基于水氮因子的宁夏引黄灌区紫花苜蓿生长模拟模型
|
摘要
针对苜蓿生长模型ALFAMOD在动态水分平衡模拟和氮素平衡模拟方面的不足,提出一种基于水氮因子的紫花苜蓿生长模拟模型(alfalfa growth simulation model based on water and nitrogen factors,ALFSIM-WN)。该模型以宁夏引黄灌区紫花苜蓿为研究对象,采用模块化设计方法,划分为作物动态模拟子模型、水分平衡模拟子模型和氮素平衡模拟子模型,对紫花苜蓿的产量进行模拟和估算。通过连续2 a(2016-2017)的田间试验,获取气象数据、土壤数据和田间管理数据,利用2016年数据确定了模型参数,并预测了2017年4茬次紫花苜蓿生长期、叶面积指数、土壤水分动态和产量,对模型模拟值和实际观测值进行了对比。结果表明:宁夏引黄灌区紫花苜蓿每年能收割3～4茬,与当地以饲草收割为目的的生长期相符,综合2017年4茬次数据发现模型模拟叶面积指数的平均相对误差在2.3%～17.6%,模拟土壤水分动态的平均相对误差在2.3%～17.6%,产量预测数据的平均相对误差在1.7%～16.2%。叶面积指数、土壤水分动态和产量的均方根误差分别在0.09～0.44、0.009～0.039 cm3/cm3和0.3～2.3 t/hm2。模型模拟精准度较高,说明该模型在宁夏引黄灌区适用性良好,可以作为一个有效的紫花苜蓿生长模拟预测工具在饲草种植中应用。
Alfalfa plays an important role in dairy farms for economic and ecological reasons in northwest China. In order to manage the complex relations between alfalfa growth and environmental issues accurately and timely, the alfalfa simulation model has been widely studied. An alfalfa growth simulation model based on water and nitrogen factors(ALFSIM-WN) was proposed. The model was divided into 3 sub-models, including crop dynamic sub-model, water balance sub-model and nitrogen balance sub-model using modular design method. It took alfalfa in Ningxia irrigation area of Yellow River as research object and could simulate the growth dynamics of alfalfa under different water supply and variable fertilization. It also could estimate the yield of alfalfa. In order to verify the accuracy and applicability of ALFSIM-WN, experiments were carried out at grassland experiment area of Maosheng Grass Limited Company in Yinchuan(northwest China, 38?55? N, 106?06? E). The experimental alfalfa was Medicago sativa No.7. The irrigation methods included surface irrigation and subsurface drip irrigation. A split plot was designed as 2 experimental treatments. The 1 st treatment was the irrigation amount which was divided into 5 irrigation levels including the surface irrigation(1 199 mm) and the subsurface drip irrigation(525, 600, 675, 750 mm). The 2 nd treatment was nitrogen application rate which included 4 nitrogen application levels(0, 60, 120, 180 kg/hm2). A total of 17 treatments were designed in experiment. Different irrigation levels were carried out in batches according to different cuts and different growth period of alfalfa. Different nitrogen application levels were carried out in different cuts. Through 2 years experiments(2016-2017), model parameters had been determined using data from 2016, and growth parameters of alfalfa(such as growth period, leaf area index, soil moisture dynamics and yield) had been predicted based on gathering meteorological date, soil data and field management data of 2017. The comparison between simulated and observed was taken in this paper. The results showed that the simulated values by the model was in agreement with the trend of the observed values under different irrigation and nitrogen treatments, such as growth period, leaf area index, soil water content and yield of the alfalfa. Alfalfa in Ningxia irrigation area of Yellow River could harvest 3 to 4 times per year, the mean relative error of the growth period of alfalfa in 4 cuts simulated by the model was between 1.9% and 5.7%, which was consistent with the local growth period for forage. In addition, through analyzing the 4 cuts data in 2017, the mean relative error of leaf area index simulated by the model was between 2.3% and 17.6%, the mean relative error of soil water content simulated by the model was between 2.3% and 17.6%, and the mean relative error of yield simulated by the model was between 1.7% and 16.2%. The root mean square error of the leaf area index was between 0.09 and 0.44, the root mean square error of soil water content is between 0.009 and 0.039 cm3/cm3, and the root mean square error of yield was between 0.3 and 2.3 t/hm2. Therefore, the ALFSIM-WN had higher simulation accuracy in simulated growth period, leaf area index, soil water content and yield, indicating that the model has good application in Ningxia irrigation area of Yellow River and can be used as an effective simulation tool for alfalfa growth in forage planting.
