植被覆盖结构对坡面产流产沙的影响及调控机制分析
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摘要
利用野外模拟降雨试验,以自然修复草本植被完整覆盖、地表覆盖、高层覆盖和无覆盖有根系等4种不同垂直覆盖结构为研究对象,分析了植被不同垂直结构对坡面产流产沙的影响作用。研究表明:(1)不同垂直覆盖结构条件下的坡面产流产沙特征差异明显,以无覆盖有根系坡面作对照,完整覆盖、地表覆盖及高层覆盖结构减流率分别为91.12%、83.28%和61.55%,减沙率分别为98.71%、96.10%和64.69%,完整覆盖结构对产流产沙过程的抑制作用最强;(2)试验条件下,植被完整覆盖、地表覆盖和高层覆盖可截留降雨1.85、1.01和0.84 mm,场次降雨截留率分别为1.73%、1.09%和0.90%;(3)坡面径流特征与植被覆盖结构有关,试验条件下,与无覆盖有根系坡面相比,完整覆盖、地表覆盖、高层覆盖坡面流速分别降低66.69%、53.47%和19.21%,径流深降低66.70%、51.17%、39.38%。植被垂直结构是影响坡面产流产沙的重要因素,仅用单一的覆盖指标难以充分反映植被对水沙的调控作用。研究成果对于定量评价不同植被覆盖结构的减水减沙作用有参考价值。
Using simulated rainfall experiment in the field,the effects of different vertical structures of natural remediation grass vegetation on sediment yield on slope were analyzed,including undisturbed vegetation cover,surface cover,vegetation cover above the surface and with root layer only without covers above.The experiment results showed that:(1) The characteristics were obviously different of runoff and sediment yield from different coverage structures on slope. Taking the slope with root layer only without covers above as a contrast,the runoff reduction rates of undisturbed vegetation cover,surface cover and vegetation cover above the surface were 91.12%, 83.28% and 61.55%, and the sediment reduction rates were 98.71%,96.10% and 64.69%,respectively. The undisturbed vegetation cover has the stronger inhibitory effect on runoff and sediment yield.(2) Under 90 mm/h rainfall simulation conditions,3 kinds of vegetation cover structure including undisturbed vegetation cover,surface cover and vegetation cover above the surface could intercept rainfall of 1.85 mm,1.01 mm and 0.84 mm respectively,and the interception rates were 1.73%,1.09% and 0.90% in one simulated rainfall.(3) The characteristics of slope runoff were related to the structure of vegetation cover. Under the experimental conditions,compared with the slope with root layer only without covers above,the flow velocities on the slopes with undisturbed vegetation cover,surface cover and vegetation cover above the surface were decreased by 66.69%,53.47% and 19.21%,respectively,and the runoff depths were decreased by 66.70%,51.17% and 39.38%,respectively. Vertical structure of vegetation is an important factor to analyze the influence of vegetation on runoff and sediment yield on slopes.It is difficult to fully reflect the regulating effect of vegetation on water and sediment only using a single coverage index. The results provide conditions for quantifying the different vegetation cover structure of runoff and sediment reduction.
Using simulated rainfall experiment in the field,the effects of different vertical structures of natural remediation grass vegetation on sediment yield on slope were analyzed,including undisturbed vegetation cover,surface cover,vegetation cover above the surface and with root layer only without covers above.The experiment results showed that:(1) The characteristics were obviously different of runoff and sediment yield from different coverage structures on slope. Taking the slope with root layer only without covers above as a contrast,the runoff reduction rates of undisturbed vegetation cover,surface cover and vegetation cover above the surface were 91.12%, 83.28% and 61.55%, and the sediment reduction rates were 98.71%,96.10% and 64.69%,respectively. The undisturbed vegetation cover has the stronger inhibitory effect on runoff and sediment yield.(2) Under 90 mm/h rainfall simulation conditions,3 kinds of vegetation cover structure including undisturbed vegetation cover,surface cover and vegetation cover above the surface could intercept rainfall of 1.85 mm,1.01 mm and 0.84 mm respectively,and the interception rates were 1.73%,1.09% and 0.90% in one simulated rainfall.(3) The characteristics of slope runoff were related to the structure of vegetation cover. Under the experimental conditions,compared with the slope with root layer only without covers above,the flow velocities on the slopes with undisturbed vegetation cover,surface cover and vegetation cover above the surface were decreased by 66.69%,53.47% and 19.21%,respectively,and the runoff depths were decreased by 66.70%,51.17% and 39.38%,respectively. Vertical structure of vegetation is an important factor to analyze the influence of vegetation on runoff and sediment yield on slopes.It is difficult to fully reflect the regulating effect of vegetation on water and sediment only using a single coverage index. The results provide conditions for quantifying the different vegetation cover structure of runoff and sediment reduction.
