29种水生植物对农村生活污水净化能力研究
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摘要
为筛选出对农村散户生活污水出水净化效果好的水生植物,以29种常见水生植物为材料,对模拟农村生活污水出水进行净化能力比较,并将不同植物对污染物的去除能力进行聚类分析。结果表明,有植物处理对污染物的去除率明显高于无植物对照,水力停留时间(HRT)对净化效果具有显著影响,水生植物在早期对污染物净化速率快。有植物处理对TN(总氮)的净化率比无植物对照组提高6.21%～26.66%,对NH3-N(氨氮)、TP(总磷)、CODCr(化学需氧量)、SS(悬浮固体)的净化率分别提高7.03%～23.92%、17.40%～28.13%、7.47%～18.62%、8.90%～13.00%。其中凤眼莲在试验前期对TN、NH3-N、TP净化具有一定优势,但试验后期对污染物净化能力与其他植物基本无差异,芦苇和香蒲在试验后期对TP净化效果较好。根据筛选指标的平均隶属函数值对29种植物进行聚类分析,可将植物分为高、中、低净化能力植物三大类:高净化能力植物为芦苇、凤眼莲、香蒲、花叶芦竹、美人蕉;中等净化能力植物为旱伞草、马蹄莲、大薸、睡莲、槐叶萍、伊乐藻、满江红、水葱、苦草、菖蒲、金鱼藻、千屈菜、荷花、萍蓬草、梭鱼草、茭草、狐尾藻、再力花、菹草、轮叶黑藻、德国鸢尾、芡实、黄菖蒲;低净化能力植物为菱。研究表明,挺水植物芦苇、香蒲、花叶芦竹、美人蕉,浮叶植物睡莲,漂浮植物凤眼莲,沉水植物伊乐藻、苦草对农村生活污水出水具有较高的净化能力,适合用于农村散户生活污水的植物修复治理中。凤眼莲属于外来入侵物种,在工程应用中需要采取一定控养措施,防止其对原有生态系统造成危害。
In order to screen aquatic plants for the effective purification of rural retail sewage water, 29 common aquatic plants were tested to compare their removal capacity for total nitrogen(TN), ammonia nitrogen(NH3-N), total phosphorus(TP), chemical oxygen demand(CODCr), and suspended solid(SS)in a septic tank effluent system. The removal ability of different plants on pollutants was determined and clustering analysis was conducted. The results showed that the removal rate of pollutants in control without plant was significantly lower than that of plant treatment. Treatment time significantly affected the purification efficiency of all pollutants. In the early stage of the experi?ment, the purification rate of pollutants by aquatic plants was fast. At the end of the 75-day experiment, the purification rate of TN was6.21%～26.66% higher than that of the non-plant control, the purification rate of NH3-N, TP, CODCr, and SS was increased by 7.03%～23.92%, 17.40%～28.13%, 7.47%～18.62%, and 8.90%～13.00%, respectively. Eichhornia crassipes had certain advantages in the purifica?tion rate of TN, NH3-N, and TP in the early stage of experiment, indicating that the purification of these pollutants was obviously affected by Eichhornia crassipes in a short period of time. However, the purifying ability of Eichhornia crassipes in the late stage of the experiment was similar to that of other plants. Phragmites australis and Typha orientials had better TP purification effects in the later experiment. Ac?cording to the average subordinate function value of screening index, 29 species of plants were clustered and classified into three catego?ries:high purifying ability plants including Phragmites australis, Eichhornia crassipes, Typha orientials, Arundo donax, and Canna indica;medium purifying ability plants such as Cyperus alternifolius, Zantedeschia aethiopica, Pistia stratiotes, Nymphaea L., Salvinia natans, Elo?dea nuttallii, Azolla imbricata, Scirpus validus, Vallisneria natans, Acorus calamus, Ceratophyllum demersum, Lythrum salicaria, Nelumbo nucifera, Nuphar pumilum, Pontederia cordata, Zizania caduciflora, Myriophyllum verticillatum, Thalia dealbata, Potamogeton crispus, Hy?drilla verticillata, Iris germanica, Euryale ferox, and Iris pseudacorus; and low purifying ability species Trapa bispinosa. Results showed that emerged plant(Phragmites australis, Typha orientalis, Arundo donax, Canna indica), floating-leaved plant(Nymphaea L.), floating plant(Eichhornia crassipes), and submerged plant(Elodea nuttallii and Vallisneria natans)were suitable for phytoremediation and treatment of rural domestic sewage. Eichhornia crassipes was an invasive alien species, certain control measures need to be taken to prevent damage to the original ecosystem in engineering application.
