光催化/活性炭/纳滤组合工艺处理二级出水及对膜污染的控制
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摘要
污水的资源化与回用可作为城市和各类建筑的非传统水源,必须满足相关水质标准,其中有机物一直是广泛关注的重要指标.本文采用华北某市大型污水厂的二级出水,研究了二氧化钛光催化氧化(UV-TiO_2)和颗粒活性炭(GAC)技术对溶解性有机物的去除特性以及对纳滤(NF)的膜污染控制特性,构建了UV-TiO_2/GAC/NF组合工艺,评价了组合工艺的有机物去除效能和膜污染控制作用,解析了影响NF膜污染程度的有机物种类和相对分子质量分布特征.结果表明,UV-TiO_2和GAC技术均可不同程度地缓解NF膜的不可逆污染、降低膜通量衰减速率; UV-TiO_2/GAC联用的不可逆膜污染程度比单独UV-TiO_2或GAC技术分别降低了48. 7%或61. 4%.类蛋白质和类腐殖质等有机污染物是不可逆膜污染的主要组分;相对分子质量为小于3×10~3和30×10~3～100×10~3的有机物是造成纳滤膜通量下降的主要因素. UV-TiO_2/GAC/NF组合工艺的COD、DOC和UV_(254)去除率为45. 7%、74. 5%和89. 2%,出水中COD、DOC和UV_(254)等有机物指标均得到有效去除.研究成果为城市和各类建筑非传统水源的深度净化与多途径回用提供了技术支持.
For cities and various types of constructions,the recycling and reuse of wastewater can be an important and unconventional water source. However,water quality must meet relevant standards,especially with respect to organic matter. In this study,secondary effluents from a large sewage plant in a northern city in China were analyzed. The removal efficiencies for soluble organic matter and the characteristics of nanofiltration( NF) membrane fouling of UV-TiO_2 photocatalysis and GAC adsorption were studied,and a combined UV-TiO_2/GAC/NF process was developed. The removal of organic matter and the controlling effect of membrane fouling in the combined UV-TiO_2/GAC/NF process was evaluated. The types and molecular weights of organic matter,which influenced the degree of membrane fouling,were analyzed. The results indicated that both the UV-TiO_2 and GAC techniques can alleviate irreversible NF membrane fouling and reduce the attenuation rate of membrane flux to some extent. Compared to individual UV-TiO_2 or GAC processes,the degree of irreversible membrane fouling in the combined UV-TiO_2/GAC process was reduced by 48. 7% and 61. 4%,respectively.Protein-like and humus-like components were dominant in the irreversible membrane fouling,and organic components with relative molecular mass of less than 3 × 10~3 and between 30 × 10~3 and 100 × 10~3 were dominant in causing a decrease in NF membrane flux.Organic content was efficiently removed using UV-TiO_2/GAC/NF combined process,achieving a removal rate for COD,DOC,and UV_(254) of 45. 7%,74. 5%,and 89. 2%,respectively. This study provides technical support for the advanced treatment and multi-path reuse of unconventional water sources for cities and various types of constructions.
For cities and various types of constructions,the recycling and reuse of wastewater can be an important and unconventional water source. However,water quality must meet relevant standards,especially with respect to organic matter. In this study,secondary effluents from a large sewage plant in a northern city in China were analyzed. The removal efficiencies for soluble organic matter and the characteristics of nanofiltration( NF) membrane fouling of UV-TiO_2 photocatalysis and GAC adsorption were studied,and a combined UV-TiO_2/GAC/NF process was developed. The removal of organic matter and the controlling effect of membrane fouling in the combined UV-TiO_2/GAC/NF process was evaluated. The types and molecular weights of organic matter,which influenced the degree of membrane fouling,were analyzed. The results indicated that both the UV-TiO_2 and GAC techniques can alleviate irreversible NF membrane fouling and reduce the attenuation rate of membrane flux to some extent. Compared to individual UV-TiO_2 or GAC processes,the degree of irreversible membrane fouling in the combined UV-TiO_2/GAC process was reduced by 48. 7% and 61. 4%,respectively.Protein-like and humus-like components were dominant in the irreversible membrane fouling,and organic components with relative molecular mass of less than 3 × 10~3 and between 30 × 10~3 and 100 × 10~3 were dominant in causing a decrease in NF membrane flux.Organic content was efficiently removed using UV-TiO_2/GAC/NF combined process,achieving a removal rate for COD,DOC,and UV_(254) of 45. 7%,74. 5%,and 89. 2%,respectively. This study provides technical support for the advanced treatment and multi-path reuse of unconventional water sources for cities and various types of constructions.
