面向大气环境影响的城市景观分类系统——以北京为例
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摘要
研究城市景观格局的大气环境影响必须建立在科学、实用的景观分类系统基础上,目前尚没有普适性的景观分类体系,针对大气环境影响的景观分类的详细探讨更是缺乏。本文借鉴景观分类理论和气象学下垫面分类方法,从城市景观的自然属性和物理结构特点出发,提出一种面向大气环境影响的景观分类系统,即采用景观类、景观亚类和景观型三级分类体系,以土地利用和城市地表参数为划分指标依据的分类系统。在此基础上,以城市化发展对大气环境影响较为明显的北京为例,采用3S技术进行景观制图,并以此为基础分析北京市景观格局对区域大气环境的潜在影响。结果表明:1级景观类中,受人为干扰的景观类型面积处于较高水平; 2级景观亚类中,林地景观面积最大,占比54.73%,城镇景观面积占比15.09%; 3级景观型中,C7类景观是城镇景观亚类的"基质",C3、C2和C6类景观在城镇景观亚类中占比均不足0.1%,说明高地表粗糙度类型的景观在北京主城区域尚分布稀少,对大气的流通性有利。该分类系统能够反映实际存在的对大气环境产生影响的各种景观类型的特点,有助于深化对城市景观格局的大气环境效应规律的认识,可为城市规划和大气环境治理提供参考。
Scientific landscape classification system is a precondition requirement in research on atmospheric environment impacts of urban landscape pattern. However,there is no universal landscape classification system,especially lacking a landscape classification system under influences of atmospheric environment. After reviewing theories in landscape classification and methods in surface classification in meteorology,we proposed a landscape classification system oriented for the influence of atmospheric environment according to the nature of urban landscape and the characteristics of physical composition,which is a three-layer system consisting of landscape class,landscape sub-class and landscape type,using land use types and urban land surface parameters as classification criteria. Then,a case study was carried out in Beijing where urban expanding has significant influence on atmospheric environment. We analyzed potential impacts of urban landscape pattern on regional atmosphere through the landscape classification map produced by 3S technology. The results showed that landscape affected by human activities was in relatively high level among the first landscape classes. In second landscape sub-classes,woodland contributed the largest part( 54.73%),while cities and towns contributed 15.09%. Among third landscape types,C7 was the matrix of cities and towns,and C3,C2 and C6 held percent less than 0.1% respectively,which implied that landscape with high surface roughness was still rare and helpful for atmospheric ventilation. The proposed classification system could reflect actual features of all kinds of landscape classes that produced impacts on atmospheric environment,which was helpful for understanding the effects of urban landscape on atmospheric environment and providing suggestions for urban planning and atmospheric management.
Scientific landscape classification system is a precondition requirement in research on atmospheric environment impacts of urban landscape pattern. However,there is no universal landscape classification system,especially lacking a landscape classification system under influences of atmospheric environment. After reviewing theories in landscape classification and methods in surface classification in meteorology,we proposed a landscape classification system oriented for the influence of atmospheric environment according to the nature of urban landscape and the characteristics of physical composition,which is a three-layer system consisting of landscape class,landscape sub-class and landscape type,using land use types and urban land surface parameters as classification criteria. Then,a case study was carried out in Beijing where urban expanding has significant influence on atmospheric environment. We analyzed potential impacts of urban landscape pattern on regional atmosphere through the landscape classification map produced by 3S technology. The results showed that landscape affected by human activities was in relatively high level among the first landscape classes. In second landscape sub-classes,woodland contributed the largest part( 54.73%),while cities and towns contributed 15.09%. Among third landscape types,C7 was the matrix of cities and towns,and C3,C2 and C6 held percent less than 0.1% respectively,which implied that landscape with high surface roughness was still rare and helpful for atmospheric ventilation. The proposed classification system could reflect actual features of all kinds of landscape classes that produced impacts on atmospheric environment,which was helpful for understanding the effects of urban landscape on atmospheric environment and providing suggestions for urban planning and atmospheric management.
引文
陈博.2016.北京地区典型城市绿地对PM2.5等颗粒物浓度及化学组成影响研究(博士学位论文).北京:北京林业大学.
傅伯杰,陈立顶,马克明,等.2011.景观生态学原理及应用.北京:科学出版社.
韩荡.2003.城市景观生态分类---以深圳市为例.城市环境与城市生态,16(2):50-52.
李振鹏,刘黎明,谢花林.2005.乡村景观分类的方法探析---以北京市海淀区白家疃村为例.资源科学,27(2):167-173.
李振鹏,刘黎明,张虹波,等.2004.景观生态分类的研究现状及其发展趋势.生态学杂志,23(4):150-156.
梁发超,刘黎明.2011.景观分类的研究进展与发展趋势.应用生态学报,22(6):1632-1638.
卢浩东,潘剑君,付传城,等.2014.面向土系调查制图的小尺度区域景观分类---以宁镇丘陵区中一小区域为例.生态学报,34(9):2356-2366.
蒙伟光,张艳霞,李江南,等.2010.WRF/UCM在广州高温天气及城市热岛模拟研究中的应用.热带气象学报,26(3):273-282.
