基于繁殖群体与补充群体结构特征的金乌贼资源增殖策略优化
|
摘要
利用青岛近岸海域连续监测数据,分析金乌贼繁殖群体及补充群体结构特征,比较不同洄游时期繁殖亲体的绝对生殖力与卵子规格,以及补充群体的扩散迁移过程,为金乌贼繁殖亲体筛选、增殖模式优化及放流海域合理规划等提供参考。结果显示,5—7月陆续洄游至青岛近岸的金乌贼繁殖亲体的胴长、体质量及其怀卵量随采样时间推移均呈逐渐下降趋势,前期繁殖亲体成熟卵细胞的卵径和卵重显著高于中期和后期亲体。金乌贼产黏性卵,通常将受精卵黏附于海藻或其他附着物上,其幼体生长迅速。受繁殖亲体结群期长及分批产卵等繁殖习性影响,补充群体的胴长、体质量离散水平亦随秋季采样时间推移不断升高。补充群体规格的离散可促进空间生态位分化,增加营养生态位宽幅,该生殖策略有利于减小种内摄食压力。基于金乌贼繁殖生态学特征,建议集中采集前期洄游亲体开展人工苗种繁育,以提升繁育效率,保证大规格苗种供应;依据其分批产卵习性,大规模增殖放流可分批进行,以减小种内饵料竞争,提高放流群体成活率;5—7月在近岸水深15～20 m的缓流区投放人工产卵附着基,也是一种有效的资源原位修复手段。今后应进一步探究金乌贼受精卵放流技术,优化其资源修复模式,降低增殖成本,提高资源增殖效率。
Golden cuttlefish, Sepia esculenta, was one of the largest economic cephalopods in Chinese northern seas, with an annual yield of more than 1 000 tons until the 1970 s. Since then, with the continuous expansion of fishing activities and dwindling of spawning field, this species has greatly reduced its local abundance compared with the previous condition due to its biological sensitivity to the environment(one-year life cycle and low fecundity). For this situation, many measures have been adopted to boost the population to meet the needs of human consumption, such as the release of artificially hatched juveniles and restoration of spawning habitats. The primary objective of this study is to optimize the existing conservation strategies and methods of cuttlefish by exploring the structural characteristics of the cuttlefish population in Qingdao coastal waters. The brood amount and size of egg cells of adult cuttlefish in 2017 were calculated. The distribution of body length and spatiotemporal migration process of juveniles were analyzed by using continuous monitoring methods. Results showed a decreasing trend in the specification of golden cuttlefish that arrived at different stages during the grouping period(May-July). The brood amount and size of egg cells of breeding cuttlefish in the early-stage were significantly higher than those of middle-and later-stages. The fertilized eggs of cuttlefish are characterized by sinking and stickiness, thus attaching to the attachment, such as algae or reefs. For juvenile cuttlefish, they grow rapidly, and the dispersion level of body specifications increases with sampling time due to the long grouping period and spawning in batches habits of breeding cuttlefish. This behavior might be a reproductive strategy for avoiding intraspecific feeding competition and promoting the differentiation of spatial niche. Therefore, according to the actual brood amount and the quality of eggs in the collection periods of breeding cuttlefish, it is suggested that the utilization rate of the early-stage population should be increased to improve breeding efficiency and guarantee the supply of large-size juveniles. The placement of spawning substrates in the spawning ground(slow-flowing area,15-20 m) of adult cuttlefish from May to July is an important measure of resource restoration. Based on the reproductive habits of breeding cuttlefish, background survey in food abundance of release's water for juvenile cuttlefish is indispensable. To reduce the intraspecific predation pressure and improve the survival rate of released population during large-scale juveniles' release, juveniles' release in different periods should be taken into consideration. In order to further optimize the mode of resource restoration and reduce the cost of the proliferation of cuttlefish, we also suggest exploring the technology of releasing fertilized eggs.