引文
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[8]宁若,张永丽,张建,等.超滤-纳滤双膜工艺处理城市污水厂出水[J].四川大学学报(工程科学版),2013,45(S2):108-111.Wang N R,Zhang Y L,Zhang J,et al.Study on UF-NF for municipal wastewater advanced treatment[J].Journal of Sichuan University(Engineering Science Edition),2013,45(S2):108-111.
[9]Shanmuganathan S,Vigneswaran S,Nguyen T V,et al.Use of nanofiltration and reverse osmosis in reclaiming micro-filtered biologically treated sewage effluent for irrigation[J].Desalination,2015,364:119-125.
[10]Li K,Wang J X,Liu J B,et al.Advanced treatment of municipal wastewater by nanofiltration:operational optimization and membrane fouling analysis[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,2016,43:106-117.
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[12]李昆,王健行,魏源送.纳滤在水处理与回用中的应用现状与展望[J].环境科学学报,2016,36(8):2714-2729.Li K,Wang J X,Wei Y S.Application of nanofiltration in water treatment and water reclamation:Current status and future aspects[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2016,36(8):2714-2729.
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[14]Kappel C,Kemperman A J B,Temmink H,et al.Impacts of NFconcentrate recirculation on membrane performance in an integrated MBR and NF membrane process for wastewater treatment[J].Journal of Membrane Science,2014,453:359-368.
[15]张泉,郭曦,董文艺,等.预处理方式对纳滤工艺性能及膜污染影响研究[J].膜科学与技术,2014,34(1):82-86,90.Zhang Q,Guo X,Dong W Y,et al.Comparison of pretreatments on nanofiltration performance and membrane fouling[J].Membrane Science and Technology,2014,34(1):82-86,90.
[16]Shanmuganathan S,Johir M A H,Nguyen T V,et al.Experimental evaluation of microfiltration-granular activated carbon(MF-GAC)/nano filter hybrid system in high quality water reuse[J].Journal of Membrane Science,2015,476:1-9.
[17]王旭东,唐婧,王磊,等.纳米Ti O2光催化-超滤法处理模拟二级出水[J].环境工程学报,2016,10(4):1615-1620.Wang X D,Tang J,Wang L,et al.Treatment of simulated secondary effluent with a method of nano-TiO2photocatalysis and ultrafiltration membrane[J].Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering,2016,10(4):1615-1620.
[18]李一飞,王旭东,吴珂琦,等.Ti O2光催化预氧化对城市二级出水中溶解性有机物性状影响[J].水处理技术,2016,42(11):83-88.Li Y F,Wang X D,Wu K Q,et al.Effect of Ti O2photocatalytic pre oxidation on the dissolved organic matters characters in the secondary effluent of municipal wastewater[J].Technology of Water Treatment,2016,42(11):83-88.
[19]Li L S,Zhang P Y,Zhu W P,et al.Comparison of O3-BAC,UV/O3-BAC and Ti O2/UV/O3-BAC processes for removing organic pollutants in secondary effluents[J].Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A:Chemistry,2005,171(2):145-151.
[20]Schreiber B,Brinkmann T,Schmalz V,et al.Adsorption of dissolved organic matter onto activated carbon-the influence of temperature,absorption wavelength,and molecular size[J].Water Research,2005,39(15):3449-3456.
[21]Alvarez-Corena J R,Bergendahl J A,Hart F L.Advanced oxidation of five contaminants in water by UV/Ti O2:reaction kinetics and byproducts identification[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2016,181:544-551.
[22]贾陈忠,王焰新,张彩香.光催化氧化处理过程中渗滤液溶解性有机物组分的三维荧光光谱变化特征[J].分析化学,2012,40(11):1740-1746.Jia C Z,Wang Y X,Zhang C X.Variation characteristics of 3D-excition emission matrix fluorescence spectra of dissolved organic matter from landfill leachate during photocatalytic degradation[J].Chinese Journal of Analytical Chemistry,2012,40(11):1740-1746.