Alfalfa plays an important role in dairy farms for economic and ecological reasons in northwest China. In order to manage the complex relations between alfalfa growth and environmental issues accurately and timely, the alfalfa simulation model has been widely studied. An alfalfa growth simulation model based on water and nitrogen factors(ALFSIM-WN) was proposed. The model was divided into 3 sub-models, including crop dynamic sub-model, water balance sub-model and nitrogen balance sub-model using modular design method. It took alfalfa in Ningxia irrigation area of Yellow River as research object and could simulate the growth dynamics of alfalfa under different water supply and variable fertilization. It also could estimate the yield of alfalfa. In order to verify the accuracy and applicability of ALFSIM-WN, experiments were carried out at grassland experiment area of Maosheng Grass Limited Company in Yinchuan(northwest China, 38?55? N, 106?06? E). The experimental alfalfa was Medicago sativa No.7. The irrigation methods included surface irrigation and subsurface drip irrigation. A split plot was designed as 2 experimental treatments. The 1 st treatment was the irrigation amount which was divided into 5 irrigation levels including the surface irrigation(1 199 mm) and the subsurface drip irrigation(525, 600, 675, 750 mm). The 2 nd treatment was nitrogen application rate which included 4 nitrogen application levels(0, 60, 120, 180 kg/hm2). A total of 17 treatments were designed in experiment. Different irrigation levels were carried out in batches according to different cuts and different growth period of alfalfa. Different nitrogen application levels were carried out in different cuts. Through 2 years experiments(2016-2017), model parameters had been determined using data from 2016, and growth parameters of alfalfa(such as growth period, leaf area index, soil moisture dynamics and yield) had been predicted based on gathering meteorological date, soil data and field management data of 2017. The comparison between simulated and observed was taken in this paper. The results showed that the simulated values by the model was in agreement with the trend of the observed values under different irrigation and nitrogen treatments, such as growth period, leaf area index, soil water content and yield of the alfalfa. Alfalfa in Ningxia irrigation area of Yellow River could harvest 3 to 4 times per year, the mean relative error of the growth period of alfalfa in 4 cuts simulated by the model was between 1.9% and 5.7%, which was consistent with the local growth period for forage. In addition, through analyzing the 4 cuts data in 2017, the mean relative error of leaf area index simulated by the model was between 2.3% and 17.6%, the mean relative error of soil water content simulated by the model was between 2.3% and 17.6%, and the mean relative error of yield simulated by the model was between 1.7% and 16.2%. The root mean square error of the leaf area index was between 0.09 and 0.44, the root mean square error of soil water content is between 0.009 and 0.039 cm3/cm3, and the root mean square error of yield was between 0.3 and 2.3 t/hm2. Therefore, the ALFSIM-WN had higher simulation accuracy in simulated growth period, leaf area index, soil water content and yield, indicating that the model has good application in Ningxia irrigation area of Yellow River and can be used as an effective simulation tool for alfalfa growth in forage planting.
引文
[1]Sun L,Huang Z,Cui Z,et al.Soil water depletion in planted alfalfa pastures in an alpine pastoral area[J].Water,2018,10(11):1-12.
[2]Fan J W,Du Y L,Wang B R,et al.Forage yield,soil water depletion,shoot nitrogen and phosphorus uptake and concentration,of young and old stands of alfalfa in response to nitrogen and phosphorus fertilisation in a semiarid environment[J].Field Crops Research,2016,198:247-257.
[3]Huang Z,Liu Y,Cui Z,et al.Soil water storage deficit of alfalfa(Medicago sativa)grasslands along ages in arid area(China)[J].Field Crops Research,2018,221:1-6.
[4]伏兵哲,高雪芹,张蓉,等.宁夏引黄灌区不同紫花苜蓿品种比较[J].西北农林科技大学学报:自然科学版,2017,45(2):71-78.Fu Bingzhe,Gao Xueqin,Zhang Rong,et al.Comparison of different alfalfa cultivars in the Yellow River irrigation region of Ningxia[J].Journal of Northwest A&F University:Natural Science Edition,2017,45(2):71-78.(in Chinese with English Abstract)
[5]MacCarthy D S,Adiku S G,Freduah B S,et al.Evaluating maize yield variability and gaps in two agroecologies in northern Ghana using a crop simulation model[J].South African Journal of Plant and Soil,2018,35(2):137-147.