Golden cuttlefish, Sepia esculenta, was one of the largest economic cephalopods in Chinese northern seas, with an annual yield of more than 1 000 tons until the 1970 s. Since then, with the continuous expansion of fishing activities and dwindling of spawning field, this species has greatly reduced its local abundance compared with the previous condition due to its biological sensitivity to the environment(one-year life cycle and low fecundity). For this situation, many measures have been adopted to boost the population to meet the needs of human consumption, such as the release of artificially hatched juveniles and restoration of spawning habitats. The primary objective of this study is to optimize the existing conservation strategies and methods of cuttlefish by exploring the structural characteristics of the cuttlefish population in Qingdao coastal waters. The brood amount and size of egg cells of adult cuttlefish in 2017 were calculated. The distribution of body length and spatiotemporal migration process of juveniles were analyzed by using continuous monitoring methods. Results showed a decreasing trend in the specification of golden cuttlefish that arrived at different stages during the grouping period(May-July). The brood amount and size of egg cells of breeding cuttlefish in the early-stage were significantly higher than those of middle-and later-stages. The fertilized eggs of cuttlefish are characterized by sinking and stickiness, thus attaching to the attachment, such as algae or reefs. For juvenile cuttlefish, they grow rapidly, and the dispersion level of body specifications increases with sampling time due to the long grouping period and spawning in batches habits of breeding cuttlefish. This behavior might be a reproductive strategy for avoiding intraspecific feeding competition and promoting the differentiation of spatial niche. Therefore, according to the actual brood amount and the quality of eggs in the collection periods of breeding cuttlefish, it is suggested that the utilization rate of the early-stage population should be increased to improve breeding efficiency and guarantee the supply of large-size juveniles. The placement of spawning substrates in the spawning ground(slow-flowing area,15-20 m) of adult cuttlefish from May to July is an important measure of resource restoration. Based on the reproductive habits of breeding cuttlefish, background survey in food abundance of release's water for juvenile cuttlefish is indispensable. To reduce the intraspecific predation pressure and improve the survival rate of released population during large-scale juveniles' release, juveniles' release in different periods should be taken into consideration. In order to further optimize the mode of resource restoration and reduce the cost of the proliferation of cuttlefish, we also suggest exploring the technology of releasing fertilized eggs.
引文
[1]Nesis K N. Cephalopods of the world:squids,cuttlefishes, octopuses, and allies[M]. Neptune City:T.F. H. Publications, 1987:351.
[2]Zheng X D, Zhao J M, Xiao S, et al. Isozymes analysis of the golden cuttlefish Sepia esculenta(Cephalopoda:Sepiidae)[J]. Journal of Ocean University of China,2004, 3(1):48-52.
[3]Lei S H, Zhang X M, Liu S L, et al. Effects of temperature fluctuations on cuttlebone formation of cuttlefish Sepia esculenta[J]. Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology, 2012, 30(4):547-553.
[4]郑元甲,陈雪忠,程家骅,等.东海大陆架生物资源与环境[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社, 2003:835.Zheng Y J, Chen X Z, Cheng J H, et al. Biological resources and environment in the East China Sea continental shelf[M]. Shanghai:Shanghai Scientific and Technical Press, 2003:835(in Chinese).
[5]郝振林.金乌贼繁殖、发育及荧光标志技术的研究[D].青岛:中国海洋大学, 2010.Hao Z L. Studies on reproductive development and fluorescent marking technology of cuttlefish Sepia esculenta(Cephalopoda:Sepiidae)[D]. Qingdao:Ocean University of China, 2010(in Chinese).
[6]Natsukari Y, Tashiro M. Neritic squid resources and cuttlefish resources in Japan[J]. Marine Behaviour and Physiology, 1991, 18(3):149-226.
