coagulation–ultrafiltration with different Al species coagulants(AlCl3 and preformed Al13). Al 2 p X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) confirmed that the complexation of ligands and Al species strongly affects the reaction pathways for Al hydrolysis and the final nature of the flocs, as Al13 can be decomposed into octahedral precipitates when SA is added. The presence of SA can affect floc properties, which have important impacts on the characteristics of the cake layer and membrane fouling. Due to the bridging ability of SA, the floc strength increased by about 50% using Ala, which was much better than preformed Al13, with a percentage increase of only about 6%. Moreover,the recovery factor of HA-flocs was decreased from 96% to 43% with SA addition of 0.5 mg/L.It was concluded that SA can affect the characteristics of the cake layer and membrane fouling through participating in the formation of primary flocs and altering the Al hydrolysis pathway.
Membrane filtration combined with pre-coagulation has advantages in advanced wastewater treatment. As a model of a microbial polysaccharide, research on the effect of sodium alginate(SA) on alum hydrolysis has been rare; therefore, it is necessary to gain insight into the interface interaction between SA molecules and Al species, and the role SA plays during floc formation. In this study, the interaction mechanism between SA and Al species has been investigated, by evaluating the effect of SA on floc characteristics and membrane fouling during coagulation–ultrafiltration with different Al species coagulants(AlCl3 and preformed Al13). Al 2 p X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) confirmed that the complexation of ligands and Al species strongly affects the reaction pathways for Al hydrolysis and the final nature of the flocs, as Al13 can be decomposed into octahedral precipitates when SA is added. The presence of SA can affect floc properties, which have important impacts on the characteristics of the cake layer and membrane fouling. Due to the bridging ability of SA, the floc strength increased by about 50% using Ala, which was much better than preformed Al13, with a percentage increase of only about 6%. Moreover,the recovery factor of HA-flocs was decreased from 96% to 43% with SA addition of 0.5 mg/L.It was concluded that SA can affect the characteristics of the cake layer and membrane fouling through participating in the formation of primary flocs and altering the Al hydrolysis pathway.
引文
Acero,J.L.,Benitez,F.J.,Real,F.J.,Teva,F.,2016.Micropollutants removal from retentates generated in ultrafiltration and nanofiltration treatments of municipal secondary effluents by means of coagulation,oxidation,and adsorption processes.Chem.Eng.J.289,48-58.
Charfi,A.,Jang,H.,Kim,J.,2017.Membrane fouling by sodium alginate in high salinity conditions to simulate biofouling during seawater desalination.Bioresour.Technol.240,106-114.
Cui,X.,Zhou,D.,Fan,W.,Huo,M.,Crittenden,J.C.,Yu,Z.,et al.,2016.The effectiveness of coagulation for water reclamation from a wastewater treatment plant that has a long hydraulic and sludge retention times:a case study.Chemosphere 157,224-231.
Dempsey,B.A.,2006a.Chapter 2-coagulant characteristics and reactions.In:Gayle,N.,David,D.(Eds.),Interface Science and Technology.Elsevier,pp.5-24.
Dempsey,B.A.,2006b.Coagulant characteristics and reactions.Interface Sci.Technol.10,5-24.
Duan,J.,Gregory,J.,2003.Coagulation by hydrolysing metal salts.Adv.Colloid.Interfac.100-102,475-502.
Duan,S.,Xu,H.,Xiao,F.,Wang,D.,Ye,C.,Jiao,R.,et al.,2014.Effects of Al species on coagulation efficiency,residual Al and floc properties in surface water treatment.Colloids Surf.A:Physicochem.Eng.Aspects 459,14-21.
Duong,L.V.,Wood,B.J.,Kloprogge,J.T.,2005.XPS study of basic aluminum sulphate and basic aluminium nitrate.Mater.Lett.59,1932-1936.
Feng,L.,Wang,W.,Feng,R.,Zhao,S.,Dong,H.,Sun,S.,et al.,2015.Coagulation performance and membrane fouling of different aluminum species during coagulation/ultrafiltration combined process.Chem.Eng.J.262,1161-1167.
Filloux,E.,Labanowski,J.,Croue,J.P.,2012.Understanding the fouling of UF/MF hollow fibres of biologically treated wastewaters using advanced EfOM characterization and statistical tools.Bioresour.Technol.118,460-468.
Guo,B.,Yu,H.,Gao,B.,Rong,H.,Dong,H.,Ma,D.,et al.,2015.Coagulation performance and floc characteristics of aluminum sulfate with cationic polyamidine as coagulant aid for kaolinhumic acid treatment.Colloids Surf.A:Physicochem.Eng.Aspects 481,476-484.
Huang,H.,Young,T.A.,Jacangelo,J.G.,2008.Unified membrane fouling index for low pressure membrane filtration of natural waters:principles and methodology.Environ.Sci.Technol.42,714-720.
Huang,H.,Schwab,K.,Jacangelo,J.G.,2009.Pretreatment for low pressure membranes in water treatment:a review.Environ.Sci.Technol.43,3011-3019.
Huang,H.,Schwab,K.,Jacangelo,J.G.,2011.Development of a robust bench-scale testing unit for low-pressure membranes used in water treatment.Membr.Water.Treat.2,121-136.
Jarvis,P.,Jefferson,B.,Parsons,S.A.,2005.Breakage,regrowth,and fractal nature of natural organic matter flocs.Environ.Sci.Technol.39,2307-2314.
Jiao,R.,Xu,H.,Xu,W.,Yang,X.,Wang,D.,2015.Influence of coagulation mechanisms on the residual aluminum-the roles of coagulant species and MW of organic matter.J.Hazard.Mater.290,16-25.
Jin,P.,Song,J.,Yang,L.,Jin,X.,Wang,X.C.,2018.Selective binding behavior of humic acid removal by aluminum coagulation.Environ.Pollut.233,290-298.
Katsoufidou,K.S.,Sioutopoulos,D.C.,Yiantsios,S.G.,Karabelas,A.J.,2010.UF membrane fouling by mixtures of humic acids and sodium alginate:fouling mechanisms and reversibility.Desalination 264,220-227.
Kim,H.C.,Dempsey,B.A.,2013.Membrane fouling due to alginate,SMP,EfOM,humic acid,and NOM.J.Membr.Sci.428,190-197.
Kimura,K.,Tanaka,I.,Nishimura,S.I.,Miyoshi,R.,Miyoshi,T.,Watanabe,Y.,2012.Further examination of polysaccharides causing membrane fouling in membrane bioreactors(MBRs):application of lectin affinity chromatography and MALDI-TOF/MS.Water Res.46,5725-5734.
Kimura,M.,Matsui,Y.,Saito,S.,Takahashi,T.,Nakagawa,M.,Shirasaki,N.,Matsushita,T.,2015.Hydraulically irreversible membrane fouling during coagulation-microfiltration and its control by using high-basicity polyaluminum chloride.J.Membr.Sci.477,115-122.
Lee,K.Y.,Mooney,D.J.,2012.Alginate:properties and biomedical applications.Prog.Polym.Sci.37,106-126.
Li,T.,Zhu,Z.,Wang,D.,Yao,C.,Tang,H.,2006.Characterization of floc size,strength and structure under various coagulation mechanisms.Powder Technol.168,104-110.
Lin,J.L.,Huang,C.,Chin,C.J.,Pan,J.R.,2009.The origin of Al(OH)(3)-rich and Al(13)-aggregate flocs composition in PACl coagulation.Water Res.43,4285-4295.
Lin,J.L.,Huang,C.,Dempsey,B.,Hu,J.Y.,2014.Fate of hydrolyzed Al species in humic acid coagulation.Water Res.56,314-324.
Liu,H.,Hu,C.,Zhao,H.,Qu,J.,2009.Coagulation of humic acid by PACl with high content of Al13:the role of aluminum speciation.Sep.Purif.Technol.70,225-230.
Liu,Y.Y.,Zhang,W.J.,Yang,X.Y.,Xiao,P.,Wang,D.S.,Song,Y.,2013.Advanced treatment of effluent from municipal WWTPwith different metal salt coagulants:contaminants treatability and floc properties.Sep.Purif.Technol.120,123-128.
Matilainen,A.,Vepsalainen,M.,Sillanpaa,M.,2010.Natural organic matter removal by coagulation during drinking water treatment:a review.Adv.Colloid.Interface.159,189-197.
Myat,D.T.,Stewart,M.B.,Mergen,M.,Zhao,O.,Orbell,J.D.,Gray,S.,2014.Experimental and computational investigations of the interactions between model organic compounds and subsequent membrane fouling.Water Res.48,108-118.
Petrie,B.,Barden,R.,Kasprzyk-Hordern,B.,2015.A review on emerging contaminants in wastewaters and the environment:current knowledge,understudied areas and recommendations for future monitoring.Water Res.72,3-27.
Pivokonsky,M.,Naceradska,J.,Brabenec,T.,Novotna,K.,Baresova,M.,Janda,V.,2015.The impact of interactions between algal organic matter and humic substances on coagulation.Water Res.84,278-285.
Shi,B.,Li,G.,Wang,D.,Tang,H.,2007a.Separation of Al13from polyaluminum chloride by sulfate precipitation and nitrate metathesis.Sep.Purif.Technol.54,88-95.
Shi,B.,Wei,Q.,Wang,D.,Zhu,Z.,Tang,H.,2007b.Coagulation of humic acid:the performance of preformed and non-preformed Al species.Colloids Surf.A:Physicochem.Eng.Aspects 296,141-148.
Sillanpaa,M.,Ncibi,M.C.,Matilainen,A.,Vepsalainen,M.,2018.Removal of natural organic matter in drinking water treatment by coagulation:a comprehensive review.Chemosphere 190,54-71.
Sposito,G.,1996.The Environmental Chemistry of Aluminum.Environmental Chemistry of Aluminum.
Vakondios,N.,Koukouraki,E.E.,Diamadopoulos,E.,2014.Effluent organic matter(EfOM)characterization by simultaneous measurement of proteins and humic matter.Water Res.63,62-70.
Wu,R.M.,Lee,D.J.,Waite,T.D.,Guan,J.,2002.Multilevel structure of sludge flocs.J.Colloid.Interf.Sci.252,383-392.
Xie,Z.,Nagaraja,N.,Skillman,L.,Li,D.,Ho,G.,2017.Comparison of polysaccharide fouling in forward osmosis and reverse osmosis separations.Desalination 402,174-184.
Xu,Y.,Wang,D.,Liu,H.,Yiqiang,L.,Tang,H.,2003.Optimization of the separation and purification of Al13.Colloids Surf.A:Physicochem.Eng.Aspects 231,1-9.
Xu,W.,Gao,B.,Yue,Q.,Wang,Q.,2011.Effect of preformed and non-preformed Al13species on evolution of floc size,strength and fractal nature of humic acid flocs in coagulation process.Sep.Purif.Technol.78,83-90.
Yao,M.,Nan,J.,Chen,T.,Zhan,D.,Li,Q.,Wang,Z.,et al.,2015.Influence of flocs breakage process on membrane fouling in coagulation/ultrafiltration process-effect of additional coagulant of poly-aluminum chloride and polyacrylamide.J.Membr.Sci.491,63-72.
Yu,W.,Li,G.,Xu,Y.,Yang,X.,2009.Breakage and re-growth of flocs formed by alum and PACl.Powder Technol.189,439-443.
Zhao,B.,Wang,D.,Li,T.,Huang,C.,2011.Effect of floc structure and strength on membrane permeability in the hybrid coagulation-microfiltration process.Water.Sci.Tech-W.Sup.11,97-105.
Zhao,Y.X.,Gao,B.Y.,Wang,Y.,Shon,H.K.,Bo,X.W.,Yue,Q.Y.,2012a.Coagulation performance and floc characteristics with polyaluminum chloride using sodium alginate as coagulant aid:a preliminary assessment.Chem.Eng.J.183,387-394.
Zhao,Y.X.,Wang,Y.,Gao,B.Y.,Shon,H.K.,Kim,J.H.,Yue,Q.Y.,2012b.Coagulation performance evaluation of sodium alginate used as coagulant aid with aluminum sulfate,iron chloride and titanium tetrachloride.Desalination 299,79-88.
Zhao,S.,Gao,B.,Yue,Q.,Sun,S.,Song,W.,Jia,R.,2015.Influence of Enteromorpha polysaccharides on variation of coagulation behavior,flocs properties and membrane fouling in coagulation-ultrafiltration process.J.Hazard.Mater.285,294-303.
Charfi,A.,Jang,H.,Kim,J.,2017.Membrane fouling by sodium alginate in high salinity conditions to simulate biofouling during seawater desalination.Bioresour.Technol.240,106-114.
Cui,X.,Zhou,D.,Fan,W.,Huo,M.,Crittenden,J.C.,Yu,Z.,et al.,2016.The effectiveness of coagulation for water reclamation from a wastewater treatment plant that has a long hydraulic and sludge retention times:a case study.Chemosphere 157,224-231.
Dempsey,B.A.,2006a.Chapter 2-coagulant characteristics and reactions.In:Gayle,N.,David,D.(Eds.),Interface Science and Technology.Elsevier,pp.5-24.
Dempsey,B.A.,2006b.Coagulant characteristics and reactions.Interface Sci.Technol.10,5-24.
Duan,J.,Gregory,J.,2003.Coagulation by hydrolysing metal salts.Adv.Colloid.Interfac.100-102,475-502.
Duan,S.,Xu,H.,Xiao,F.,Wang,D.,Ye,C.,Jiao,R.,et al.,2014.Effects of Al species on coagulation efficiency,residual Al and floc properties in surface water treatment.Colloids Surf.A:Physicochem.Eng.Aspects 459,14-21.