[6]Singh S,Boote K J,Angadi S V,et al.Estimating water balance,evapotranspiration and water use efficiency of spring safflower using the CROPGRO model[J].Agricultural Water Management,2017,185:137-144.
[7]Malik W,Boote K J,Hoogenboom G,et al.Adapting the CROPGRO model to simulate alfalfa growth and yield[J].Agronomy Journal,2018,110(5):1777-1790.
[8]Wang B,Zheng F,Guan Y,et al.Improved USLE-K factor prediction:A case study on water erosion areas in China[J].International Soil and Water Conservation Research,2016,4(3):168-176.
[9]Pembleton K G,Cullen B R,Rawnsley R P,et al.Modelling the resilience of forage crop production to future climate change in the dairy regions of Southeastern Australia using APSIM[J].The Journal of Agricultural Science,2016,154(7):1131-1152.
[10]Holzworth D,Huth N I,Fainges J,et al.APSIM next generation:Overcoming challenges in modernising a farming systems model[J].Environmental Modelling&Software,2018,103:43-51.
[11]Chen C,Smith A,Ward P,et al.Modelling the comparative growth,water use and productivity of the perennial legumes,tedera(Bituminaria bituminosa var.albomarginata)and lucerne(Medicago sativa)in dryland mixed farming systems[J].Crop and Pasture Science,2017,68(7):643-656.
[12]Schreiber M M,Miles G E,Holt D A,et al.Sensitivity analysis of SIMED 1[J].Agronomy Journal,1978,70(1):105-108.
[13]Fick G W.ALSIM 1(level 2)user's manual[R].Ithaca,NY:Department of Agronomy,Cornell University,1981:1-44.
[14]Fick G W.Simple simulation models for yield prediction applied to alfalfa in the Northeast[J].Agronomy Journal,1984,76(2):235-239.
[15]Bourgeois G,Savoie P,Girard J M.Evaluation of an alfalfa growth simulation model under Quebec conditions[J].Agricultural Systems,1990,32(1):1-12.
[16]高亮之,Hannaway D B.苜蓿生产的农业气候计算机模拟模式:ALFAMOD[J].江苏农业学报,1985,1(2):1-11.
[17]白文明,包雪梅.乌兰布和沙区紫花苜蓿生长发育模拟研究[J].应用生态学报,2002,13(12):1605-1609.Bai Wenming,Bao Xuemei.Simulation alfalfa growth in Wulanbuhe sandy region[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2002,13(12):1605-1609.(in Chinese with English Abstract)
[18]Thornley J H M.Mathematical Models in Plant Physiology[M].New York:Academic Press,1976:8-11.
[19]Hunt L A,Pararajasingham S.CROPSIM-WHEAT:Amodel describing the growth and development of wheat[J].Canadian Journal of Plant Science,1995,75(3):619-632.
[20]Smith D.Influence of temperature on the yield and chemical composition of five forage legume species[J].Agronomy journal,1970,62(4):520-523.
[21]Wilfong R T,Brown R H,Blaser R E.Relationships between leaf area index and apparent photosynthesis in alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.)and ladino clover(Trifolium repens L.)[J].Crop Science,1967,7(1):27-30.
[22]Noorduijn S L,Hayashi M,Mohammed G A,et al.Acoupled soil water balance model for simulating depressionfocused groundwater recharge[J].Vadose Zone Journal,2018,17(1):1-14.
[23]Jones C A,Kiniry J R,Dyke P T.CERES-Maize:ASimulation Model of Maize Growth and Development[M].Texas:Texas A&M University Press,1986:194.
[24]朱玉洁.紫花苜蓿生长模拟模型(ALFASM)研究[D].北京:中国农业大学,2004:24-32.Zhu Yujie.ALFASM:Alfalfa Growth Simulation Model[D].Beijing:China Agricultural University,2004:24-32.(in Chinese with English Abstract)
[25]Schaap M G,Leij F J,Van Genuchten M T.Rosetta:Acomputer program for estimating soil hydraulic parameters with hierarchical pedotransfer functions[J].Journal of Hydrology,2001,251(3/4):163-176.
[26]Schwartzman M,Zur B.Emitter spacing and geometry of wetted soil volume[J].Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering,1986,112(3):242-253.
