肥料酸化对灌漠土氨挥发的影响
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摘要
氨的挥发不仅造成了资源的浪费,也间接地影响到了环境,为探讨水肥一体化条件下不同处理对灌漠土氨挥发的影响,本试验设了5个灌溉溶液pH梯度(1.5、3.5、5.5、7.5(对照)、9.5)、两个灌水量(1500m~3·hm~(-2)、3000m~3·hm~(-2))、两个施氮量(450Kg·hm~(-2)、900Kg·hm~(-2))共20个处理,通过盆栽试验来进行相关研究。结果表明:(1)土壤氨挥发总量与灌溉溶液pH、灌水量、施肥量均呈正相关关系,三者对氨挥发的贡献率分别为31.57%、4.23%、64.2%;(2)相比对照,灌溉溶液pH为1.5、3.5、5.5处理下的土壤氨挥发总量分别减少了68.34%、22.39%、-1.23%,而灌溉溶液pH为9.5这一处理增加了48.28%;(3)施氮量增加一倍,土壤氨挥发总量可增加349.97%;(4)灌水量增加一倍,土壤氨挥发总量可增加60.78%。研究表明,在酸性条件下,灌溉溶液pH越低,土壤氨挥发量降低程度越显著;近中性条件下,土壤氨挥发量随灌溉溶液pH的增加而增加,但增幅较低;碱性条件下,土壤氨挥发量最大。在农业生产中,通过调节溶液酸度,可适当减少水肥的投入,减少土壤氨的挥发,提高水肥利用率,保护环境。
Ammonia volatilization not only causes the waste of resources, but also indirectly affects the environment. To explore the effects of different treatment on ammonia volatilization under integrated water and fertilizer, the tests of five irrigation water's pH(1.5, 3.5, 5.5, 7.5(CK), 9.5), two irrigation quantity(1500 m~3·hm~(-2), 3000 m~3·hm~(-2)), two applied amount of N fertilizer(450 Kg·hm~(-2), 900 Kg·hm~(-2)), a total of 20 treatments were set up. We did related research through pot experiment. The results showed that :(1) Soil ammonia volatilization accumulation was positively correlated with irrigation water's pH, irrigation quantity and applied amount of N fertilizer, and their contribution rates to ammonia volatilization were 31.57%, 4.23% and 64.2%, respectively.(2) Compared with the control group, the cumulative ammonia volatilization in soil under the treatment of irrigation water with a pH of 1.5, 3.5 and 5.5 decreased by 68.34%, 22.39% and-1.23%, respectively, while the treatment of irrigation water with a pH of 9.5 increased by 48.28%.(3) The soil ammonia volatilization accumulation increased by 349.97% when the nitrogen application amount was doubled.(4) The soil ammonia volatilization accumulation increased by 60.78% by doubling the irrigation amount. Our results indicated that under acidic conditions, the lower the pH of irrigation water is, the more significant the reduction of ammonia volatilization is in soil. Under the nearly neutral condition, soil ammonia volatilization increases with the increase of irrigation water pH, but the increase is smaller. Under alkaline condition, soil ammonia volatilization is the highest. In agricultural production, the input of water and fertilizer can be appropriately reduced, the volatilization of soil ammonia can be reduced by adjusting the acidity of the solution, then the water and fertilizer use efficiency can be improved, and the environment can be protected.
Ammonia volatilization not only causes the waste of resources, but also indirectly affects the environment. To explore the effects of different treatment on ammonia volatilization under integrated water and fertilizer, the tests of five irrigation water's pH(1.5, 3.5, 5.5, 7.5(CK), 9.5), two irrigation quantity(1500 m~3·hm~(-2), 3000 m~3·hm~(-2)), two applied amount of N fertilizer(450 Kg·hm~(-2), 900 Kg·hm~(-2)), a total of 20 treatments were set up. We did related research through pot experiment. The results showed that :(1) Soil ammonia volatilization accumulation was positively correlated with irrigation water's pH, irrigation quantity and applied amount of N fertilizer, and their contribution rates to ammonia volatilization were 31.57%, 4.23% and 64.2%, respectively.(2) Compared with the control group, the cumulative ammonia volatilization in soil under the treatment of irrigation water with a pH of 1.5, 3.5 and 5.5 decreased by 68.34%, 22.39% and-1.23%, respectively, while the treatment of irrigation water with a pH of 9.5 increased by 48.28%.(3) The soil ammonia volatilization accumulation increased by 349.97% when the nitrogen application amount was doubled.(4) The soil ammonia volatilization accumulation increased by 60.78% by doubling the irrigation amount. Our results indicated that under acidic conditions, the lower the pH of irrigation water is, the more significant the reduction of ammonia volatilization is in soil. Under the nearly neutral condition, soil ammonia volatilization increases with the increase of irrigation water pH, but the increase is smaller. Under alkaline condition, soil ammonia volatilization is the highest. In agricultural production, the input of water and fertilizer can be appropriately reduced, the volatilization of soil ammonia can be reduced by adjusting the acidity of the solution, then the water and fertilizer use efficiency can be improved, and the environment can be protected.
