厦门海域尿素的时空分布特征及其影响因素
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摘要
2016年8月(夏季)、10月(秋季)和2017年1月(冬季)、5月(春季)于厦门海域开展的4次水质调查,探讨了该海域尿素的时空分布特征及其环境影响因素。结果表明:厦门海域表层尿素态氮平均含量表现为夏季>春季>秋季>冬季,其值分别为3. 06±1. 09、2. 64±0. 82、2. 30±1. 43、1. 67±0. 79μmol/dm~3。底层尿素态氮平均含量表现为春季>夏季>秋季>冬季,其值分别为3. 13±0. 95、2. 70±1. 25、1. 65±0. 80、1. 56±0. 88μmol/dm~3。厦门海域尿素分布总体呈现出河口、内湾高于外部海域的分布格局;由厦门海域尿素含量的时空分布特征及其与环境要素相关性分析结果表明,厦门海域尿素的时空分布不仅受陆地径流输入和陆源排污的影响,还有可能受到海水养殖、海洋生物活动以及潮流的影响,这些影响因素共同调控着厦门海域尿素的时空分布格局。在春季,尿素是厦门海域可利用氮源的重要组成成分,尤其是在大嶝海域。
Temporal and spatial distribution of urea with impacting factors was studied based on 4 seasonal investigations on the water quality of Xiamen sea area in August and October of 2016,and in January and May of 2017. The results show that the Urea-N concentration in surface water can be ordered in sequence of summer,spring,autumn and winter with average values 3. 06 ± 1. 09,2. 64 ± 0. 82,2. 30 ± 1. 43 and 1. 67 ± 0. 79 μmol/dm~3,respectively. The Urea-N concentration in bottom water layer is ordered in sequence of spring,summer,autumn and winter with average values 3. 13 ± 0. 95,2. 70 ± 1. 25,1. 65 ± 0. 80 and 1. 56 ± 0. 88 μmol/dm~3,respectively. Higher concentration of Urea-N was mostly located in the river mouth,the west waters of Xiamen and Tongan Bay in contrast to the lower concentration in nearby open sea areas. The results of correlation analysis based on spatial and temporal distribution feature of urea and its environmental factors in Xiamen sea area show that the distribution of urea is affected not only by runoff input and sewage discharge,but also by mariculture,marine biological activities and tidal currents. These factors jointly regulate the pattern of spatial and temporal distribution of the urea in the sea. In spring,urea is an important component of the available nitrogen source,especially in Dadeng sea area of Xiamen.
Temporal and spatial distribution of urea with impacting factors was studied based on 4 seasonal investigations on the water quality of Xiamen sea area in August and October of 2016,and in January and May of 2017. The results show that the Urea-N concentration in surface water can be ordered in sequence of summer,spring,autumn and winter with average values 3. 06 ± 1. 09,2. 64 ± 0. 82,2. 30 ± 1. 43 and 1. 67 ± 0. 79 μmol/dm~3,respectively. The Urea-N concentration in bottom water layer is ordered in sequence of spring,summer,autumn and winter with average values 3. 13 ± 0. 95,2. 70 ± 1. 25,1. 65 ± 0. 80 and 1. 56 ± 0. 88 μmol/dm~3,respectively. Higher concentration of Urea-N was mostly located in the river mouth,the west waters of Xiamen and Tongan Bay in contrast to the lower concentration in nearby open sea areas. The results of correlation analysis based on spatial and temporal distribution feature of urea and its environmental factors in Xiamen sea area show that the distribution of urea is affected not only by runoff input and sewage discharge,but also by mariculture,marine biological activities and tidal currents. These factors jointly regulate the pattern of spatial and temporal distribution of the urea in the sea. In spring,urea is an important component of the available nitrogen source,especially in Dadeng sea area of Xiamen.
引文
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[21]于仁成,张清春,孔凡洲,等.长江口及其邻近海域有害藻华的发生情况、危害效应与演变趋势[J].海洋与湖沼,2017,48(6):1 178-1 186.