引文
[1]苗连朋，温仲明，张莉.植被变化与水沙响应关系研究—以延河流域为例[J].干旱区资源与环境，2015,29(5):75-81.
[2]李鹏，崔文斌，郑良勇，等.草本植被覆盖结构对径流侵蚀动力的作用机制[J].中国水土保持科学，2006,4(1):55-59.
[3]杨春霞，李永丽，李莉，等.自然修复草被对坡面径流的阻滞作用研究[J].人民黄河，2014,36(8):94-96.
[4]胡春宏，张晓明.论黄河水沙变化趋势预测研究的若干问题[J].水利学报，2018,49(9):1028-1039.
[5]姚文艺，冉大川，陈江南.黄河流域近期水沙变化及其趋势预测[J].水科学进展，2013,24(5):607-616.
[6]綦俊谕，蔡强国，蔡乐，等.岔巴沟、大理河与无定河水土保持减水减沙作用的尺度效应[J].地理科学进展，2011,30(1):95-102.
[7]朱冰冰，李占斌，李鹏，等.草本植被覆盖对坡面降雨径流侵蚀影响的试验研究[J].土壤学报，2010,47(3):401-407.
[8]张琪琳，王占礼，王栋栋，等.黄土高原草地植被对土壤侵蚀影响研究进展[J].地球科学进展，2017,32(10):1093-1101.
[9]张晓艳，周正朝.黄土高原地区草地植被调控水蚀机理的研究进展[J].草业科学，2015,32(1):64-70.
[10]于国强，李占斌，李鹏，等.不同植被类型的坡面径流侵蚀产沙试验研究[J].水科学进展，2010,21(5):593-599.
[11]张光辉.退耕驱动的近地表特性变化对土壤侵蚀的潜在影响[J].中国水土保持科学，2017,15(4):143-154.
[12]肖培青，李艳霞，苏广旭，等.植被坡面产流特征及其侵蚀动力研究进展[J].人民黄河，2016(10):115-118.
[13]朱智勇，解建仓，李占斌，等.坡面径流侵蚀产沙机理试验研究[J].水土保持学报，2011,25(5):1-7.
[14]召青，张卫强，殷祚云，等.四种人工林枯落物持水特性[J].广西林业科技，2012,28(4):5-10.
[15]赵春红，高建恩，王飞，等.阻力形式对坡面流流速修正系数的影响[J].农业机械学报，2013,44(10):130-135.
[16]肖培青，姚文艺，申震洲，等.苜蓿草地侵蚀产沙过程及其水动力学机理试验研究[J].水利学报，2011,42(2):232-237.
[17]潘成忠，上官周平.牧草对坡面侵蚀动力参数的影响[J].水利学报，2005,36(3):371-377.
[18]肖培青，姚文艺，王昌高.灌木减流减沙效应及其水力学机理试验研究[J].泥沙研究，2012(10):33-37.
[19]周祥，赵一鹤，张洪江，等.云南高原典型林分林下枯落物持水特征研究[J].生态环境学报，2011,20(2):248-252.
[20]刘文杰，张一平，刘玉洪，等.热带季节雨林和人工橡胶林林冠截留雾水的比较研究[J].生态学报，2003,23(11):2379-2386.
[21]樊才睿，李畅游，贾克力，等.不同放牧制度下呼伦湖流域草原植被冠层截留[J].生态学报，2015,35(14):4716-4724.