In order to screen aquatic plants for the effective purification of rural retail sewage water, 29 common aquatic plants were tested to compare their removal capacity for total nitrogen(TN), ammonia nitrogen(NH3-N), total phosphorus(TP), chemical oxygen demand(CODCr), and suspended solid(SS)in a septic tank effluent system. The removal ability of different plants on pollutants was determined and clustering analysis was conducted. The results showed that the removal rate of pollutants in control without plant was significantly lower than that of plant treatment. Treatment time significantly affected the purification efficiency of all pollutants. In the early stage of the experi?ment, the purification rate of pollutants by aquatic plants was fast. At the end of the 75-day experiment, the purification rate of TN was6.21%～26.66% higher than that of the non-plant control, the purification rate of NH3-N, TP, CODCr, and SS was increased by 7.03%～23.92%, 17.40%～28.13%, 7.47%～18.62%, and 8.90%～13.00%, respectively. Eichhornia crassipes had certain advantages in the purifica?tion rate of TN, NH3-N, and TP in the early stage of experiment, indicating that the purification of these pollutants was obviously affected by Eichhornia crassipes in a short period of time. However, the purifying ability of Eichhornia crassipes in the late stage of the experiment was similar to that of other plants. Phragmites australis and Typha orientials had better TP purification effects in the later experiment. Ac?cording to the average subordinate function value of screening index, 29 species of plants were clustered and classified into three catego?ries:high purifying ability plants including Phragmites australis, Eichhornia crassipes, Typha orientials, Arundo donax, and Canna indica;medium purifying ability plants such as Cyperus alternifolius, Zantedeschia aethiopica, Pistia stratiotes, Nymphaea L., Salvinia natans, Elo?dea nuttallii, Azolla imbricata, Scirpus validus, Vallisneria natans, Acorus calamus, Ceratophyllum demersum, Lythrum salicaria, Nelumbo nucifera, Nuphar pumilum, Pontederia cordata, Zizania caduciflora, Myriophyllum verticillatum, Thalia dealbata, Potamogeton crispus, Hy?drilla verticillata, Iris germanica, Euryale ferox, and Iris pseudacorus; and low purifying ability species Trapa bispinosa. Results showed that emerged plant(Phragmites australis, Typha orientalis, Arundo donax, Canna indica), floating-leaved plant(Nymphaea L.), floating plant(Eichhornia crassipes), and submerged plant(Elodea nuttallii and Vallisneria natans)were suitable for phytoremediation and treatment of rural domestic sewage. Eichhornia crassipes was an invasive alien species, certain control measures need to be taken to prevent damage to the original ecosystem in engineering application.
引文
[1]王青颖.中国农村生活污水处理技术应用现状及研究方向[J].污染防治技术, 2007, 20(5):37-38.WANG Qing-ying. Present situation and prospect on rural sewage treatment in China[J]. Pollution Control Technology, 2007, 20(5):37-38.
[2]苏东辉,郑正,王勇,等.农村生活污水处理技术探讨[J].环境科学与技术, 2005, 28(1):80-82.SU Dong-hui, ZHENG Zheng, WANG Yong, et al. Discussion on treat?ment technology of rural domestic wastewater[J]. Environmental Science&Technology, 2005, 28(1):80-82.
[3]余浩.水解池-滴滤池-人工湿地处理农村生活污水研究[D].南京:东南大学, 2006.YU Hao. Study on the treatment of rural domestic wastewater by hydro?lysis pond/trickling filter/constructed wetland[D]. Nanjing:Southeast University, 2006.