苗世光,孙桂平,马艳,等.2009.青岛奥帆赛高分辨率数值模式系统研制与应用.应用气象学报,20(3):370-379.
潘涛,张弛,杜国明,等.2017.城乡不透水面增长格局及地表温度的响应特征研究.地球信息科学学报,19(1):134-142.
钱雨果,周伟奇,李伟峰,等.2015.基于类型和要素的城市多等级景观分类方法.生态学报,35(15):5207-5214.
师庆东,王智,贺龙梅,等.2014.基于气候、地貌、生态系统的景观分类体系---以新疆地区为例.生态学报,34(12):3359-3367.
苏静霞,邓莉兰,胥辉.2006.乌鲁木齐城市景观分类与特点分析.西南林业大学学报:自然科学,26(1):27-30.
邬建国.2007.景观生态学:格局、过程尺度与等级.北京:高等教育出版社.
肖笃宁,钟林生.1998.景观分类与评价的生态原则.应用生态学报,9(2):217-221.
张惠远,饶胜,迟妍妍,等.2006.城市景观格局的大气环境效应研究进展.地球科学进展,21(10):1025-1032.
赵羿,李月辉.2001.实用景观生态学.北京:科学出版社.
周媛,初亚奇,石铁矛,等.2016.基于CFD对沈阳不同绿地景观格局大气环境效应分析.沈阳建筑大学学报:自然科学版,32(3):529-537.
Acosta A,Carranza ML,Giancola M.2005.Landscape change and ecosystem classification in a municipal district of a small city(Isernia,Central Italy).Environmental Monitoring&Assessment,108:323-335.
Auer AHJ.1978.Correlation of land use and cover with meteorological anomalies.Journal of Applied Meteorology,17:636-643.
Avissar R.1996.Potential effects of vegetation on the urban thermal environment.Atmospheric Environment,30:437-448.
Cao Q,Yu D,Georgescu M,et al.2018.Impacts of future urban expansion on summer climate and heat-related human health in eastern China.Environment international,112:134-146.
Coops NC,Wulder MA,Iwanicka D.2009.An environmental domain classification of Canada using earth observation data for biodiversity assessment.Ecological Informatics,4:8-22.
Déjeant-Pons M.2006.The European landscape convention.Landscape Research,31:363-384.
Dumas E,Jappiot M,Tatoni T.2008.Mediterranean urban-forest interface classification(MUFIC):A quantitative method combining SPOT5 imagery and landscape ecology indices.Landscape&Urban Planning,84:183-190.
McAlpine C,Brearley G,Rhodes J,et al.2017.Time-delayed influence of urban landscape change on the susceptibility of koalas to chlamydiosis.Landscape Ecology,32:663-679.
Miao S,Chen F,Lemone MA,et al.2009.An Observational and Modeling Study of Characteristics of Urban Heat Island and Boundary Layer Structures in Beijing.Journal of Applied Meteorology&Climatology,48:484-501.
Oke T.2004.Urban Observations,Instruments and Methods of Observation Programme.Geneva:World Meteorological Organization,IOM Report.
Pielke RA,Avissar R.1990.Influence of landscape structure on local and regional climate.Landscape Ecology,4:133-155.
Powell RL,Roberts DA,Dennison PE,et al.2015.Sub-pixel mapping of urban land cover using multiple endmember spectral mixture analysis:Manaus,Brazil.Remote Sensing of Environment,106:253-267.
Pu R,Peng G,Michishita R,et al.2008.Spectral mixture analysis for mapping abundance of urban surface components from the Terra/ASTER data.Remote Sensing of Environment,112:939-954.
Ridd MK.1995.Exploring a V-I-S(vegetation-impervious surface-soil)model for urban ecosystem analysis through remote sensing:Comparative anatomy for cities.International Journal of Remote Sensing,16:2165-2185.
Saaroni H,Ziv B.2003.The impact of a small lake on heat stress in a Mediterranean urban park:the case of Tel Aviv,Israel.International journal of Biometeorology,47:156-165.
Scherer D,Fehrenbach U,Beha HD,et al.1999.Improved concepts and methods in analysis and evaluation of the urban climate for optimizing urban planning processes.Atmospheric Environment,33:4185-4193.
Stewart I,Oke T.2009.Classifying urban climate field sites by“local climate zones”:The case of Nagano,Japan//Manabu K,ed.Yokohama:Seventh International Conference on Urban Climate:29-35.
Strahler AH.1980.The use of prior probabilities in maximum likelihood classification of remotely sensed data.Remote Sensing of Environment,10:135-163.
傅伯杰,陈立顶,马克明,等.2011.景观生态学原理及应用.北京:科学出版社.
韩荡.2003.城市景观生态分类---以深圳市为例.城市环境与城市生态,16(2):50-52.
李振鹏,刘黎明,谢花林.2005.乡村景观分类的方法探析---以北京市海淀区白家疃村为例.资源科学,27(2):167-173.
李振鹏,刘黎明,张虹波,等.2004.景观生态分类的研究现状及其发展趋势.生态学杂志,23(4):150-156.
