西北太平洋台风对冷涡及叶绿素浓度的影响
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摘要
【目的】研究2007—2017年间西北太平洋过境冷涡的11个台风导致浮游植物生长和冷涡(CCE)变化现象。【方法】统计并计算出可能影响叶绿素(Chl-a)浓度变化的因素:台风性质(强度、移动速度、强迫时间)、台风前混合层厚度(MLD)、降雨量、海表面温度(SST)、埃克曼抽吸速率(EPV)和两层约化重力模式下的涡动能(EKE),其中EPV和EKE分别代表上升流和湍流混合强弱。【结果与结论】通过线性回归分析发现,除台风强度、SST与Chl-a浓度相关性不显著(P>0.05),移动速度Uh、强迫时间、降雨和MLD、EPV、EKE与Chl-a均有显著相关性(P<0.05),并建立了冷涡背景条件下的多元线性回归模型:?=0.006-0.038 x_1+0.0257x_2+0.023 8 x_3。浮游植物生长主要取决于上升流和湍流混合对营养盐的输送作用,慢而尺度大台风意味着受台风强迫时间长,足以超过地球自转调整的时间则会引起强上升流(EPV)以及湍流混合输送营养盐,促进Chl-a浓度大幅度增加,强湍流混合同时也需要降雨抑制,避免破坏浮游植物光合作用,台风前CCE区域MLD(<25m)与Chl-a呈现出正相关。
【Objectives】To investigate the cold core eddy(CCE)change and phytoplankton bloom induced by 11 typhoons in northwest Pacific Ocean during the period 2007—2017. 【Method】The factors that might affect the increase of chlorophyll-a(Chl-a)concentration were calculated: typhoon properties(intensity,translation speed and forcing time),pre-typhoon mixed layer depth(MLD), cumulative rainfall,sea surface temperature(SST),Ekman pumping velocity(EPV)and eddy kinetic energy(EKE) was estimated from two-layer reduced gravity model. EPV and EKE represent the strength of the upwelling and turbulent mixing,respectively. 【Result and Conclusion】Linear regression analysis shows that, except for typhoon intensity and SST(P > 0.05), Uh, forcing time, rainfall,MLD,EPV, EKE were significantly correlated with Chl-a under the pre-existing CCE(P < 0.05),and establish multiple linear regression model: ? = 0.006-0.038 x_1 + 0.0257 x_2+ 0.0238 x_3 was established. Phytoplankton bloom mainly depended on nutrients transport induced by the upwelling and turbulent mixing. Slow typhoons meant that the forcing time was long enough to exceed the geostrophic adjustment time and strong upwelling(EPV)and turbulent mixing greatly increased Chl-a. In the meantime,due to the fact that MLD in CCE region was generally less than 25 m,strong turbulent mixing also needed to cooperate with rainfall inhibition to avoid damaging phytoplankton photosynthesis.
【Objectives】To investigate the cold core eddy(CCE)change and phytoplankton bloom induced by 11 typhoons in northwest Pacific Ocean during the period 2007—2017. 【Method】The factors that might affect the increase of chlorophyll-a(Chl-a)concentration were calculated: typhoon properties(intensity,translation speed and forcing time),pre-typhoon mixed layer depth(MLD), cumulative rainfall,sea surface temperature(SST),Ekman pumping velocity(EPV)and eddy kinetic energy(EKE) was estimated from two-layer reduced gravity model. EPV and EKE represent the strength of the upwelling and turbulent mixing,respectively. 【Result and Conclusion】Linear regression analysis shows that, except for typhoon intensity and SST(P > 0.05), Uh, forcing time, rainfall,MLD,EPV, EKE were significantly correlated with Chl-a under the pre-existing CCE(P < 0.05),and establish multiple linear regression model: ? = 0.006-0.038 x_1 + 0.0257 x_2+ 0.0238 x_3 was established. Phytoplankton bloom mainly depended on nutrients transport induced by the upwelling and turbulent mixing. Slow typhoons meant that the forcing time was long enough to exceed the geostrophic adjustment time and strong upwelling(EPV)and turbulent mixing greatly increased Chl-a. In the meantime,due to the fact that MLD in CCE region was generally less than 25 m,strong turbulent mixing also needed to cooperate with rainfall inhibition to avoid damaging phytoplankton photosynthesis.