[23]陈健华,黄霞.纳滤膜过滤MBR出水的污染原因与清洗方法[J].环境科学,2008,29(9):2481-2487.Chen J H,Huang X.Fouling reasons and cleaning methods of nanofiltration membrane filtrated with the effluent of membrane bioreactor[J].Environmental Science,2008,29(9):2481-2487.
[24]Coble P G.Characterization of marine and terrestrial DOM in seawater using excitation-emission matrix spectroscopy[J].Marine Chemistry,1996,51(4):325-346.
[25]张立卿,王磊,王旭东,等.城市污水二级出水有机物分子量分布和亲疏水特性对纳滤膜污染的影响[J].环境科学学报,2009,29(1):75-80.Zhang L Q,Wang L,Wang X D,et al.Effect of molecular weight distribution and hydrophobicity of wastewater effluent organic matter(EfOM)on nanofiltration membrane fouling[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2009,29(1):75-80.
[26]Bowen W R,Mohammad A W,Hilal N.Characterisation of nanofiltration membranes for predictive purposes-use of salts,uncharged solutes and atomic force microscopy[J].Journal of Membrane Science,1997,126(1):91-105.
[2]徐婷,李勇,朱怡嘉,等.以膜分离为主的物化法对城市污水中污染因子的去除特性分析[J].环境科学,2019,40(3):1353-1359.Xu T,Li Y,Zhu Y J,et al.Assessing performance of pollutant removal from municipal wastewater by physical and chemical methods based on membranes[J].Environmental Science,2019,40(3):1353-1359.
[3]侯瑞,金鑫,金鹏康,等.臭氧-混凝耦合工艺污水深度处理特性及其机制[J].环境科学,2017,38(2):640-646.Hou R,Jin X,Jin P K,et al.Characteristics and mechanism of hybrid ozonation-coagulation process in wastewater reclamation[J].Environmental Science,2017,38(2):640-646.
[4]Jin P K,Jin X,Bjerkelund V A,et al.A study on the reactivity characteristics of dissolved effluent organic matter(EfOM)from municipal wastewater treatment plant during ozonation[J].Water Research,2016,88:643-652.
[5]Gong H,Jin Z Y,Wang X,et al.Membrane fouling controlled by coagulation/adsorption during direct sewage membrane filtration(DSMF)for organic matter concentration[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,2015,32:1-7.
[6]魏源送,王健行,岳增刚,等.纳滤膜技术在废水深度处理中的膜污染及控制研究进展[J].环境科学学报,2017,37(1):1-10.Wei Y S,Wang J X,Yue Z G,et al.Fouling and control of nanofiltration membrane in the advanced treatment of wastewater:an overview[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2017,37(1):1-10.
[7]Sert G,Bunani S,Kabay N,et al.Investigation of mini pilot scale MBR-NF and MBR-RO integrated systems performancePreliminary field tests[J].Journal of Water Process Engineering,2016,12:72-77.
[8]宁若,张永丽,张建,等.超滤-纳滤双膜工艺处理城市污水厂出水[J].四川大学学报(工程科学版),2013,45(S2):108-111.Wang N R,Zhang Y L,Zhang J,et al.Study on UF-NF for municipal wastewater advanced treatment[J].Journal of Sichuan University(Engineering Science Edition),2013,45(S2):108-111.
[9]Shanmuganathan S,Vigneswaran S,Nguyen T V,et al.Use of nanofiltration and reverse osmosis in reclaiming micro-filtered biologically treated sewage effluent for irrigation[J].Desalination,2015,364:119-125.
[10]Li K,Wang J X,Liu J B,et al.Advanced treatment of municipal wastewater by nanofiltration:operational optimization and membrane fouling analysis[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,2016,43:106-117.
[11]Mohammad A W,Teow Y H,Ang W L,et al.Nanofiltration membranes review:recent advances and future prospects[J].Desalination,2015,356:226-254.
[12]李昆,王健行,魏源送.纳滤在水处理与回用中的应用现状与展望[J].环境科学学报,2016,36(8):2714-2729.Li K,Wang J X,Wei Y S.Application of nanofiltration in water treatment and water reclamation:Current status and future aspects[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2016,36(8):2714-2729.