[27]Nagli?B,Kechavarzi C,Coulon F,et al.Numerical investigation of the influence of texture,surface drip emitter discharge rate and initial soil moisture condition on wetting pattern size[J].Irrigation Science,2014,32(6):421-436.
[28]Skaggs T H,Trout T J,Rothfuss Y.Drip irrigation water distribution patterns:effects of emitter rate,pulsing,and antecedent water[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,2010,74(6):1886-1896.
[29]金之庆,石春林,葛道阔,等.基于RCSODS的直播水稻精确施氮模拟模型[J].作物学报,2003,29(3):353-359.Jin Zhiqing,Shi Chunlin,Ge Daokuo,et al.ARCSODS-based simulation model for N fertilizer application in precision farming for direct-seeding rice[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica,2003,29(3):353-359.(in Chinese with English Abstract)
[30]高亮之.农业模型学基础[M].香港:天马图书有限公司,2004:80-157.
[31]万里强.苜蓿水分生理与耐旱研究[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2016:95-108.
[32]胡安,康颖,陈先江,等.刈割时间对黄土高原紫花苜蓿产量与营养品质的影响[J].草业学报,2017,26(9):57-65.Hu An,Kang Ying,Chen Xianjiang,et al.Effects of cutting time on the yield and nutritive value of alfalfa on the Loess Plateau[J].Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2017,26(9):57-65.(in Chinese with English Abstract)
[33]文雅,张静,冯萌,等.水氮互作对河西走廊紫花苜蓿品质的影响[J].草业学报,2018,27(10):76-83.Wen Ya,Zhang Jing,Feng Meng,et al.Effects of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer on alfalfa quality[J].Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2018,27(10):76-83.(in Chinese with English Abstract)
[2]Fan J W,Du Y L,Wang B R,et al.Forage yield,soil water depletion,shoot nitrogen and phosphorus uptake and concentration,of young and old stands of alfalfa in response to nitrogen and phosphorus fertilisation in a semiarid environment[J].Field Crops Research,2016,198:247-257.
[3]Huang Z,Liu Y,Cui Z,et al.Soil water storage deficit of alfalfa(Medicago sativa)grasslands along ages in arid area(China)[J].Field Crops Research,2018,221:1-6.
[4]伏兵哲,高雪芹,张蓉,等.宁夏引黄灌区不同紫花苜蓿品种比较[J].西北农林科技大学学报:自然科学版,2017,45(2):71-78.Fu Bingzhe,Gao Xueqin,Zhang Rong,et al.Comparison of different alfalfa cultivars in the Yellow River irrigation region of Ningxia[J].Journal of Northwest A&F University:Natural Science Edition,2017,45(2):71-78.(in Chinese with English Abstract)
[5]MacCarthy D S,Adiku S G,Freduah B S,et al.Evaluating maize yield variability and gaps in two agroecologies in northern Ghana using a crop simulation model[J].South African Journal of Plant and Soil,2018,35(2):137-147.
[6]Singh S,Boote K J,Angadi S V,et al.Estimating water balance,evapotranspiration and water use efficiency of spring safflower using the CROPGRO model[J].Agricultural Water Management,2017,185:137-144.
[7]Malik W,Boote K J,Hoogenboom G,et al.Adapting the CROPGRO model to simulate alfalfa growth and yield[J].Agronomy Journal,2018,110(5):1777-1790.
[8]Wang B,Zheng F,Guan Y,et al.Improved USLE-K factor prediction:A case study on water erosion areas in China[J].International Soil and Water Conservation Research,2016,4(3):168-176.
[9]Pembleton K G,Cullen B R,Rawnsley R P,et al.Modelling the resilience of forage crop production to future climate change in the dairy regions of Southeastern Australia using APSIM[J].The Journal of Agricultural Science,2016,154(7):1131-1152.
[10]Holzworth D,Huth N I,Fainges J,et al.APSIM next generation:Overcoming challenges in modernising a farming systems model[J].Environmental Modelling&Software,2018,103:43-51.
[11]Chen C,Smith A,Ward P,et al.Modelling the comparative growth,water use and productivity of the perennial legumes,tedera(Bituminaria bituminosa var.albomarginata)and lucerne(Medicago sativa)in dryland mixed farming systems[J].Crop and Pasture Science,2017,68(7):643-656.
[12]Schreiber M M,Miles G E,Holt D A,et al.Sensitivity analysis of SIMED 1[J].Agronomy Journal,1978,70(1):105-108.