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[26]李青生,蒋金龙,王翠,等.厦门湾海域主要水环境污染物空间分异特征[J].海洋环境科学,2014,33(3):372-377.
[27]高山,陈伟琪,陈祖峰.厦门海域氮、磷的主要来源分析及其控制措施[J].厦门大学学报(自然科学版),2006,45:286-291.
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[29]阮新艳,秦学秋.牡蛎养殖技术[J].闽东农业科技,1998(4):60-62.
[30]李华琳.太平洋牡蛎养殖技术[J].生物学通报,2006,41(4):50-51.
[31]徐继荣,王友绍,孙松.海岸带地区的固氮、氨化、硝化与反硝化特征[J].生态学报,2004,24(12):2 907-2 914.
[32]陈小红.九龙江口-厦门湾口及其邻近海域水文特征的研究[D].厦门:厦门大学,2011:33-46.
[33]黎慧,万夕和,王李宝,等.条子泥围垦海域氮磷分布及富营养化评价[J].江苏农业科学,2015,43(8):370-373.
[34]黄爽,石晓勇,张传松,等. 2010年春季杭州湾邻近海域尿素含量及平面分布[J].海洋环境科学,2012,31(1):58-61.
[35]王雪景,石晓勇,赵玉庭,等. 2011年春季东海赤潮高发区尿素分布特征及影响因素[J].海洋学报,2015,37(2):65-74.
[36]李志林,石晓勇,张传松.春季黄渤海海水中尿素分布特征及溶解态氮的组成[J].环境科学,2015,36(11):3 999-4 004.
[37]黄凯旋,张云,欧林坚,等.春季海南岛近岸海域尿素与浮游生物的脲酶活性[J].生态学报,2013,33(15):4 575-4 582.
[38]姜聪聪,杨南南,王伟,等.胶州湾不同季节尿素分布特征和来源探讨[J].环境化学,2014,33(12):2 162-2 168.
[39]张云,黄凯旋,欧林坚,等.大亚湾海域尿素与浮游生物脲酶活性研究[J].热带海洋学报,2014,33(1):90-96.
[40] GILBERT P M,HEIL C A,HOLLANDER D,et al. Evidence for dissolved organic nitrogen and phosphorus uptake during a cyanobacterial bloom in Florida Bay[J]. Marine Ecology Progress,2004,280(1):73-83.
[41] JORGENSEN N O G,TRANVIK L J,BERG G M. Occurrence and bacterial cycling of dissolved nitrogen in the Gulf of Riga,the Baltic Sea[J]. Marine Ecology Progress,2007,191(3):1-18.
[42] COZZO S,MISTARO A,SPARNOCCHIA S,et al. Anthropogenic loads and biogeochemical role of urea in the Gulf of Trieste[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2014,493:271-281.
[43] GILBERT P M,TRICE T M,MICHAEL B,et al. Urea in the tributaries of the Chesapeake and Coastal Bays of Maryland[J].Water Air&Soil Pollution,2005,160:229-243.
[44] GILBERT P M,TERLIZZI D E. Cooccurrence of elevated urea levels and dinoflagellate blooms in temperate estuarine aquaculture ponds[J]. Applied&Environmental Microbiology,1999,65(12):5 594.
[45] COLLOS Y,VAQUER A,LAABIR M,et al. Contribution of several nitrogen sources to growth of Alexandrium catenella,during blooms in Thau lagoon,southern France[J]. Harmful Algae,2007,6(6):781-789.
[2] WALLACCE R B,BAUMANN H,GREAR J S,et al. Coastal ocean acidification:The other eutrophication problem[J]. Estuarine Coastal&Shelf Science,2014,148(5):1-13.
[3]陈能汪.全球变化下九龙江河流-河口系统营养盐循环过程、通量与效应[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,2018(1):23-31.