引文
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[24] GUINEHUT S, DHOMPS A L, LARNICOL G, et al.High resolution 3-D temperature and salinity fields derived from in situ and satellite observations[J]. Ocean Science, 2012, 8(5):845-857.
[25] LARGE W G, MCWILLIAMS J C, DONEY S C.Oceanic vertical mixing:A review and a model with a nonlocal boundary layer parameterization[J]. Reviews of Geophysics, 1994, 32(4):363-403.
[26] FURUYA K. Subsurface chlorophyll maximum in the tropical and subtropical western Pacific Ocean:Vertical profiles of phytoplankton biomass and its relationship with chlorophylla and particulate organic carbon[J].Marine Biology, 1990, 107(3):529-539.
[27] BABIN S M, CARTON J A, DICKEY T D, et al.Satellite evidence of hurricane-induced phytoplankton blooms in an oceanic desert[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans, 2004, 109(C3):1938-1942.
[28] PRICE J F, SANFORD T B, Forristall G Z. Forced stage response to a moving hurricane[J]. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 1994, 24(2):233-260.
[29] SHAY L K, GONI G J, BLACK P G. Effects of a warm oceanic feature on Hurricane Opal[J]. Monthly Weather Review, 2000, 128(5):1366-1383.
[30] ZHAO H, HAN G, ZHANG S, et al. Two phytoplankton blooms near Luzon Strait generated by lingering Typhoon Parma[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research:Biogeosciences, 2013, 118(2):412-421.
[31] GRAN H H, BRAARUD T. A quantitative study of the phytoplankton in the Bay of Fundy and the Gulf of Maine(including observations on hydrography,chemistry and turbidity)[J]. Journal of the Biological Board of Canada, 1935, 1(5):279-467.
[2] NAN D W, LEBEN R R, BALASUBRAMANIAN S.Hurricane-forced upwelling and chlorophyll-a enhancement within cold-core cyclones in the Gulf of Mexico[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2005, 32(18):109-127.
[3] ZHENG Z W, HO C R, KUO N J. Importance of pre-existing oceanic conditions to upper ocean response induced by Super Typhoon Hai-Tang[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2008, 35(20):288-299.
[4]林静柔,唐丹玲,娄全胜.超级台风“南玛都”对南海北部叶绿素a、温盐及溶解氧的影响[J].生态科学,2015, 34(4):9-14.
[5]杨元建,傅云飞,孙亮,等.基于多卫星和Argo浮标观测海洋上层对台风婷婷的响应[J].中国科学技术大学学报, 2010, 40(1):1-7.
[6] FOLTZ G R, BALAGURU K, LEUNG L R. A reassessment of the integrated impact of tropical cyclones on surface chlorophyll in the western subtropical North Atlantic[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2015, 42(4):1158-1164.
[7] PRICE J F. Upper ocean response to a hurricane[J].Journal of Physical Oceanography,1981, 11(2):153-175.
[8] ZHENG Z W, HO C R, ZHENG Q, et al. Effects of preexisting cyclonic eddies on upper ocean responses to category 5 typhoons in the western North Pacific[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans, 2010, 115(C9):1-2.
[9] SUN L, LI Y, YANG Y, et al. Effects of super typhoons on cyclonic ocean eddies in the western North Pacific:A satellite data-based evaluation between 2000 and 2008[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans, 2015, 119(9):5585-5598.
[10] JAIMES B, SHAY L K. Near-inertial wave wake of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita over mesoscale oceanic eddies[J]. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 2009,40(6):1320-1337.
[11] JAIMES B, SHAY L K. Enhanced wind-driven down welling flow in warm oceanic eddy features during the intensification of tropical cyclone isaac(2012):observations and theory[J].Journal of Physical Oceanography, 2015, 45(6):1667-1689.