[13]Fick G W.ALSIM 1(level 2)user's manual[R].Ithaca,NY:Department of Agronomy,Cornell University,1981:1-44.
[14]Fick G W.Simple simulation models for yield prediction applied to alfalfa in the Northeast[J].Agronomy Journal,1984,76(2):235-239.
[15]Bourgeois G,Savoie P,Girard J M.Evaluation of an alfalfa growth simulation model under Quebec conditions[J].Agricultural Systems,1990,32(1):1-12.
[16]高亮之,Hannaway D B.苜蓿生产的农业气候计算机模拟模式:ALFAMOD[J].江苏农业学报,1985,1(2):1-11.
[17]白文明,包雪梅.乌兰布和沙区紫花苜蓿生长发育模拟研究[J].应用生态学报,2002,13(12):1605-1609.Bai Wenming,Bao Xuemei.Simulation alfalfa growth in Wulanbuhe sandy region[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2002,13(12):1605-1609.(in Chinese with English Abstract)
[18]Thornley J H M.Mathematical Models in Plant Physiology[M].New York:Academic Press,1976:8-11.
[19]Hunt L A,Pararajasingham S.CROPSIM-WHEAT:Amodel describing the growth and development of wheat[J].Canadian Journal of Plant Science,1995,75(3):619-632.
[20]Smith D.Influence of temperature on the yield and chemical composition of five forage legume species[J].Agronomy journal,1970,62(4):520-523.
[21]Wilfong R T,Brown R H,Blaser R E.Relationships between leaf area index and apparent photosynthesis in alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.)and ladino clover(Trifolium repens L.)[J].Crop Science,1967,7(1):27-30.
[22]Noorduijn S L,Hayashi M,Mohammed G A,et al.Acoupled soil water balance model for simulating depressionfocused groundwater recharge[J].Vadose Zone Journal,2018,17(1):1-14.
[23]Jones C A,Kiniry J R,Dyke P T.CERES-Maize:ASimulation Model of Maize Growth and Development[M].Texas:Texas A&M University Press,1986:194.
[24]朱玉洁.紫花苜蓿生长模拟模型(ALFASM)研究[D].北京:中国农业大学,2004:24-32.Zhu Yujie.ALFASM:Alfalfa Growth Simulation Model[D].Beijing:China Agricultural University,2004:24-32.(in Chinese with English Abstract)
[25]Schaap M G,Leij F J,Van Genuchten M T.Rosetta:Acomputer program for estimating soil hydraulic parameters with hierarchical pedotransfer functions[J].Journal of Hydrology,2001,251(3/4):163-176.
[26]Schwartzman M,Zur B.Emitter spacing and geometry of wetted soil volume[J].Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering,1986,112(3):242-253.
[27]Nagli?B,Kechavarzi C,Coulon F,et al.Numerical investigation of the influence of texture,surface drip emitter discharge rate and initial soil moisture condition on wetting pattern size[J].Irrigation Science,2014,32(6):421-436.
[28]Skaggs T H,Trout T J,Rothfuss Y.Drip irrigation water distribution patterns:effects of emitter rate,pulsing,and antecedent water[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,2010,74(6):1886-1896.
[29]金之庆,石春林,葛道阔,等.基于RCSODS的直播水稻精确施氮模拟模型[J].作物学报,2003,29(3):353-359.Jin Zhiqing,Shi Chunlin,Ge Daokuo,et al.ARCSODS-based simulation model for N fertilizer application in precision farming for direct-seeding rice[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica,2003,29(3):353-359.(in Chinese with English Abstract)
[30]高亮之.农业模型学基础[M].香港:天马图书有限公司,2004:80-157.
[31]万里强.苜蓿水分生理与耐旱研究[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2016:95-108.
[32]胡安,康颖,陈先江,等.刈割时间对黄土高原紫花苜蓿产量与营养品质的影响[J].草业学报,2017,26(9):57-65.Hu An,Kang Ying,Chen Xianjiang,et al.Effects of cutting time on the yield and nutritive value of alfalfa on the Loess Plateau[J].Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2017,26(9):57-65.(in Chinese with English Abstract)
[33]文雅,张静,冯萌,等.水氮互作对河西走廊紫花苜蓿品质的影响[J].草业学报,2018,27(10):76-83.Wen Ya,Zhang Jing,Feng Meng,et al.Effects of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer on alfalfa quality[J].Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2018,27(10):76-83.(in Chinese with English Abstract)
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |