长江经济带环境规制效率时序变化及影响因素研究
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摘要
环境规制效率是影响环境治理效果的关键因素。文章基于长江经济带104个城市2003-2015年市级面板数据,对长江经济带城市环境规制效率、时空特征及区域差异进行分析,采用系统广义矩估计方法实证研究了环境规制效率的影响因素,研究表明:(1)长江下游城市环境规制效率最高,中游城市次之,上游城市最低,其中江苏省城市环境规制效率总体较高;(2)宿迁、丽水、黄山、亳州、永州、怀化、遂宁、南充、巴中、昆明、玉溪和保山等城市环境规制效率略有下降之外,其他城市环境规制效率均不断提高,安顺、广安、吉安、泸州等长江上中游地区环境规制效率提升最快;(3)基于变异系数的区域差异分析表明,长江经济带城市环境规制效率的变异系数不断降低,总体呈现出"逐顶竞争"特征;(4)影响因素研究表明,经济增长、财政分权、产业结构和城镇化是影响长江经济带环境规制效率的重要因素,经济增长和财政分权降低了环境规制效率,产业结构、城镇化有利于提高环境规制效率,改革"唯GDP论英雄"的考核机制是关键。
Environmental regulation efficiency is a relative factor that influences the effect of environmental governance.Bsed on the municipal panel data of 104 cities form 2003 to 2015 along Yangtze River Economic Zone,the author carried out analysis of the Yangtze River Economic Belt city environmental regulation efficiency,temporal characteristics and regional differences,influence factors and empirical research on environmental regulation efficiency by using generalized method of moments system.The research shows that,firstly,the environmental regulation efficiency is the highest in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River,followed by the middle reaches of the cities and the lowest in the upstream cities.Among them,the urban environment regulation efficiency of the long river system origin(Jiangsu) is generally higher.Secondly,in cities like Suqian,Lishui,Mount Huangshan,the efficiency of Bozhou,Yongzhou,Huaihua,Suining, Nanchong, Bazhong,Kunming,Yuxi and Baoshan, city environmental regulation declined slightly,other city environmental regulation efficiency is improved.Among them in Anshun,Guang′an,Ji′an,Luzhou and other upper and middle reaches of the Yangtze River region, environmental regulation efficiency is the fastest.Thirdly,the regional variation analysis of the coefficient of variation shows that the coefficient of variation of urban environmental regulation efficiency in the Yangtze River Economic Zone has been decreasing, showing a "top by top competition" feature.Fourthly,the study of the impact factors shows that economic growth,fiscal decentralization,industrial structure and urbanization are important factors that affect the efficiency of environmental regulation in the Yangtze River Economic zone.Economic growth and fiscal decentralization reduce the efficiency of environmental regulation,industrial structure and urbanization are conducive to improving the efficiency of environmental regulation,and the reform of the "GDP only theory" is the key.
Environmental regulation efficiency is a relative factor that influences the effect of environmental governance.Bsed on the municipal panel data of 104 cities form 2003 to 2015 along Yangtze River Economic Zone,the author carried out analysis of the Yangtze River Economic Belt city environmental regulation efficiency,temporal characteristics and regional differences,influence factors and empirical research on environmental regulation efficiency by using generalized method of moments system.The research shows that,firstly,the environmental regulation efficiency is the highest in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River,followed by the middle reaches of the cities and the lowest in the upstream cities.Among them,the urban environment regulation efficiency of the long river system origin(Jiangsu) is generally higher.Secondly,in cities like Suqian,Lishui,Mount Huangshan,the efficiency of Bozhou,Yongzhou,Huaihua,Suining, Nanchong, Bazhong,Kunming,Yuxi and Baoshan, city environmental regulation declined slightly,other city environmental regulation efficiency is improved.Among them in Anshun,Guang′an,Ji′an,Luzhou and other upper and middle reaches of the Yangtze River region, environmental regulation efficiency is the fastest.Thirdly,the regional variation analysis of the coefficient of variation shows that the coefficient of variation of urban environmental regulation efficiency in the Yangtze River Economic Zone has been decreasing, showing a "top by top competition" feature.Fourthly,the study of the impact factors shows that economic growth,fiscal decentralization,industrial structure and urbanization are important factors that affect the efficiency of environmental regulation in the Yangtze River Economic zone.Economic growth and fiscal decentralization reduce the efficiency of environmental regulation,industrial structure and urbanization are conducive to improving the efficiency of environmental regulation,and the reform of the "GDP only theory" is the key.
引文
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[13] 程钰,任建兰,陈延斌,徐成龙.中国环境规制效率空间格局动态演变及其驱动机制[J].地理研究,2016(1):58-70.
[14] 黄国华,刘传江,赵晓梦.长江经济带碳排放现状及未来碳减排[J].长江流域资源与环境,2016(4):638-644.
[15] 李玲,陶锋.中国制造业最优环境规制强度的选择——基于绿色全要素生产率的视角[J].中国工业经济,2012(5):70-82.
[16] 李永友,沈坤荣.我国污染控制政策的减排效果——基于省际工业污染数据的实证分析[J].管理世界,2008(7):7-17.
[17] 汪克亮,孟祥瑞,程云鹤.环境压力视角下区域生态效率测度及收敛性——以长江经济带为例[J].系统工程,2016(4):109-116.
[18] 张成等.环境规制强度和生产技术进步[J].经济研究,2011(2):113-124.
[19] 张国兴等.中国节能减排政策的测量、协同与演变——基于1978-2013年政策数据的研究[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2014(12):62-73.
[20] 张文彬,张理芃,张可云.中国环境规制强度省际竞争形态及其演变——基于两区制空间Durbin固定效应模型的分析[J].管理世界,2010(12):34-44.
[21] 赵霄伟.地方政府间环境规制竞争策略及其地区增长效应——来自地级市以上城市面板的经验数据[J].财贸经济,2014(10):105-113.
[22] 祁毓,卢洪友,徐彦坤.中国环境分权体制改革研究:制度变迁、数量测算与效应评估[J].中国工业经济,2014(1):31-43.
[23] 钟茂初,李梦洁,杜威剑.环境规制能否倒逼产业结构调整——基于中国省际面板数据的实证检验[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2015(8):107-115.
(1)这里的长江上游包括四川、重庆、贵州和云南,中游地区包括湖北、湖南和江西,下游包括上海、江苏、浙江和安徽。
(2)2003-2015年期间,长江流域部分城市进行了城市区划调整,也有部分城市缺少大量数据,因此被排除在样本之外。这些城市主要有丽江市、昭通市、临沧市、普洱市、毕节、巢湖、铜仁等。
[82] Cole,M.A.,Elliott,R.,and Shanshan,W.Industrial Activity and the Environment in China:An Industry-Level Analysis[J].China Economic Review,2008(19):393-408.
[3] Dasgupta,Susmita.Environmental Regulation and Development:Cross-country Empirical Analysis[J].Journal of Oxford Development Studies,2001,29(2):173-187.
[4] Falleth,E.I.,Hovik,S.Local Government and Nature Conservation in Norway:Decentralisation as a Strategy in Environmental Policy[J].Local Environment,2009,14(3):221-231.
[5] Fredriksson,P.G.,Wollscheid,J.R.Environmental Decentralization and Political Centralization[J].Ecological Economics,2014,107(C):402-410.
[6] Hanley,N.,et al.Do Increases in Energy Efficiency Improve Environmental Quality and Sustainability?[J].Ecological Economics,2009(3):692-709.
[7] Hu,J.L.and Wang,S.C.Total-factor Energy Efficiency of Regions in China[J].Energy Policy,2006(17):3206-3217.
[8] Konisky,D.M.Regulatory Competition and Environmental Enforcement:Is There A Race to the Bottom?[J].American Journal of Political Science,2007(4):853-872.
[9] Oyono,P.R.Profiling Local-level Outcomes of Environmental Decentralizations:the Case of Cameroon′s Forests in the Congo Basin[J].Journal of Environment & Development,2005(2):1146-1152.
[10] Sigman,H.Decentralization and Environmental Quality:An International Analysis of Water Pollution Levels and Variation [J].Land Economics,2014(1):114-130.
[12] Stern,D.I.Progress on the Environmental Kuznetscurve?[J].Environment and Development Economics,1998(3).
[12] Zhang,X.P.,et al.Total-factor Energy Efficiency in Developing Countries[J].Energy Policy,2011(2):644-650.
[13] 程钰,任建兰,陈延斌,徐成龙.中国环境规制效率空间格局动态演变及其驱动机制[J].地理研究,2016(1):58-70.
[14] 黄国华,刘传江,赵晓梦.长江经济带碳排放现状及未来碳减排[J].长江流域资源与环境,2016(4):638-644.
[15] 李玲,陶锋.中国制造业最优环境规制强度的选择——基于绿色全要素生产率的视角[J].中国工业经济,2012(5):70-82.
[16] 李永友,沈坤荣.我国污染控制政策的减排效果——基于省际工业污染数据的实证分析[J].管理世界,2008(7):7-17.
[17] 汪克亮,孟祥瑞,程云鹤.环境压力视角下区域生态效率测度及收敛性——以长江经济带为例[J].系统工程,2016(4):109-116.
[18] 张成等.环境规制强度和生产技术进步[J].经济研究,2011(2):113-124.
[19] 张国兴等.中国节能减排政策的测量、协同与演变——基于1978-2013年政策数据的研究[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2014(12):62-73.
[20] 张文彬,张理芃,张可云.中国环境规制强度省际竞争形态及其演变——基于两区制空间Durbin固定效应模型的分析[J].管理世界,2010(12):34-44.
[21] 赵霄伟.地方政府间环境规制竞争策略及其地区增长效应——来自地级市以上城市面板的经验数据[J].财贸经济,2014(10):105-113.
[22] 祁毓,卢洪友,徐彦坤.中国环境分权体制改革研究:制度变迁、数量测算与效应评估[J].中国工业经济,2014(1):31-43.
[23] 钟茂初,李梦洁,杜威剑.环境规制能否倒逼产业结构调整——基于中国省际面板数据的实证检验[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2015(8):107-115.
(1)这里的长江上游包括四川、重庆、贵州和云南,中游地区包括湖北、湖南和江西,下游包括上海、江苏、浙江和安徽。
(2)2003-2015年期间,长江流域部分城市进行了城市区划调整,也有部分城市缺少大量数据,因此被排除在样本之外。这些城市主要有丽江市、昭通市、临沧市、普洱市、毕节、巢湖、铜仁等。
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