[4]杨林章,冯彦房,施卫明,等.我国农业面源污染治理技术研究进展[J].中国生态农业学报, 2013, 21(1):96-101.YANG Lin-zhang, FENG Yan-fang, SHI Wei-ming, et al. Review of the advances and development trends in agricultural non-point source pollution control in China[J]. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2013,21(1):96-101.
[5]赵宇.人工湿地系统的净化机理[J].江西化工, 2017(2):153-154.ZHAO Yu. Purification mechanism of constructed wetland system[J].Jiangxi Chemical Industry, 2017(2):153-154.
[6] Li K, Liu L L, Yang H X, et al. Phytoremediation potential of three spe?cies of macrophytes for nitrate in contaminated water[J]. American Jour?nal of Plant Sciences, 2016, 7(8):1259-1267.
[7] Duan J J, Zhao J N, Xue L H, et al. Nutrient removal of a floating plant system receiving low-pollution wastewater:Effects of plant species and influent concentration[J]. IOP Conference Series:Earth and Environ?mental Science, 2016, 41(1):012028.
[8]曾小梅,刘鹏,张晓斌.水生观赏植物对城市污水的修复研究[J].水土保持研究, 2015, 22(5):349-353.ZENG Xiao-mei, LIU Peng, ZHANG Xiao-bin. Phytoremediation of ur?ban wastewater by ornamental hydrophytes[J]. Research of Soil and Wa?ter Conservation, 2015, 22(5):349-353.
[9] Romanchuck L D, Fedonyuk T P, Fedonyuk R G, et al. Hydrophyte wa?ter purification under conditions of"zhytomyrvodokanal"communal en?terprise[J]. Biotechnologia Acta, 2016, 9(6):58-71.
[10]张增胜.农村分散式污水处理适用技术及机理研究[D].上海:东华大学, 2010.ZHANG Zeng-sheng. A study on applicable technology and mecha?nism of treatment for rural decentralized sewage[D]. Shanghai:Dong Hua University, 2010.
[11]蒙语桦.化粪池与人工湿地联用处理湖南农村地区生活污水研究[D].长沙:湖南大学, 2016.MENG Yu-hua. Study on domestic wastewater treatment of rural area in Hunan Province by using septic tank coupled with constructed wet?land[D]. Changsha:Hunan University, 2016.
[12]付超,周雪玲,朱春林.应用隶属函数法综合评价高酸苹果抗寒性及果实品质[J].北方园艺, 2017(2):11-15.FU Chao, ZHOU Xue-ling, ZHU Chun-lin. Comprehensive evalua?tion of cold resistance and fruit quality of apple with high acidity by subordinate function[J]. Northern Horticulture, 2017(2):11-15.
[13]张德喜.不同人工湿地植物对生活污水净化效果研究[J].基因组学与应用生物学, 2018, 37(4):1621-1628.ZHANG De-xi. Study on purification efficiency of domestic wastewa?ter by different constructed wetland plants[J]. Genomics and Applied Biology, 2018, 37(4):1621-1628.
[14]刘海琴,邱园园,闻学政,等. 4种水生植物深度净化村镇生活污水厂尾水效果研究[J].中国生态农业学报, 2018, 26(4):616-626.LIU Hai-qin, QIU Yuan-yuan, WEN Xue-zheng, et al. The deep pu?rification of four aquatic macrophytes for tailrace of rural sewage treat?ment plants[J]. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2018, 26(4):616-626.
[15]杨帆,刘赢男,焉志远,等.阿什河流域10种水生植物对水质氮磷的净化能力比较[J].环境科学研究, 2018, 31(4):708-714.YANG Fan, LIU Ying-nan, YAN Zhi-yuan, et al. Compare the water purification ability of ten aquatic macrophytes about nitrogen and phosphorus in Ashi River basin[J]. Research of Environmental Scienc?es, 2018, 31(4):708-714.
