延安市退耕还林前后土壤保持生态服务功能评价
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摘要
为更好地探究延安市退耕还林前后土地利用变化对区域土壤保持生态服务功能的影响,采用了InVEST模型对延安市退耕还林前后2000年和2015年的土地利用变化及土壤侵蚀量、土壤保持量进行了评估,该模型在计算生态系统土壤保持服务功能时,考虑了地块泥沙输移、沉积这一重要水文过程,在计算土壤保持量时更为精确。结果表明:(1)15年间各地类面积均发生了不同程度的变化,其中林地面积的增加量(主要来源为耕地和草地)和耕地面积的减少量(主要流向为林地和草地)分别达到了3 142.25km2及3 011.27km2,退耕还林工程取得了巨大成效。(2)延安市2000年和2015年的土壤侵蚀强度均以轻度和中度侵蚀为主,侵蚀总量分别为2.20亿t和1.38亿t,15年间各侵蚀强度类型均有向低等级侵蚀强度类型转换的趋势。(3)延安市2000年与2015年土壤保持总量分别为7.72亿t和8.50亿t,且土壤保持量呈东北向西南增加的趋势,各地类中林地和草地的土壤保持效果最佳,说明退耕还林工程的推进是增加区域土壤保持功能的重要途径。
To better explore the effects of land use change on ecosystem service of regional soil conservation before and after Grain for Green Project(GFGP)in Yan′an,the InVEST model was used to evaluate the change of land use,soil erosion and soil retention from 2000 to 2015.The model took into consideration of such important hydrological processes as sediment delivery and deposition when computing soil conservation,therefore,it is accurate in terms of soil retention.The results showed that:(1)over the past 15 years,all types of land use underwent change at various degrees,the woodland had increased by 3 142.25 km2,which mainly derived from farmland and grassland;the farmland had decreased by 3 011.27 km2 because most of farmland changed into woodland and grassland;(2)most areas in Yan′an belonged to the slight or moderate degree of erosion;the total soil erosion rates in 2000 and 2015 were 220 million tons and 138 million tons,respectively;over the 15-year period,all types of erosion intensity had the tendency of change towards the lower degree;(3)the amounts of soil retention in 2000 and 2010 were 772 million tons and 850 million tons,respectively,and the amounts of soil retention tended to increase from northeast to southwest.Woodland and grassland had the best abilities to conserve soil,which indicated that the advancement of GFGP was the important way to increase the function of regional soil conservation.
To better explore the effects of land use change on ecosystem service of regional soil conservation before and after Grain for Green Project(GFGP)in Yan′an,the InVEST model was used to evaluate the change of land use,soil erosion and soil retention from 2000 to 2015.The model took into consideration of such important hydrological processes as sediment delivery and deposition when computing soil conservation,therefore,it is accurate in terms of soil retention.The results showed that:(1)over the past 15 years,all types of land use underwent change at various degrees,the woodland had increased by 3 142.25 km2,which mainly derived from farmland and grassland;the farmland had decreased by 3 011.27 km2 because most of farmland changed into woodland and grassland;(2)most areas in Yan′an belonged to the slight or moderate degree of erosion;the total soil erosion rates in 2000 and 2015 were 220 million tons and 138 million tons,respectively;over the 15-year period,all types of erosion intensity had the tendency of change towards the lower degree;(3)the amounts of soil retention in 2000 and 2010 were 772 million tons and 850 million tons,respectively,and the amounts of soil retention tended to increase from northeast to southwest.Woodland and grassland had the best abilities to conserve soil,which indicated that the advancement of GFGP was the important way to increase the function of regional soil conservation.
引文
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[20]张岩,刘宝元,史培军,等.黄土高原土壤侵蚀作物覆盖因子计算[J].生态学报,2001,21(7):1050-1056.
[21]江忠善,王志强.黄土丘陵区小流域土壤侵蚀空间变化定量研究[J].土壤侵蚀与水土保持学报,1996,2(1):1-9.
[22]高海东,李占斌,李鹏,等.基于土壤侵蚀控制度的黄土高原水土流失治理潜力研究[J].地理学报,2015,70(9):1503-1515.