[7]王林龙,王展,张雪梅,等.不同底质和温度对金乌贼仔乌饥饿耐受能力的影响[J].中国水产科学, 2018,25(5):1071-1081.Wang L L, Wang Z, Zhang X M, et al. Effects of different substrate and temperature on hunger tolerance in Sepia esculenta juveniles[J]. Journal of Fishery Sciences of China, 2018, 25(5):1071-1081(in Chinese).
[8]Fujita T, Hirayama I, Matsuoka T, et al. Spawning behavior and selection of spawning substrate by cuttlefish Sepia esculenta[J]. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi,1997, 63(2):145-151.
[9]李嘉泳.金乌贼Sepia esculenta Hoyle在黄渤海的结群生殖和洄游[J].山东海洋学院学报, 1963(2):69-108.Li J Y. On the breeding and migration of the golden cuttlefish, Sepia esculenta Hoyle, living in Yellow Sea[J]. Journal of Ocean University of Qingdao,1963(2):69-108(in Chinese).
[10]张秀梅,王熙杰,涂忠,等.山东省渔业资源增殖放流现状与展望[J].中国渔业经济, 2009, 27(2):51-58.Zhang X M, Wang X J, Tu Z, et al. Current status and prospect of fisheries resource enhancement in Shandong Province[J]. Chinese Fisheries Economics, 2009, 27(2):51-58(in Chinese).
[11]牛超,杨超杰,黄玉喜,等.金乌贼新型产卵附着基的实验研究[J].中国水产科学, 2017, 24(6):1234-1244.Niu C, Yang C J, Huang Y X, et al. The efficacy of new spawning substrates for Sepia esculenta oosperm adhesion[J]. Journal of Fishery Sciences of China, 2017,24(6):1234-1244(in Chinese).
[12]雷舒涵.金乌贼胚胎与幼体发育生物学研究[D].青岛:中国海洋大学, 2013.Lei S H. Studies on embryonic and larval development of golden cuttlefish(Sepia esculenta)[D]. Qingdao:Ocean University of China, 2013(in Chinese).
[13]金显仕.黄渤海渔业资源增殖基础与前景[M].北京:科学出版社, 2014:57.Jin X S. The Foundation and prospect of stock enhancement of fishery resources in the Bo Hai and Yellow Sea[M]. Beijing:Science Press, 2014:57(in Chinese).
[14]陈大刚.渔业资源生物学[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1997:108.Chen D G. Fishery biology[M]. Beijing:China Agriculture Press, 1997:108(in Chinese).
[15]Farías A, Uriarte I. Effect of microalgae protein on the gonad development and physiological parameters for the scallop Argopecten purpuratus(Lamarck, 1819)[J].Journal of Shellfish Research, 2001, 20(1):97-105.
[16]王林龙,张秀梅,王展,等.青岛近岸金乌贼繁殖群体形态特征及遗传分化[J].中国水产科学, 2019, 26(2):342-352.Wang L L, Zhang X M, Wang Z, et al. Morphological characteristics and genetic differentiation of a breeding population of Sepia esculenta in Qingdao[J]. Journal of Fishery Sciences of China, 2019, 26(2):342-352(in Chinese).
[17]王亮,张秀梅,丁鹏伟,等.金乌贼繁殖行为与交配策略[J].生态学报, 2017, 37(6):1871-1880.Wang L, Zhang X M, Ding P W, et al. Reproductive behavior and mating strategy of Sepia esculenta[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2017, 37(6):1871-1880(in Chinese).
[18]贾涛,李纲,陈新军,等. 9-10月秘鲁外海茎柔鱼摄食习性的初步研究[J].上海海洋大学学报, 2010, 19(5):663-667.Jia T, Li G, Chen X J, et al. Preliminary study on feeding behavior of jumbo flying squid(Dosidicus gigas)off Peru during September and October[J]. Journal of Shanghai Ocean University, 2010, 19(5):663-667(in Chinese).
[19]Froerman Y M. Feeding spectrum and trophic relationships of short-finned squid(Illex illecebrosus)in the Northwest Atlantic[J]. Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization Scientific Council Studies, 1998(7):67-75.