[12] MEI W, LIEN C C, LIN I I, et al. Tropical cyclone-induced ocean response:a comparative study of the south china sea and tropical Northwest Pacific[J].Journal of Climate, 2015, 28(15):150424113454002.
[13] SHADE L R. The ocean's effect on the intensity of tropical cyclones:results from a simple coupled atmosphere-ocean model[J]. Journal Atmosphere Science, 1999, 56(4):642-651.
[14] LIN I I. Typhoon-induced phytoplankton blooms and primary productivity increase in the western North Pacific subtropical ocean[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans, 2012, 117(C3):C03039.
[15] HIROSHI K. Detection of cyclonic eddy generated by looping tropical cyclone in the northern South China Sea:a case study[J]. Acta oceanologica sinica, 2004, 23(2):213-224.
[16] LIU F, TANG S. Influence of the interaction between typhoons and oceanic mesoscale eddies on phytoplankton blooms[j]. Journal of geophysical research oceans, 2018, 123(2):241-256
[17] JAIMES B, SHAY L K, HALLIWELL G R. The response of quasigeostrophic oceanic vortices to tropical cyclone forcing[J]. Journal of Physical Oceanography,2011, 41(10):1965-1985.
[18] SHANG X D, ZHU H B, CHEN G Y, et al. Research on cold core eddy change and phytoplankton bloom induced by typhoons:case studies in the South China Sea[J]. Advances in Meteorology, 2015, 2015:42-60.
[19] VINENT E M, LENGAIGNE M, MADEC G, et al.Processes setting the characteristics of sea surface cooling induced by tropical cyclones[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans, 2012, 117(C2).
[20] WALKER N D, LEBEN R R, PILLEY C T, et al. Slow translation speed causes rapid collapse of Northeast Pacific Hurricane Kenneth over cold core eddy[J].Geophysical Research Letters, 2014, 41(21):7595-7601.
[21] LU Z, WANG G, SHANG X. Response of a preexisting cyclonic ocean eddy to a typhoon[J]. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 2016, 46(8):2403-2410.
[22] PAN J, HUANG L, DEVLIN A T, et al. Quantification of typhoon-induced phytoplankton blooms using satellite multi-sensor data[J]. Remote Sensing, 2018, 10(2):318.
[23] LIN Y C, OEY L Y. Rainfall-enhanced blooming in typhoon wakes[J]. Scientific reports, 2016, 6:31310.
[24] GUINEHUT S, DHOMPS A L, LARNICOL G, et al.High resolution 3-D temperature and salinity fields derived from in situ and satellite observations[J]. Ocean Science, 2012, 8(5):845-857.
[25] LARGE W G, MCWILLIAMS J C, DONEY S C.Oceanic vertical mixing:A review and a model with a nonlocal boundary layer parameterization[J]. Reviews of Geophysics, 1994, 32(4):363-403.
[26] FURUYA K. Subsurface chlorophyll maximum in the tropical and subtropical western Pacific Ocean:Vertical profiles of phytoplankton biomass and its relationship with chlorophylla and particulate organic carbon[J].Marine Biology, 1990, 107(3):529-539.
[27] BABIN S M, CARTON J A, DICKEY T D, et al.Satellite evidence of hurricane-induced phytoplankton blooms in an oceanic desert[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans, 2004, 109(C3):1938-1942.
[28] PRICE J F, SANFORD T B, Forristall G Z. Forced stage response to a moving hurricane[J]. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 1994, 24(2):233-260.
[29] SHAY L K, GONI G J, BLACK P G. Effects of a warm oceanic feature on Hurricane Opal[J]. Monthly Weather Review, 2000, 128(5):1366-1383.
[30] ZHAO H, HAN G, ZHANG S, et al. Two phytoplankton blooms near Luzon Strait generated by lingering Typhoon Parma[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research:Biogeosciences, 2013, 118(2):412-421.
[31] GRAN H H, BRAARUD T. A quantitative study of the phytoplankton in the Bay of Fundy and the Gulf of Maine(including observations on hydrography,chemistry and turbidity)[J]. Journal of the Biological Board of Canada, 1935, 1(5):279-467.
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