[13]Tang C Y,Chong T H,Fane A G.Colloidal interactions and fouling of NF and RO membranes:a review.[J].Advances in Colloid and Interface Science,2011,164(1-2):126-143.
[14]Kappel C,Kemperman A J B,Temmink H,et al.Impacts of NFconcentrate recirculation on membrane performance in an integrated MBR and NF membrane process for wastewater treatment[J].Journal of Membrane Science,2014,453:359-368.
[15]张泉,郭曦,董文艺,等.预处理方式对纳滤工艺性能及膜污染影响研究[J].膜科学与技术,2014,34(1):82-86,90.Zhang Q,Guo X,Dong W Y,et al.Comparison of pretreatments on nanofiltration performance and membrane fouling[J].Membrane Science and Technology,2014,34(1):82-86,90.
[16]Shanmuganathan S,Johir M A H,Nguyen T V,et al.Experimental evaluation of microfiltration-granular activated carbon(MF-GAC)/nano filter hybrid system in high quality water reuse[J].Journal of Membrane Science,2015,476:1-9.
[17]王旭东,唐婧,王磊,等.纳米Ti O2光催化-超滤法处理模拟二级出水[J].环境工程学报,2016,10(4):1615-1620.Wang X D,Tang J,Wang L,et al.Treatment of simulated secondary effluent with a method of nano-TiO2photocatalysis and ultrafiltration membrane[J].Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering,2016,10(4):1615-1620.
[18]李一飞,王旭东,吴珂琦,等.Ti O2光催化预氧化对城市二级出水中溶解性有机物性状影响[J].水处理技术,2016,42(11):83-88.Li Y F,Wang X D,Wu K Q,et al.Effect of Ti O2photocatalytic pre oxidation on the dissolved organic matters characters in the secondary effluent of municipal wastewater[J].Technology of Water Treatment,2016,42(11):83-88.
[19]Li L S,Zhang P Y,Zhu W P,et al.Comparison of O3-BAC,UV/O3-BAC and Ti O2/UV/O3-BAC processes for removing organic pollutants in secondary effluents[J].Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A:Chemistry,2005,171(2):145-151.
[20]Schreiber B,Brinkmann T,Schmalz V,et al.Adsorption of dissolved organic matter onto activated carbon-the influence of temperature,absorption wavelength,and molecular size[J].Water Research,2005,39(15):3449-3456.
[21]Alvarez-Corena J R,Bergendahl J A,Hart F L.Advanced oxidation of five contaminants in water by UV/Ti O2:reaction kinetics and byproducts identification[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2016,181:544-551.
[22]贾陈忠,王焰新,张彩香.光催化氧化处理过程中渗滤液溶解性有机物组分的三维荧光光谱变化特征[J].分析化学,2012,40(11):1740-1746.Jia C Z,Wang Y X,Zhang C X.Variation characteristics of 3D-excition emission matrix fluorescence spectra of dissolved organic matter from landfill leachate during photocatalytic degradation[J].Chinese Journal of Analytical Chemistry,2012,40(11):1740-1746.
[23]陈健华,黄霞.纳滤膜过滤MBR出水的污染原因与清洗方法[J].环境科学,2008,29(9):2481-2487.Chen J H,Huang X.Fouling reasons and cleaning methods of nanofiltration membrane filtrated with the effluent of membrane bioreactor[J].Environmental Science,2008,29(9):2481-2487.
[24]Coble P G.Characterization of marine and terrestrial DOM in seawater using excitation-emission matrix spectroscopy[J].Marine Chemistry,1996,51(4):325-346.
[25]张立卿,王磊,王旭东,等.城市污水二级出水有机物分子量分布和亲疏水特性对纳滤膜污染的影响[J].环境科学学报,2009,29(1):75-80.Zhang L Q,Wang L,Wang X D,et al.Effect of molecular weight distribution and hydrophobicity of wastewater effluent organic matter(EfOM)on nanofiltration membrane fouling[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2009,29(1):75-80.
[26]Bowen W R,Mohammad A W,Hilal N.Characterisation of nanofiltration membranes for predictive purposes-use of salts,uncharged solutes and atomic force microscopy[J].Journal of Membrane Science,1997,126(1):91-105.
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