[20]Nigmatullin C M, Nesis K N, Arkhipkin A I. A review of the biology of the jumbo squid Dosidicus gigas(Cephalopoda:Ommastrephidae)[J]. Fisheries Research,2001, 54(1):9-19.
[21]Parry M. Trophic variation with length in two ommastrephid squids, Ommastrephes bartramii and Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis[J]. Marine Biology, 2008,153(3):249-256.
[22]张宇美.基于碳氮稳定同位素的南海鸢乌贼摄食生态与营养级研究[D].广州:广东海洋大学, 2014.Zhang Y M. Feeding habits and trophic level of purpleback flying squid, Sthenoeuthis oualaniensis based on carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analysis in the South China Sea[D]. Guangzhou:Guangdong Ocean University, 2014(in Chinese).
[23]董正之.中国近海头足类的地理分布[J].海洋与湖沼,1978, 9(1):108-118.Dong Z Z. On the geographical distribution of the cephalopods in the Chinese waters[J]. Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica, 1978, 9(1):108-118(in Chinese).
[24]Cherel Y, Hobson K A. Stable isotopes, beaks and predators:a new tool to study the trophic ecology of cephalopods, including giant and colossal squids[J].Proceedings of the Royal Society B:Biological Sciences,2005, 272(1572):1601-1607.
[25]Guerraá, Rodríguez-Navarro A B, GonzálezáF, et al.Life-history traits of the giant squid Architeuthis dux revealed from stable isotope signatures recorded in beaks[J]. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 2010, 67(7):1425-1431.
[26]Guerreiro M, Phillips R A, Cherel Y, et al. Habitat and trophic ecology of Southern Ocean cephalopods from stable isotope analyses[J]. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 2015, 530:119-134.
[27]程家骅,郑元甲.北太平洋柔鱼资源现状及其前景分析[J].海洋渔业, 2003, 25(2):51-57, 65.Cheng J H, Zheng Y J. Status of the resources of red oceanic squid Ommastrephus bartiami in the North Pacific and its prospective analysis[J]. Marine Fisheries,2003, 25(2):51-57, 65(in Chinese).
[28]Cherel Y, Fontaine C, Jackson G D, et al. Tissue,ontogenic and sex-related differences inδ13C andδ15N values of the oceanic squid Todarodes filippovae(Cephalopoda:Ommastrephidae)[J]. Marine Biology,2009, 156(4):699-708.
[29]孙峰德.胶州湾金乌贼生物学特性及渔场建设前景[J].河北渔业, 2008(6):26-27.Sun F D. Biological characteristics of golden cuttlefish in Jiaozhou Bay and prospects for fishery construction[J]. Hebei Fisheries, 2008(6):26-27(in Chinese).
[30]徐开达,周永东,王洋,等.浙北近海曼氏无针乌贼增殖放流效果评估[J].中国水产科学, 2018, 25(3):654-662.Xu K D, Zhou Y D, Wang Y, et al. Effect and assessment of enhancement release of Sepiella maindroni in the northern coastal water of Zhejiang[J].Journal of Fishery Sciences of China, 2018, 25(3):654-662(in Chinese).
[2]Zheng X D, Zhao J M, Xiao S, et al. Isozymes analysis of the golden cuttlefish Sepia esculenta(Cephalopoda:Sepiidae)[J]. Journal of Ocean University of China,2004, 3(1):48-52.
[3]Lei S H, Zhang X M, Liu S L, et al. Effects of temperature fluctuations on cuttlebone formation of cuttlefish Sepia esculenta[J]. Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology, 2012, 30(4):547-553.
[4]郑元甲,陈雪忠,程家骅,等.东海大陆架生物资源与环境[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社, 2003:835.Zheng Y J, Chen X Z, Cheng J H, et al. Biological resources and environment in the East China Sea continental shelf[M]. Shanghai:Shanghai Scientific and Technical Press, 2003:835(in Chinese).