[4]陈宝红,陈长平,陈金民,等.厦门海域营养盐含量和比率变化及其对浮游植物群落的影响[J].应用海洋学学报,2012,31(2):246-253.
[5] PAERL H W. Assessing and managing nutrient-enhanced eutrophication in estuarine and coastal waters:Interactive effects of human and climatic perturbations[J]. Ecological Engineering,2006,26(1):40-54.
[6]厦门市海洋与渔业局. 2008—2017年厦门市海洋环境质量公报[Z].厦门:厦门市海洋与渔业局,2009—2018.
[7]王金花,唐洪杰,杨茹君,等.氮磷营养盐对中肋骨条藻生长及硝酸还原酶活性的影响[J].海洋科学,2008,32(12):64-68.
[8]徐环,张桂成,李悦悦,等.近海溶解有机氮对浮游植物生物可利用性研究进展[J].海洋湖沼通报,2016(4):59-67.
[9] MATANTSEVA O,SKARLATO S,VOGTS A,et al. Superposition of individual activities:Urea-mediated suppression of nitrate uptake in the dinoflagellate Prorocentrum minimum revealed at the population and single-cell levels[J]. Frontiers in Microbiology,2016,7:1 310.
[10] REMSEN C C. The distribution of Urea in coastal and oceanic waters[J]. Limnology&Oceanography,1971,16(5):732-740.
[11] GILBERT P M,GARSIDE C,FUHRMAN J A,et al. Time-dependent coupling of inorganic and organic nitrogen uptake and regeneration in the plume of the Chesapeake Bay estuary and its regulation by large heterotrophs[J]. Limnology&Oceanography,1991,36(5):895-909.
[12] HARRISON W G,HEAD E G H,CONOVER R J,et al. The distribution and metabolism of urea in the eastern Canadian Arctic[J]. Deep Sea Research Part A Oceanographic Research Papers,1985,32(1):23-42.
[13] KRZYSZTOF C. Influence of dissolved organic nitrogen on surface waters[J]. Oceanologia,2016,58(1):39-45.
[14] SOLOMON C M,COLLIER J L,BERG G M,et al. Role of urea in microbial metabolism in aquatic systems:a biochemical and molecular review[J]. Aquatic Microbial Ecology,2010,59(1):67-88.
[15]李志林,周艳蕾,王雪景,等.尿素对中肋骨条藻与米氏凯伦藻生长的影响[J].生态学报,2017,37(9):3 193-3 200.
[16] GRUBER N,GALLOWAY J N. An earth-system perspective of the global nitrogen cycle[J]. Nature,2008,451(7 176):293.
[17] REVILLA M,ALEXANDER J,GILBERT P M. Urea analysis in coastal waters:comparison of enzymatic and direct methods[J]. Limnology&Oceanography Methods,2005,3(7):290-299.
[18] CONNELLY T L,BAER S E,COOPER J T,et al. Urea uptake and carbon fixation by marine pelagic bacteria and archaea during the Arctic summer and winter seasons[J]. Applied&Environmental Microbiology,2014,80(19):13-22.
[19] BERG G M,GILBERT P M,JORGENSEN N O G,et al. Variability in inorganic and organic nitrogen uptake associated with riverine nutrient input in the Gulf of Riga,Baltic Sea[J]. Estuaries,2001,24(2):204-214.
[20]苏莹,姜聪聪,石晓勇,等.春季东海赤潮高发区尿素的断面分布及影响因素[J].海洋环境科学,2015,34(2):171-175.
[21]于仁成,张清春,孔凡洲,等.长江口及其邻近海域有害藻华的发生情况、危害效应与演变趋势[J].海洋与湖沼,2017,48(6):1 178-1 186.
[22]国家海洋局.海洋调查规范第2部分:海洋水文观测:GB/T 12763. 2—2007[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2007.