[16]周卿伟,梁银秀,阎百兴,等.冷季不同植物人工湿地处理生活污水的工程实例分析[J].湖泊科学, 2018, 30(1):130-138.ZHOU Qing-wei, LIANG Yin-xiu, YAN Bai-xing, et al. The con?structed wetlands engineering cases with different plants treating do?mestic sewage in a subtropical climate at cold seasons[J]. Journal of Lake Sciences, 2018, 30(1):130-138.
[17]高岩,马涛,张振华,等.不同生长阶段凤眼莲净化不同程度富营养化水体的效果研究[J].农业环境科学学报, 2014, 33(12):2427-2435.GAO Yan, MA Tao, ZHANG Zhen-hua, et al. Nitrient removals from eutrophic water by Eichhornia crassipes at different growth stages[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2014, 33(12):2427-2435.
[18]周胜杰,路斌,贾婷婷,等. 4种水培植物对富营养化水体中总氮、总磷去除率影响的研究[J].天津农学院学报, 2017, 24(1):44-47.ZHOU Sheng-jie, LU Bin, JIA Ting-ting, et al. Study of four kinds of hydroponic plant on removal efficiency of total nitrogen, total phospho?rus of eutrophication aquaculture water[J]. Journal of Tianjin Agricul?tural University, 2017, 24(1):44-47.
[19]丁玲,李羚君,李剑峰,等.沉水植物净化人工水源湖原水中氮磷和悬浮物的试验研究[J].生态环境学报, 2018, 27(1):122-129.DING Ling, LI Ling-jun, LI Jian-feng, et al. Experimental studies on purification of nitrogen, phosphorus and suspended solids in raw wa?ter from an artificial source lake by submerged macrophytes[J]. Ecolo?gy and Environmental Sciences, 2018, 27(1):122-129.
[20] Zhu T S, Cao T, Ni L Y, et al. Improvement of water quality by sedi?ment capping and re-vegetation with Vallisneria natans L.:A shortterm investigation using an in situ enclosure experiment in Lake Er?hai, China[J]. Ecological Engineering, 2016, 86:113-119.
[21]陈永华,吴晓芙,何钢,等.人工湿地污水处理系统中的植物效应与基质酶活性[J].生态学报, 2009, 29(11):6051-6058.CHEN Yong-hua, WU Xiao-fu, HE Gang, et al. Analysis of plant ef?fect and rhizosphere enzyme activity in a constructed vertical-flow wetland established for sewage treatment[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2009, 29(11):6051-6058.
[22] Lu B, Xu Z S, Li J G, et al. Removal of water nutrients by different aquatic plant species:An alternative way to remediate polluted rural rivers[J]. Ecological Engineering, 2018, 110:18-26.
[23]杨晓波.水生植物对贾鲁河污水的净化效果和相关机理的探讨[D].郑州:郑州大学, 2011.YANG Xiao-bo. Purification efficiency of aquatic macrophytes on sewage from Jialu River and investigate on related mechanism[D].Zhengzhou:Zhengzhou University, 2011.
[24]刘国锋,何俊,华伯仙,等.控养速生植物治理污染水体的研究进展[J].江苏农业科学, 2017, 45(21):1-6.LIU Guo-feng, HE Jun, HUA Bo-xian, et al. Research progress of controlling fast-growing plants to control polluted water body[J]. Ji?angsu Agricultural Sciences, 2017, 45(21):1-6.
[25]李礼,林艺滨,刘灿.入侵植物凤眼莲的生物学特性及生态管理对策[J].安徽农业科学, 2018, 46(3):60-62, 67.LI Li, LIN Yi-bin, LIU can. Review on biological characteristics and management strategies of Eichhornia crassipes(Mart.)solms[J]. Jour?nal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences, 2018, 46(3):60-62, 67.
[2]苏东辉,郑正,王勇,等.农村生活污水处理技术探讨[J].环境科学与技术, 2005, 28(1):80-82.SU Dong-hui, ZHENG Zheng, WANG Yong, et al. Discussion on treat?ment technology of rural domestic wastewater[J]. Environmental Science&Technology, 2005, 28(1):80-82.