Duong,L.V.,Wood,B.J.,Kloprogge,J.T.,2005.XPS study of basic aluminum sulphate and basic aluminium nitrate.Mater.Lett.59,1932-1936.
Feng,L.,Wang,W.,Feng,R.,Zhao,S.,Dong,H.,Sun,S.,et al.,2015.Coagulation performance and membrane fouling of different aluminum species during coagulation/ultrafiltration combined process.Chem.Eng.J.262,1161-1167.
Filloux,E.,Labanowski,J.,Croue,J.P.,2012.Understanding the fouling of UF/MF hollow fibres of biologically treated wastewaters using advanced EfOM characterization and statistical tools.Bioresour.Technol.118,460-468.
Guo,B.,Yu,H.,Gao,B.,Rong,H.,Dong,H.,Ma,D.,et al.,2015.Coagulation performance and floc characteristics of aluminum sulfate with cationic polyamidine as coagulant aid for kaolinhumic acid treatment.Colloids Surf.A:Physicochem.Eng.Aspects 481,476-484.
Huang,H.,Young,T.A.,Jacangelo,J.G.,2008.Unified membrane fouling index for low pressure membrane filtration of natural waters:principles and methodology.Environ.Sci.Technol.42,714-720.
Huang,H.,Schwab,K.,Jacangelo,J.G.,2009.Pretreatment for low pressure membranes in water treatment:a review.Environ.Sci.Technol.43,3011-3019.
Huang,H.,Schwab,K.,Jacangelo,J.G.,2011.Development of a robust bench-scale testing unit for low-pressure membranes used in water treatment.Membr.Water.Treat.2,121-136.
Jarvis,P.,Jefferson,B.,Parsons,S.A.,2005.Breakage,regrowth,and fractal nature of natural organic matter flocs.Environ.Sci.Technol.39,2307-2314.
Jiao,R.,Xu,H.,Xu,W.,Yang,X.,Wang,D.,2015.Influence of coagulation mechanisms on the residual aluminum-the roles of coagulant species and MW of organic matter.J.Hazard.Mater.290,16-25.
Jin,P.,Song,J.,Yang,L.,Jin,X.,Wang,X.C.,2018.Selective binding behavior of humic acid removal by aluminum coagulation.Environ.Pollut.233,290-298.
Katsoufidou,K.S.,Sioutopoulos,D.C.,Yiantsios,S.G.,Karabelas,A.J.,2010.UF membrane fouling by mixtures of humic acids and sodium alginate:fouling mechanisms and reversibility.Desalination 264,220-227.
Kim,H.C.,Dempsey,B.A.,2013.Membrane fouling due to alginate,SMP,EfOM,humic acid,and NOM.J.Membr.Sci.428,190-197.
Kimura,K.,Tanaka,I.,Nishimura,S.I.,Miyoshi,R.,Miyoshi,T.,Watanabe,Y.,2012.Further examination of polysaccharides causing membrane fouling in membrane bioreactors(MBRs):application of lectin affinity chromatography and MALDI-TOF/MS.Water Res.46,5725-5734.
Kimura,M.,Matsui,Y.,Saito,S.,Takahashi,T.,Nakagawa,M.,Shirasaki,N.,Matsushita,T.,2015.Hydraulically irreversible membrane fouling during coagulation-microfiltration and its control by using high-basicity polyaluminum chloride.J.Membr.Sci.477,115-122.
Lee,K.Y.,Mooney,D.J.,2012.Alginate:properties and biomedical applications.Prog.Polym.Sci.37,106-126.
Li,T.,Zhu,Z.,Wang,D.,Yao,C.,Tang,H.,2006.Characterization of floc size,strength and structure under various coagulation mechanisms.Powder Technol.168,104-110.
Lin,J.L.,Huang,C.,Chin,C.J.,Pan,J.R.,2009.The origin of Al(OH)(3)-rich and Al(13)-aggregate flocs composition in PACl coagulation.Water Res.43,4285-4295.
Lin,J.L.,Huang,C.,Dempsey,B.,Hu,J.Y.,2014.Fate of hydrolyzed Al species in humic acid coagulation.Water Res.56,314-324.
Liu,H.,Hu,C.,Zhao,H.,Qu,J.,2009.Coagulation of humic acid by PACl with high content of Al13:the role of aluminum speciation.Sep.Purif.Technol.70,225-230.
Liu,Y.Y.,Zhang,W.J.,Yang,X.Y.,Xiao,P.,Wang,D.S.,Song,Y.,2013.Advanced treatment of effluent from municipal WWTPwith different metal salt coagulants:contaminants treatability and floc properties.Sep.Purif.Technol.120,123-128.