[23]国家海洋局.海洋监测规范第3部分:样品采集、贮存与运输:GB 17378. 3—2007[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2007.
[24]国家海洋局.海洋调查规范第4部分:海水化学要素调查:GB/T 12763. 2—2007[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2007.
[25]薛东辉.厦门海域防控陆源污染的实践与经验[J].环境科学与管理,2007,32(7):39-42.
[26]李青生,蒋金龙,王翠,等.厦门湾海域主要水环境污染物空间分异特征[J].海洋环境科学,2014,33(3):372-377.
[27]高山,陈伟琪,陈祖峰.厦门海域氮、磷的主要来源分析及其控制措施[J].厦门大学学报(自然科学版),2006,45:286-291.
[28]厦门市气象局. 2016年厦门市气候公报[Z].厦门:厦门市气象局,2016.
[29]阮新艳,秦学秋.牡蛎养殖技术[J].闽东农业科技,1998(4):60-62.
[30]李华琳.太平洋牡蛎养殖技术[J].生物学通报,2006,41(4):50-51.
[31]徐继荣,王友绍,孙松.海岸带地区的固氮、氨化、硝化与反硝化特征[J].生态学报,2004,24(12):2 907-2 914.
[32]陈小红.九龙江口-厦门湾口及其邻近海域水文特征的研究[D].厦门:厦门大学,2011:33-46.
[33]黎慧,万夕和,王李宝,等.条子泥围垦海域氮磷分布及富营养化评价[J].江苏农业科学,2015,43(8):370-373.
[34]黄爽,石晓勇,张传松,等. 2010年春季杭州湾邻近海域尿素含量及平面分布[J].海洋环境科学,2012,31(1):58-61.
[35]王雪景,石晓勇,赵玉庭,等. 2011年春季东海赤潮高发区尿素分布特征及影响因素[J].海洋学报,2015,37(2):65-74.
[36]李志林,石晓勇,张传松.春季黄渤海海水中尿素分布特征及溶解态氮的组成[J].环境科学,2015,36(11):3 999-4 004.
[37]黄凯旋,张云,欧林坚,等.春季海南岛近岸海域尿素与浮游生物的脲酶活性[J].生态学报,2013,33(15):4 575-4 582.
[38]姜聪聪,杨南南,王伟,等.胶州湾不同季节尿素分布特征和来源探讨[J].环境化学,2014,33(12):2 162-2 168.
[39]张云,黄凯旋,欧林坚,等.大亚湾海域尿素与浮游生物脲酶活性研究[J].热带海洋学报,2014,33(1):90-96.
[40] GILBERT P M,HEIL C A,HOLLANDER D,et al. Evidence for dissolved organic nitrogen and phosphorus uptake during a cyanobacterial bloom in Florida Bay[J]. Marine Ecology Progress,2004,280(1):73-83.
[41] JORGENSEN N O G,TRANVIK L J,BERG G M. Occurrence and bacterial cycling of dissolved nitrogen in the Gulf of Riga,the Baltic Sea[J]. Marine Ecology Progress,2007,191(3):1-18.
[42] COZZO S,MISTARO A,SPARNOCCHIA S,et al. Anthropogenic loads and biogeochemical role of urea in the Gulf of Trieste[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2014,493:271-281.
[43] GILBERT P M,TRICE T M,MICHAEL B,et al. Urea in the tributaries of the Chesapeake and Coastal Bays of Maryland[J].Water Air&Soil Pollution,2005,160:229-243.
[44] GILBERT P M,TERLIZZI D E. Cooccurrence of elevated urea levels and dinoflagellate blooms in temperate estuarine aquaculture ponds[J]. Applied&Environmental Microbiology,1999,65(12):5 594.
[45] COLLOS Y,VAQUER A,LAABIR M,et al. Contribution of several nitrogen sources to growth of Alexandrium catenella,during blooms in Thau lagoon,southern France[J]. Harmful Algae,2007,6(6):781-789.
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