引文
[1] 高祥照,马文奇,杜森,等.我国施肥中存在问题的分析[J].土壤通报,2001,32(6):258-261.
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[8] 胡小凤,王正银,孙倩倩,等.缓释复合肥料在不同pH值紫色土中氨挥发特性[J].农业工程学报,2009,25(6):100-103.
[9] Gezgin S,Bayrakll F .Ammonia volatilization from ammonium sulphate,ammonium nitrate,and urea surface applied to winter wheat on a calcareous soil[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition,1995,18(11):2483-2494.
[10] 李银坤,武雪萍,武其甫,等.水氮用量对设施栽培蔬菜地土壤氨挥发损失的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2016,22(4):949-957.
[11] 李艳勤,刘刚,红梅,等.优化施氮对河套灌区氧化亚氮排放和氨挥发的影响[J].环境科学学报,2019,39(2):578-584.
[12] 鲍士旦.土壤农化分析.3版[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2000.
[13] Fan Z,Lin S,Zhang X,et al.Conventional flooding irrigation causes an overuse of nitrogen fertilizer and low nitrogen use efficiency in intensively used solar greenhouse vegetable production[J].Agricultural Water Management,2014,144(2):11-19.
[14] Ju M ,Xu Z ,Shi W M ,et al.Nitrogen balance and loss in a greenhouse vegetable system in southeastern China[J].Pedosphere,2011,21(4):464-472.
[15] 梁飞,田长彦.土壤盐渍化对尿素与磷酸脲氨挥发的影响[J].生态学报,2011,31(14):3999-4006.
[16] Srivastava A K ,Bhargava P ,Kumar A ,et al.Molecular characterization and the effect of salinity on cyanobacterial diversity in the rice fields of Eastern Uttar Pradesh,India[J].Saline Systems,2009,5(1):4.
[17] 徐久凯,李絮花,李伟,等.缓释尿素与普通尿素配施对氨挥发和土壤氮素动态变化过程的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料,2015(6):23-27.
[18] 宋梓璇,李虎,李建政,等.控释肥对东北春玉米产量和土壤氨挥发的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2018,37(10):2342-2349.
[19] Holcomb J C,Dan M S,Horneck D A,et al.Effect of irrigation rate on ammonia volatilization[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,2011,75(6):2341-2347.
[20] Kissel D E,Cabrera M L,Vaio N,et al.Rainfall timing and ammonia loss from urea in a loblolly pine plantation[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,2004,68(5):1744-1750.
[21] 李祯,史海滨,李仙岳,等.不同水氮运筹模式对田间土壤氨挥发及春玉米籽粒产量的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2017,36(4):799-807.
[22] 李鑫,巨晓棠,张丽娟,等.不同施肥方式对土壤氨挥发和氧化亚氮排放的影响[J].应用生态学报,2008,19(1):99-104.
[23] 杨淑莉,朱安宁,张佳宝,等.不同施氮量和施氮方式下田间氨挥发损失及其影响因素[J].干旱区研究,2010,27(3):415-421.
[24] 李生秀,刘彩云.石灰性土壤铵态氮的挥发损失-Ⅰ.土壤性质对铵态氮挥发损失的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,1995,11(S1):125-129.
[25] 吴艳香.土壤氨挥发方法优选及不同pH值的影响[J].贵州科学,2017,35(5):85-90.
[26] 李燕婷,白灯莎·买买提艾力,张福锁,等.酸性根际肥对石灰性土壤pH和铁有效性的影响研究[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2003,9(3):312-316.
[27] 田吉林,尉庆丰,韦成才,等.酸化水和微肥在烤烟上的效果研究[J].西北农业大学学报,1997,25(5):103-106.
[2] Stewart W M,Dibb D W,Johnston A E,et al.The Contribution of commercial fertilizer nutrients to food production[J].Agronomy Journal,2005,97(1):1-6.