Matilainen,A.,Vepsalainen,M.,Sillanpaa,M.,2010.Natural organic matter removal by coagulation during drinking water treatment:a review.Adv.Colloid.Interface.159,189-197.
Myat,D.T.,Stewart,M.B.,Mergen,M.,Zhao,O.,Orbell,J.D.,Gray,S.,2014.Experimental and computational investigations of the interactions between model organic compounds and subsequent membrane fouling.Water Res.48,108-118.
Petrie,B.,Barden,R.,Kasprzyk-Hordern,B.,2015.A review on emerging contaminants in wastewaters and the environment:current knowledge,understudied areas and recommendations for future monitoring.Water Res.72,3-27.
Pivokonsky,M.,Naceradska,J.,Brabenec,T.,Novotna,K.,Baresova,M.,Janda,V.,2015.The impact of interactions between algal organic matter and humic substances on coagulation.Water Res.84,278-285.
Shi,B.,Li,G.,Wang,D.,Tang,H.,2007a.Separation of Al13from polyaluminum chloride by sulfate precipitation and nitrate metathesis.Sep.Purif.Technol.54,88-95.
Shi,B.,Wei,Q.,Wang,D.,Zhu,Z.,Tang,H.,2007b.Coagulation of humic acid:the performance of preformed and non-preformed Al species.Colloids Surf.A:Physicochem.Eng.Aspects 296,141-148.
Sillanpaa,M.,Ncibi,M.C.,Matilainen,A.,Vepsalainen,M.,2018.Removal of natural organic matter in drinking water treatment by coagulation:a comprehensive review.Chemosphere 190,54-71.
Sposito,G.,1996.The Environmental Chemistry of Aluminum.Environmental Chemistry of Aluminum.
Vakondios,N.,Koukouraki,E.E.,Diamadopoulos,E.,2014.Effluent organic matter(EfOM)characterization by simultaneous measurement of proteins and humic matter.Water Res.63,62-70.
Wu,R.M.,Lee,D.J.,Waite,T.D.,Guan,J.,2002.Multilevel structure of sludge flocs.J.Colloid.Interf.Sci.252,383-392.
Xie,Z.,Nagaraja,N.,Skillman,L.,Li,D.,Ho,G.,2017.Comparison of polysaccharide fouling in forward osmosis and reverse osmosis separations.Desalination 402,174-184.
Xu,Y.,Wang,D.,Liu,H.,Yiqiang,L.,Tang,H.,2003.Optimization of the separation and purification of Al13.Colloids Surf.A:Physicochem.Eng.Aspects 231,1-9.
Xu,W.,Gao,B.,Yue,Q.,Wang,Q.,2011.Effect of preformed and non-preformed Al13species on evolution of floc size,strength and fractal nature of humic acid flocs in coagulation process.Sep.Purif.Technol.78,83-90.
Yao,M.,Nan,J.,Chen,T.,Zhan,D.,Li,Q.,Wang,Z.,et al.,2015.Influence of flocs breakage process on membrane fouling in coagulation/ultrafiltration process-effect of additional coagulant of poly-aluminum chloride and polyacrylamide.J.Membr.Sci.491,63-72.
Yu,W.,Li,G.,Xu,Y.,Yang,X.,2009.Breakage and re-growth of flocs formed by alum and PACl.Powder Technol.189,439-443.
Zhao,B.,Wang,D.,Li,T.,Huang,C.,2011.Effect of floc structure and strength on membrane permeability in the hybrid coagulation-microfiltration process.Water.Sci.Tech-W.Sup.11,97-105.
Zhao,Y.X.,Gao,B.Y.,Wang,Y.,Shon,H.K.,Bo,X.W.,Yue,Q.Y.,2012a.Coagulation performance and floc characteristics with polyaluminum chloride using sodium alginate as coagulant aid:a preliminary assessment.Chem.Eng.J.183,387-394.
Zhao,Y.X.,Wang,Y.,Gao,B.Y.,Shon,H.K.,Kim,J.H.,Yue,Q.Y.,2012b.Coagulation performance evaluation of sodium alginate used as coagulant aid with aluminum sulfate,iron chloride and titanium tetrachloride.Desalination 299,79-88.
Zhao,S.,Gao,B.,Yue,Q.,Sun,S.,Song,W.,Jia,R.,2015.Influence of Enteromorpha polysaccharides on variation of coagulation behavior,flocs properties and membrane fouling in coagulation-ultrafiltration process.J.Hazard.Mater.285,294-303.
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