梁发超,刘黎明.2011.景观分类的研究进展与发展趋势.应用生态学报,22(6):1632-1638.
卢浩东,潘剑君,付传城,等.2014.面向土系调查制图的小尺度区域景观分类---以宁镇丘陵区中一小区域为例.生态学报,34(9):2356-2366.
蒙伟光,张艳霞,李江南,等.2010.WRF/UCM在广州高温天气及城市热岛模拟研究中的应用.热带气象学报,26(3):273-282.
苗世光,孙桂平,马艳,等.2009.青岛奥帆赛高分辨率数值模式系统研制与应用.应用气象学报,20(3):370-379.
潘涛,张弛,杜国明,等.2017.城乡不透水面增长格局及地表温度的响应特征研究.地球信息科学学报,19(1):134-142.
钱雨果,周伟奇,李伟峰,等.2015.基于类型和要素的城市多等级景观分类方法.生态学报,35(15):5207-5214.
师庆东,王智,贺龙梅,等.2014.基于气候、地貌、生态系统的景观分类体系---以新疆地区为例.生态学报,34(12):3359-3367.
苏静霞,邓莉兰,胥辉.2006.乌鲁木齐城市景观分类与特点分析.西南林业大学学报:自然科学,26(1):27-30.
邬建国.2007.景观生态学:格局、过程尺度与等级.北京:高等教育出版社.
肖笃宁,钟林生.1998.景观分类与评价的生态原则.应用生态学报,9(2):217-221.
张惠远,饶胜,迟妍妍,等.2006.城市景观格局的大气环境效应研究进展.地球科学进展,21(10):1025-1032.
赵羿,李月辉.2001.实用景观生态学.北京:科学出版社.
周媛,初亚奇,石铁矛,等.2016.基于CFD对沈阳不同绿地景观格局大气环境效应分析.沈阳建筑大学学报:自然科学版,32(3):529-537.
Acosta A,Carranza ML,Giancola M.2005.Landscape change and ecosystem classification in a municipal district of a small city(Isernia,Central Italy).Environmental Monitoring&Assessment,108:323-335.
Auer AHJ.1978.Correlation of land use and cover with meteorological anomalies.Journal of Applied Meteorology,17:636-643.
Avissar R.1996.Potential effects of vegetation on the urban thermal environment.Atmospheric Environment,30:437-448.
Cao Q,Yu D,Georgescu M,et al.2018.Impacts of future urban expansion on summer climate and heat-related human health in eastern China.Environment international,112:134-146.
Coops NC,Wulder MA,Iwanicka D.2009.An environmental domain classification of Canada using earth observation data for biodiversity assessment.Ecological Informatics,4:8-22.
Déjeant-Pons M.2006.The European landscape convention.Landscape Research,31:363-384.
Dumas E,Jappiot M,Tatoni T.2008.Mediterranean urban-forest interface classification(MUFIC):A quantitative method combining SPOT5 imagery and landscape ecology indices.Landscape&Urban Planning,84:183-190.
McAlpine C,Brearley G,Rhodes J,et al.2017.Time-delayed influence of urban landscape change on the susceptibility of koalas to chlamydiosis.Landscape Ecology,32:663-679.
Miao S,Chen F,Lemone MA,et al.2009.An Observational and Modeling Study of Characteristics of Urban Heat Island and Boundary Layer Structures in Beijing.Journal of Applied Meteorology&Climatology,48:484-501.
Oke T.2004.Urban Observations,Instruments and Methods of Observation Programme.Geneva:World Meteorological Organization,IOM Report.
Pielke RA,Avissar R.1990.Influence of landscape structure on local and regional climate.Landscape Ecology,4:133-155.
Powell RL,Roberts DA,Dennison PE,et al.2015.Sub-pixel mapping of urban land cover using multiple endmember spectral mixture analysis:Manaus,Brazil.Remote Sensing of Environment,106:253-267.
Pu R,Peng G,Michishita R,et al.2008.Spectral mixture analysis for mapping abundance of urban surface components from the Terra/ASTER data.Remote Sensing of Environment,112:939-954.
Ridd MK.1995.Exploring a V-I-S(vegetation-impervious surface-soil)model for urban ecosystem analysis through remote sensing:Comparative anatomy for cities.International Journal of Remote Sensing,16:2165-2185.
Saaroni H,Ziv B.2003.The impact of a small lake on heat stress in a Mediterranean urban park:the case of Tel Aviv,Israel.International journal of Biometeorology,47:156-165.
Scherer D,Fehrenbach U,Beha HD,et al.1999.Improved concepts and methods in analysis and evaluation of the urban climate for optimizing urban planning processes.Atmospheric Environment,33:4185-4193.
Stewart I,Oke T.2009.Classifying urban climate field sites by“local climate zones”:The case of Nagano,Japan//Manabu K,ed.Yokohama:Seventh International Conference on Urban Climate:29-35.
Strahler AH.1980.The use of prior probabilities in maximum likelihood classification of remotely sensed data.Remote Sensing of Environment,10:135-163.
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