[3] 栾江,仇焕广,井月,等.我国化肥施用量持续增长的原因分解及趋势预测[J].自然资源学报,2013,28(11):1869-1878.
[4] Clough T J,Rolston D E,Stevens R J,et al.N2O and N2 gas fluxes,soil gas pressures,and ebullition events following irrigation of 15NO3-N labelled subsoils[J].Soil Research,2003,41(3):401-420.
[5] Zhang Y M,Chen D L,Zhang J B,et al.Ammonia volatilization and denitrification losses from an irrigated maize-wheat rotation field in the North China plain[J].Pedosphere,2004,14(4):533-540.
[6] 段争虎,周玉麟,吴守仁.土壤特性和环境因子对氨挥发的影响[J].土壤通报,1990,21(3):131-139.
[7] 钟宁,曾清如,张利田,等.土壤酸碱性质对尿素转化特征的影响[J].土壤通报,2006,37(6):1123-1128.
[8] 胡小凤,王正银,孙倩倩,等.缓释复合肥料在不同pH值紫色土中氨挥发特性[J].农业工程学报,2009,25(6):100-103.
[9] Gezgin S,Bayrakll F .Ammonia volatilization from ammonium sulphate,ammonium nitrate,and urea surface applied to winter wheat on a calcareous soil[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition,1995,18(11):2483-2494.
[10] 李银坤,武雪萍,武其甫,等.水氮用量对设施栽培蔬菜地土壤氨挥发损失的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2016,22(4):949-957.
[11] 李艳勤,刘刚,红梅,等.优化施氮对河套灌区氧化亚氮排放和氨挥发的影响[J].环境科学学报,2019,39(2):578-584.
[12] 鲍士旦.土壤农化分析.3版[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2000.
[13] Fan Z,Lin S,Zhang X,et al.Conventional flooding irrigation causes an overuse of nitrogen fertilizer and low nitrogen use efficiency in intensively used solar greenhouse vegetable production[J].Agricultural Water Management,2014,144(2):11-19.
[14] Ju M ,Xu Z ,Shi W M ,et al.Nitrogen balance and loss in a greenhouse vegetable system in southeastern China[J].Pedosphere,2011,21(4):464-472.
[15] 梁飞,田长彦.土壤盐渍化对尿素与磷酸脲氨挥发的影响[J].生态学报,2011,31(14):3999-4006.
[16] Srivastava A K ,Bhargava P ,Kumar A ,et al.Molecular characterization and the effect of salinity on cyanobacterial diversity in the rice fields of Eastern Uttar Pradesh,India[J].Saline Systems,2009,5(1):4.
[17] 徐久凯,李絮花,李伟,等.缓释尿素与普通尿素配施对氨挥发和土壤氮素动态变化过程的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料,2015(6):23-27.
[18] 宋梓璇,李虎,李建政,等.控释肥对东北春玉米产量和土壤氨挥发的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2018,37(10):2342-2349.
[19] Holcomb J C,Dan M S,Horneck D A,et al.Effect of irrigation rate on ammonia volatilization[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,2011,75(6):2341-2347.
[20] Kissel D E,Cabrera M L,Vaio N,et al.Rainfall timing and ammonia loss from urea in a loblolly pine plantation[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,2004,68(5):1744-1750.
[21] 李祯,史海滨,李仙岳,等.不同水氮运筹模式对田间土壤氨挥发及春玉米籽粒产量的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2017,36(4):799-807.
[22] 李鑫,巨晓棠,张丽娟,等.不同施肥方式对土壤氨挥发和氧化亚氮排放的影响[J].应用生态学报,2008,19(1):99-104.
[23] 杨淑莉,朱安宁,张佳宝,等.不同施氮量和施氮方式下田间氨挥发损失及其影响因素[J].干旱区研究,2010,27(3):415-421.
[24] 李生秀,刘彩云.石灰性土壤铵态氮的挥发损失-Ⅰ.土壤性质对铵态氮挥发损失的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,1995,11(S1):125-129.
[25] 吴艳香.土壤氨挥发方法优选及不同pH值的影响[J].贵州科学,2017,35(5):85-90.
[26] 李燕婷,白灯莎·买买提艾力,张福锁,等.酸性根际肥对石灰性土壤pH和铁有效性的影响研究[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2003,9(3):312-316.
[27] 田吉林,尉庆丰,韦成才,等.酸化水和微肥在烤烟上的效果研究[J].西北农业大学学报,1997,25(5):103-106.
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