[3]余浩.水解池-滴滤池-人工湿地处理农村生活污水研究[D].南京:东南大学, 2006.YU Hao. Study on the treatment of rural domestic wastewater by hydro?lysis pond/trickling filter/constructed wetland[D]. Nanjing:Southeast University, 2006.
[4]杨林章,冯彦房,施卫明,等.我国农业面源污染治理技术研究进展[J].中国生态农业学报, 2013, 21(1):96-101.YANG Lin-zhang, FENG Yan-fang, SHI Wei-ming, et al. Review of the advances and development trends in agricultural non-point source pollution control in China[J]. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2013,21(1):96-101.
[5]赵宇.人工湿地系统的净化机理[J].江西化工, 2017(2):153-154.ZHAO Yu. Purification mechanism of constructed wetland system[J].Jiangxi Chemical Industry, 2017(2):153-154.
[6] Li K, Liu L L, Yang H X, et al. Phytoremediation potential of three spe?cies of macrophytes for nitrate in contaminated water[J]. American Jour?nal of Plant Sciences, 2016, 7(8):1259-1267.
[7] Duan J J, Zhao J N, Xue L H, et al. Nutrient removal of a floating plant system receiving low-pollution wastewater:Effects of plant species and influent concentration[J]. IOP Conference Series:Earth and Environ?mental Science, 2016, 41(1):012028.
[8]曾小梅,刘鹏,张晓斌.水生观赏植物对城市污水的修复研究[J].水土保持研究, 2015, 22(5):349-353.ZENG Xiao-mei, LIU Peng, ZHANG Xiao-bin. Phytoremediation of ur?ban wastewater by ornamental hydrophytes[J]. Research of Soil and Wa?ter Conservation, 2015, 22(5):349-353.
[9] Romanchuck L D, Fedonyuk T P, Fedonyuk R G, et al. Hydrophyte wa?ter purification under conditions of"zhytomyrvodokanal"communal en?terprise[J]. Biotechnologia Acta, 2016, 9(6):58-71.
[10]张增胜.农村分散式污水处理适用技术及机理研究[D].上海:东华大学, 2010.ZHANG Zeng-sheng. A study on applicable technology and mecha?nism of treatment for rural decentralized sewage[D]. Shanghai:Dong Hua University, 2010.
[11]蒙语桦.化粪池与人工湿地联用处理湖南农村地区生活污水研究[D].长沙:湖南大学, 2016.MENG Yu-hua. Study on domestic wastewater treatment of rural area in Hunan Province by using septic tank coupled with constructed wet?land[D]. Changsha:Hunan University, 2016.
[12]付超,周雪玲,朱春林.应用隶属函数法综合评价高酸苹果抗寒性及果实品质[J].北方园艺, 2017(2):11-15.FU Chao, ZHOU Xue-ling, ZHU Chun-lin. Comprehensive evalua?tion of cold resistance and fruit quality of apple with high acidity by subordinate function[J]. Northern Horticulture, 2017(2):11-15.
[13]张德喜.不同人工湿地植物对生活污水净化效果研究[J].基因组学与应用生物学, 2018, 37(4):1621-1628.ZHANG De-xi. Study on purification efficiency of domestic wastewa?ter by different constructed wetland plants[J]. Genomics and Applied Biology, 2018, 37(4):1621-1628.
[14]刘海琴,邱园园,闻学政,等. 4种水生植物深度净化村镇生活污水厂尾水效果研究[J].中国生态农业学报, 2018, 26(4):616-626.LIU Hai-qin, QIU Yuan-yuan, WEN Xue-zheng, et al. The deep pu?rification of four aquatic macrophytes for tailrace of rural sewage treat?ment plants[J]. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2018, 26(4):616-626.