[23]谢红霞,杨勤科,李锐,等.延河流域水土保持措施减蚀效应分析[J].中国水土保持科学,2010,8(4):13-19.
[24]董起广,韩霁昌,张卫华,等.延安市土地利用与土壤侵蚀关系研究[J].人民黄河,2016,38(4):79-81,128.
[2] Costanza R,D′Arge R,Groot R D,et al.The value of the world′s ecosystem services and natural capital[J].World Environment,1989,387(1):3-15.
[3]曹顺爱,冯科,江华.经济发达地区土地利用生态服务价值评价研究:以广州市为例[J].资源开发与市场,2009,25(6):510-512.
[4]盛莉,金艳,黄敬峰.中国水土保持生态服务功能价值估算及其空间分布[J].自然资源学报,2010,25(7):1105-1113.
[5]杨波,王全九,董莉丽.榆林市还林还草后土壤保持功能和经济价值评价[J].干旱区研究,2017,34(6):1313-1322.
[6]张雪峰,牛建明,张庆,等.内蒙古锡林河流域草地生态系统土壤保持功能及其空间分布[J].草业学报,2015,24(1):12-20.
[7]卞鸿雁,庞奖励,任志远,等.基于土地利用变化的土壤保持效益时空动态:以黄土高原南部为例[J].生态学杂志,2012,31(9):2391-2396.
[8]韩永伟,高吉喜,王宝良,等.黄土高原生态功能区土壤保持功能及其价值[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(17):78-85,294.
[9]张晓明,曹文洪,周利军.泥沙输移比及其尺度依存研究进展[J].生态学报,2014,34(24):7475-7485.
[10]李敏.基于InVEST模型的生态系统服务功能评价研究[D].北京.北京林业大学,2016.
[11] Nelson E J,Daily G C.Modelling ecosystem services in terrestrial systems[R].F1000Biol Rep,2010.
[12] Borselli L,Cassi P,Torri D.Prolegomena to sediment and flow connectivity in the landscape:A GIS and field numerical assessment[J].Catena,2008,75(3):268-277.
[13]李婷,刘康,马力阳,等.秦岭山地丹江流域土地利用变化的土壤侵蚀效应评价[J].自然资源学报,2016,31(4):583-595.
[14]宋向阳,吴发启,赵龙山,等.基于DEM的延河流域水文特征提取与分析[J].干旱地区农业研究,2012,30(4):200-206.
[15]章文波,谢云,刘宝元.利用日雨量计算降雨侵蚀力的方法研究[J].地理科学,2002,22(6):705-711.
[16]张科利,彭文英,杨红丽.中国土壤可蚀性值及其估算[J].土壤学报,2007,44(1):7-13.
[17] Vol.N.A.GIS procedure for automatically calculating the USLE LS factor on topographically complex landscape units[J].Journal of Soil&Water Conservation,1996,51(5):427-433.
[18] Mccool D K,Brown L C,Foster G R,et al.Revised slope steepness factor for the universal soil loss equation[J].Transactions of the Asae-American Society of Agricultural Engineers(Usa),1987,30(5):1387-1396.
[19] Zhang Y,Liu B,Zhang Q,et al.Effect of different vegetation types on soil erosion by water[J].植物学报:英文版,2003,45(10):1204-1209.
[20]张岩,刘宝元,史培军,等.黄土高原土壤侵蚀作物覆盖因子计算[J].生态学报,2001,21(7):1050-1056.
[21]江忠善,王志强.黄土丘陵区小流域土壤侵蚀空间变化定量研究[J].土壤侵蚀与水土保持学报,1996,2(1):1-9.
[22]高海东,李占斌,李鹏,等.基于土壤侵蚀控制度的黄土高原水土流失治理潜力研究[J].地理学报,2015,70(9):1503-1515.
[23]谢红霞,杨勤科,李锐,等.延河流域水土保持措施减蚀效应分析[J].中国水土保持科学,2010,8(4):13-19.
[24]董起广,韩霁昌,张卫华,等.延安市土地利用与土壤侵蚀关系研究[J].人民黄河,2016,38(4):79-81,128.
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