[5]郝振林.金乌贼繁殖、发育及荧光标志技术的研究[D].青岛:中国海洋大学, 2010.Hao Z L. Studies on reproductive development and fluorescent marking technology of cuttlefish Sepia esculenta(Cephalopoda:Sepiidae)[D]. Qingdao:Ocean University of China, 2010(in Chinese).
[6]Natsukari Y, Tashiro M. Neritic squid resources and cuttlefish resources in Japan[J]. Marine Behaviour and Physiology, 1991, 18(3):149-226.
[7]王林龙,王展,张雪梅,等.不同底质和温度对金乌贼仔乌饥饿耐受能力的影响[J].中国水产科学, 2018,25(5):1071-1081.Wang L L, Wang Z, Zhang X M, et al. Effects of different substrate and temperature on hunger tolerance in Sepia esculenta juveniles[J]. Journal of Fishery Sciences of China, 2018, 25(5):1071-1081(in Chinese).
[8]Fujita T, Hirayama I, Matsuoka T, et al. Spawning behavior and selection of spawning substrate by cuttlefish Sepia esculenta[J]. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi,1997, 63(2):145-151.
[9]李嘉泳.金乌贼Sepia esculenta Hoyle在黄渤海的结群生殖和洄游[J].山东海洋学院学报, 1963(2):69-108.Li J Y. On the breeding and migration of the golden cuttlefish, Sepia esculenta Hoyle, living in Yellow Sea[J]. Journal of Ocean University of Qingdao,1963(2):69-108(in Chinese).
[10]张秀梅,王熙杰,涂忠,等.山东省渔业资源增殖放流现状与展望[J].中国渔业经济, 2009, 27(2):51-58.Zhang X M, Wang X J, Tu Z, et al. Current status and prospect of fisheries resource enhancement in Shandong Province[J]. Chinese Fisheries Economics, 2009, 27(2):51-58(in Chinese).
[11]牛超,杨超杰,黄玉喜,等.金乌贼新型产卵附着基的实验研究[J].中国水产科学, 2017, 24(6):1234-1244.Niu C, Yang C J, Huang Y X, et al. The efficacy of new spawning substrates for Sepia esculenta oosperm adhesion[J]. Journal of Fishery Sciences of China, 2017,24(6):1234-1244(in Chinese).
[12]雷舒涵.金乌贼胚胎与幼体发育生物学研究[D].青岛:中国海洋大学, 2013.Lei S H. Studies on embryonic and larval development of golden cuttlefish(Sepia esculenta)[D]. Qingdao:Ocean University of China, 2013(in Chinese).
[13]金显仕.黄渤海渔业资源增殖基础与前景[M].北京:科学出版社, 2014:57.Jin X S. The Foundation and prospect of stock enhancement of fishery resources in the Bo Hai and Yellow Sea[M]. Beijing:Science Press, 2014:57(in Chinese).
[14]陈大刚.渔业资源生物学[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1997:108.Chen D G. Fishery biology[M]. Beijing:China Agriculture Press, 1997:108(in Chinese).
[15]Farías A, Uriarte I. Effect of microalgae protein on the gonad development and physiological parameters for the scallop Argopecten purpuratus(Lamarck, 1819)[J].Journal of Shellfish Research, 2001, 20(1):97-105.
[16]王林龙,张秀梅,王展,等.青岛近岸金乌贼繁殖群体形态特征及遗传分化[J].中国水产科学, 2019, 26(2):342-352.Wang L L, Zhang X M, Wang Z, et al. Morphological characteristics and genetic differentiation of a breeding population of Sepia esculenta in Qingdao[J]. Journal of Fishery Sciences of China, 2019, 26(2):342-352(in Chinese).
[17]王亮,张秀梅,丁鹏伟,等.金乌贼繁殖行为与交配策略[J].生态学报, 2017, 37(6):1871-1880.Wang L, Zhang X M, Ding P W, et al. Reproductive behavior and mating strategy of Sepia esculenta[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2017, 37(6):1871-1880(in Chinese).