[22]王庆改，康跃虎，刘海军.冬小麦冠层截留及其消散过程[J].干旱地区农业研究，2005,23(1):3-8.
[23]苏远逸，李鹏，李占斌，等.坡面植被格局对坡沟系统能量调控及水沙响应关系的影响[J].水土保持学报，2017,31(5):32-39.
[24]易婷，张光辉，王兵，等.退耕草地近地表层特征对坡面流流速的影响[J].山地学报，2015,33(4):434-440.
[2]李鹏，崔文斌，郑良勇，等.草本植被覆盖结构对径流侵蚀动力的作用机制[J].中国水土保持科学，2006,4(1):55-59.
[3]杨春霞，李永丽，李莉，等.自然修复草被对坡面径流的阻滞作用研究[J].人民黄河，2014,36(8):94-96.
[4]胡春宏，张晓明.论黄河水沙变化趋势预测研究的若干问题[J].水利学报，2018,49(9):1028-1039.
[5]姚文艺，冉大川，陈江南.黄河流域近期水沙变化及其趋势预测[J].水科学进展，2013,24(5):607-616.
[6]綦俊谕，蔡强国，蔡乐，等.岔巴沟、大理河与无定河水土保持减水减沙作用的尺度效应[J].地理科学进展，2011,30(1):95-102.
[7]朱冰冰，李占斌，李鹏，等.草本植被覆盖对坡面降雨径流侵蚀影响的试验研究[J].土壤学报，2010,47(3):401-407.
[8]张琪琳，王占礼，王栋栋，等.黄土高原草地植被对土壤侵蚀影响研究进展[J].地球科学进展，2017,32(10):1093-1101.
[9]张晓艳，周正朝.黄土高原地区草地植被调控水蚀机理的研究进展[J].草业科学，2015,32(1):64-70.
[10]于国强，李占斌，李鹏，等.不同植被类型的坡面径流侵蚀产沙试验研究[J].水科学进展，2010,21(5):593-599.
[11]张光辉.退耕驱动的近地表特性变化对土壤侵蚀的潜在影响[J].中国水土保持科学，2017,15(4):143-154.
[12]肖培青，李艳霞，苏广旭，等.植被坡面产流特征及其侵蚀动力研究进展[J].人民黄河，2016(10):115-118.
[13]朱智勇，解建仓，李占斌，等.坡面径流侵蚀产沙机理试验研究[J].水土保持学报，2011,25(5):1-7.
[14]召青，张卫强，殷祚云，等.四种人工林枯落物持水特性[J].广西林业科技，2012,28(4):5-10.
[15]赵春红，高建恩，王飞，等.阻力形式对坡面流流速修正系数的影响[J].农业机械学报，2013,44(10):130-135.
[16]肖培青，姚文艺，申震洲，等.苜蓿草地侵蚀产沙过程及其水动力学机理试验研究[J].水利学报，2011,42(2):232-237.
[17]潘成忠，上官周平.牧草对坡面侵蚀动力参数的影响[J].水利学报，2005,36(3):371-377.
[18]肖培青，姚文艺，王昌高.灌木减流减沙效应及其水力学机理试验研究[J].泥沙研究，2012(10):33-37.
[19]周祥，赵一鹤，张洪江，等.云南高原典型林分林下枯落物持水特征研究[J].生态环境学报，2011,20(2):248-252.
[20]刘文杰，张一平，刘玉洪，等.热带季节雨林和人工橡胶林林冠截留雾水的比较研究[J].生态学报，2003,23(11):2379-2386.
[21]樊才睿，李畅游，贾克力，等.不同放牧制度下呼伦湖流域草原植被冠层截留[J].生态学报，2015,35(14):4716-4724.
[22]王庆改，康跃虎，刘海军.冬小麦冠层截留及其消散过程[J].干旱地区农业研究，2005,23(1):3-8.
[23]苏远逸，李鹏，李占斌，等.坡面植被格局对坡沟系统能量调控及水沙响应关系的影响[J].水土保持学报，2017,31(5):32-39.
[24]易婷，张光辉，王兵，等.退耕草地近地表层特征对坡面流流速的影响[J].山地学报，2015,33(4):434-440.
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