[15]杨帆,刘赢男,焉志远,等.阿什河流域10种水生植物对水质氮磷的净化能力比较[J].环境科学研究, 2018, 31(4):708-714.YANG Fan, LIU Ying-nan, YAN Zhi-yuan, et al. Compare the water purification ability of ten aquatic macrophytes about nitrogen and phosphorus in Ashi River basin[J]. Research of Environmental Scienc?es, 2018, 31(4):708-714.
[16]周卿伟,梁银秀,阎百兴,等.冷季不同植物人工湿地处理生活污水的工程实例分析[J].湖泊科学, 2018, 30(1):130-138.ZHOU Qing-wei, LIANG Yin-xiu, YAN Bai-xing, et al. The con?structed wetlands engineering cases with different plants treating do?mestic sewage in a subtropical climate at cold seasons[J]. Journal of Lake Sciences, 2018, 30(1):130-138.
[17]高岩,马涛,张振华,等.不同生长阶段凤眼莲净化不同程度富营养化水体的效果研究[J].农业环境科学学报, 2014, 33(12):2427-2435.GAO Yan, MA Tao, ZHANG Zhen-hua, et al. Nitrient removals from eutrophic water by Eichhornia crassipes at different growth stages[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2014, 33(12):2427-2435.
[18]周胜杰,路斌,贾婷婷,等. 4种水培植物对富营养化水体中总氮、总磷去除率影响的研究[J].天津农学院学报, 2017, 24(1):44-47.ZHOU Sheng-jie, LU Bin, JIA Ting-ting, et al. Study of four kinds of hydroponic plant on removal efficiency of total nitrogen, total phospho?rus of eutrophication aquaculture water[J]. Journal of Tianjin Agricul?tural University, 2017, 24(1):44-47.
[19]丁玲,李羚君,李剑峰,等.沉水植物净化人工水源湖原水中氮磷和悬浮物的试验研究[J].生态环境学报, 2018, 27(1):122-129.DING Ling, LI Ling-jun, LI Jian-feng, et al. Experimental studies on purification of nitrogen, phosphorus and suspended solids in raw wa?ter from an artificial source lake by submerged macrophytes[J]. Ecolo?gy and Environmental Sciences, 2018, 27(1):122-129.
[20] Zhu T S, Cao T, Ni L Y, et al. Improvement of water quality by sedi?ment capping and re-vegetation with Vallisneria natans L.:A shortterm investigation using an in situ enclosure experiment in Lake Er?hai, China[J]. Ecological Engineering, 2016, 86:113-119.
[21]陈永华,吴晓芙,何钢,等.人工湿地污水处理系统中的植物效应与基质酶活性[J].生态学报, 2009, 29(11):6051-6058.CHEN Yong-hua, WU Xiao-fu, HE Gang, et al. Analysis of plant ef?fect and rhizosphere enzyme activity in a constructed vertical-flow wetland established for sewage treatment[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2009, 29(11):6051-6058.
[22] Lu B, Xu Z S, Li J G, et al. Removal of water nutrients by different aquatic plant species:An alternative way to remediate polluted rural rivers[J]. Ecological Engineering, 2018, 110:18-26.
[23]杨晓波.水生植物对贾鲁河污水的净化效果和相关机理的探讨[D].郑州:郑州大学, 2011.YANG Xiao-bo. Purification efficiency of aquatic macrophytes on sewage from Jialu River and investigate on related mechanism[D].Zhengzhou:Zhengzhou University, 2011.
[24]刘国锋,何俊,华伯仙,等.控养速生植物治理污染水体的研究进展[J].江苏农业科学, 2017, 45(21):1-6.LIU Guo-feng, HE Jun, HUA Bo-xian, et al. Research progress of controlling fast-growing plants to control polluted water body[J]. Ji?angsu Agricultural Sciences, 2017, 45(21):1-6.
[25]李礼,林艺滨,刘灿.入侵植物凤眼莲的生物学特性及生态管理对策[J].安徽农业科学, 2018, 46(3):60-62, 67.LI Li, LIN Yi-bin, LIU can. Review on biological characteristics and management strategies of Eichhornia crassipes(Mart.)solms[J]. Jour?nal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences, 2018, 46(3):60-62, 67.
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