[18]贾涛,李纲,陈新军,等. 9-10月秘鲁外海茎柔鱼摄食习性的初步研究[J].上海海洋大学学报, 2010, 19(5):663-667.Jia T, Li G, Chen X J, et al. Preliminary study on feeding behavior of jumbo flying squid(Dosidicus gigas)off Peru during September and October[J]. Journal of Shanghai Ocean University, 2010, 19(5):663-667(in Chinese).
[19]Froerman Y M. Feeding spectrum and trophic relationships of short-finned squid(Illex illecebrosus)in the Northwest Atlantic[J]. Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization Scientific Council Studies, 1998(7):67-75.
[20]Nigmatullin C M, Nesis K N, Arkhipkin A I. A review of the biology of the jumbo squid Dosidicus gigas(Cephalopoda:Ommastrephidae)[J]. Fisheries Research,2001, 54(1):9-19.
[21]Parry M. Trophic variation with length in two ommastrephid squids, Ommastrephes bartramii and Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis[J]. Marine Biology, 2008,153(3):249-256.
[22]张宇美.基于碳氮稳定同位素的南海鸢乌贼摄食生态与营养级研究[D].广州:广东海洋大学, 2014.Zhang Y M. Feeding habits and trophic level of purpleback flying squid, Sthenoeuthis oualaniensis based on carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analysis in the South China Sea[D]. Guangzhou:Guangdong Ocean University, 2014(in Chinese).
[23]董正之.中国近海头足类的地理分布[J].海洋与湖沼,1978, 9(1):108-118.Dong Z Z. On the geographical distribution of the cephalopods in the Chinese waters[J]. Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica, 1978, 9(1):108-118(in Chinese).
[24]Cherel Y, Hobson K A. Stable isotopes, beaks and predators:a new tool to study the trophic ecology of cephalopods, including giant and colossal squids[J].Proceedings of the Royal Society B:Biological Sciences,2005, 272(1572):1601-1607.
[25]Guerraá, Rodríguez-Navarro A B, GonzálezáF, et al.Life-history traits of the giant squid Architeuthis dux revealed from stable isotope signatures recorded in beaks[J]. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 2010, 67(7):1425-1431.
[26]Guerreiro M, Phillips R A, Cherel Y, et al. Habitat and trophic ecology of Southern Ocean cephalopods from stable isotope analyses[J]. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 2015, 530:119-134.
[27]程家骅,郑元甲.北太平洋柔鱼资源现状及其前景分析[J].海洋渔业, 2003, 25(2):51-57, 65.Cheng J H, Zheng Y J. Status of the resources of red oceanic squid Ommastrephus bartiami in the North Pacific and its prospective analysis[J]. Marine Fisheries,2003, 25(2):51-57, 65(in Chinese).
[28]Cherel Y, Fontaine C, Jackson G D, et al. Tissue,ontogenic and sex-related differences inδ13C andδ15N values of the oceanic squid Todarodes filippovae(Cephalopoda:Ommastrephidae)[J]. Marine Biology,2009, 156(4):699-708.
[29]孙峰德.胶州湾金乌贼生物学特性及渔场建设前景[J].河北渔业, 2008(6):26-27.Sun F D. Biological characteristics of golden cuttlefish in Jiaozhou Bay and prospects for fishery construction[J]. Hebei Fisheries, 2008(6):26-27(in Chinese).
[30]徐开达,周永东,王洋,等.浙北近海曼氏无针乌贼增殖放流效果评估[J].中国水产科学, 2018, 25(3):654-662.Xu K D, Zhou Y D, Wang Y, et al. Effect and assessment of enhancement release of Sepiella maindroni in the northern coastal water of Zhejiang[J].Journal of Fishery Sciences of China, 2018, 25(3):654-662(in Chinese).
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |