农村人居环境质量及其影响因素研究
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摘要
本文从居住环境、公共安全和生态环境三个维度构建农村人居环境质量指标体系,基于农业农村部全国农村固定观察点2018年村庄基线调查数据对中国农村人居环境质量的发展情况进行评价,并探究影响农村人居环境质量的影响因素。研究结论表明:第一,作为乡村振兴的突出短板,农村人居环境总得分处于较低水平,存在着区域的不平衡;第二,农村人居环境质量各维度中,居住环境和公共安全的得分较低,生态环境得分处于较高的水平;第三,村庄经济特征、村集体经济发展水平和村庄环境治理是影响农村人居环境质量的重要因素。未来提升农村人居环境质量亟需在稳步改善生态环境的基础上,提升村庄经济发展水平,发挥规划的战略导向作用,以村集体经济组织为抓手,重点解决基础设施和公共安全的服务"短板"问题,加强村庄用水、通讯、交通和用电基础设施建设,提高村庄公共服务和公共安全水平。
This paper constructs the rural residential environment quality index system from three dimensions: living environment, public safety and ecological environment. Based on the village baseline survey data of fixed observation point of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs in 2018, the development of rural residential environment quality has been assessed, and the influencing factors are explored based on the econometric method. The research conclusion shows that: first, as a prominent shortboard of rural revitalization, the total score of rural residential environment quality is at a low level and exists regional imbalance; secondly, the score of living environment and public safety is lower, and the score of ecological environment is at a high level in all dimensions; thirdly, village economic characteristics, village collective economic development level and village environmental governance are important factors affecting the rural residential environment quality. To improve the rural residential environment quality in the future, it is urgent to develop the economic level of villages on the basis of steadily promoting the improvement of ecological environment, taking village collective economic organizations as the starting point, focus on solving the short-board problem of infrastructure and public security services, strengthening the construction of water, communication, transportation and electricity infrastructure in villages, and improving public services and public safety in villages.
This paper constructs the rural residential environment quality index system from three dimensions: living environment, public safety and ecological environment. Based on the village baseline survey data of fixed observation point of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs in 2018, the development of rural residential environment quality has been assessed, and the influencing factors are explored based on the econometric method. The research conclusion shows that: first, as a prominent shortboard of rural revitalization, the total score of rural residential environment quality is at a low level and exists regional imbalance; secondly, the score of living environment and public safety is lower, and the score of ecological environment is at a high level in all dimensions; thirdly, village economic characteristics, village collective economic development level and village environmental governance are important factors affecting the rural residential environment quality. To improve the rural residential environment quality in the future, it is urgent to develop the economic level of villages on the basis of steadily promoting the improvement of ecological environment, taking village collective economic organizations as the starting point, focus on solving the short-board problem of infrastructure and public security services, strengthening the construction of water, communication, transportation and electricity infrastructure in villages, and improving public services and public safety in villages.
引文
[1] 黄季煜、刘莹,2010:《农村环境污染情况及影响因素分析——来自全国百村的实证分析》,《管理学报》第11期。[Huang Jikun,Liu Ying,Environment Pollution Rural China and Its Driving Forces,Chinese Journal of Management,11.]
[2] 孔祥智、高强,2017:《改革开放以来我国农村集体经济的变迁与当前亟需解决的问题》,《理论探索》第1期。[Kong Xiangzhi,Gao Qiang,The Change of Rural Collective Economy in China since the Reform and Opening-up and the Urgent Problems to be Solved,Theoretical Exploration,1.]
[3] 李伯华,2014:《农户空间行为变迁与乡村人居环境优化研究》,北京:科学出版社。[Li Bohua,Study on the Change of the Households Spatial Behavior and the Optimizing of Rural Human Settlement,Beijing:Science Press].
[4] 马婧婧、曾菊新,2012:《中国乡村长寿现象与人居环境研究——以湖北钟祥为例》,《地理研究》第3期。[Ma Jingjing,Zeng Juxin,Study on the Longevity Phenomena and Human Settlements in Rural China:Taking Zhongxiang City as an Example,Geographical Research,3.]
[5] 彭震伟、陆嘉,2009:《基于城乡统筹的农村人居环境发展》,《城市规划》第5期。[Peng Zhenwei,Lu Jia,Development of Human Settlements Environment in Countryside Based on Urban-rural Integrated Development,City Planning Review,5.]
[6] 全国人民代表大会农业与农村委员会,2019:《乡村振兴战略实施情况的调查与思考》,《求是》第3期。[Agriculture and Rural Committee of the National People’s Congress,Investigation and Consideration on the Implementation of Rural Revitalization Strategy,Qiushi,3.]
[7] 汪光焘,2006:《搞好村庄规划和治理改善农村人居环境》,《求是》第9期。[Wang Guangtao,Improve Village Planning and Governance and Enhance Rural Human Settlement Environment,Qiushi,9.]
[8] 汪瑞霞,2019:《归园田居:城乡人居环境中农业景观引入的价值与路径》,《生态经济》第1期。[Wang Ruixia,Returning to Rural Settlement:The Value and Path of Agricultural Landscape in Urban-Rural Living Environment,Ecological Economy,1.]
[9] 王晓毅,2018:《再造生存空间:乡村振兴与环境治理》,《北京师范大学学报(社会科学版)》第6期。[Wang Xiaoyi,Rebuilding the Space for Living:Rural Revitalization vs Environment Governance,Journal of Beijing Normal University (Social Sciences),6.]
[10] 王晓毅,2019:《农村人居环境整治提升路径论析》,《国家治理》第3期。[Wang Xiaoyi,Analysis on the Way to Improve Rural Human Settlement Environment,Governance,3.]
[11] 徐顺青、逯元堂、何军,2018:《农村人居环境现状分析及优化对策》,《环境保护》第19期。[Xu Shunqing,Lu Yuantang,He Jun,Analysis on the Current Situation and Improving Countermeasures of Rural Living Environment,Environmental Protection,19.]
[12] 杨兴柱、王群,2013:《皖南旅游区乡村人居环境质量评价及影响分析》,《地理学报》第6期。[Yang Xingzhu,Wang Qun,Evaluation of Rural Human Settlement Quality Difference and Its Driving Factors in Tourism Area of Southern Anhui Province,Acta Geographica Sinica,6.]
[13] 张琛、黄博、孔祥智,2017:《家庭农场综合发展水平评价与分析——以全国种植类家庭农场为例》,《江淮论坛》第3期。[Zhang Chen,Huang Bo,Kong Xiangzhi,Evaluation and Analysis of Comprehensive Development Level of Family Farm:A Case Study of Planting Family Farm in China,Jianghuai Tribune,3.]
[14] 张云华、彭超、张琛,2019:《氮元素施用与农户粮食生产效率:来自全国农村固定观察点数据的证据》,《管理世界》第4期。[Zhang Yunhua,Peng Chao,Zhang Chen,The Use of Nitrogen Element and Grain Production Efficiency:Evidence from National Fixed Point Survey Data,Management World,4.]
[15] 朱彬、张小林、尹旭,2015:《江苏省乡村人居环境质量评价及空间格局分析》,《经济地理》第3期。[Zhu Bin,Zhang Xiaolin,Yin Xu,Evaluation of Rural Human Settlements Quality and Its Spatial Pattern in Jiangsu Province,Economic Geography,3.]
[16] Banerjee A V,Iyer L,Somanathan R.,2007,Public Action for Public Goods.in Handbook of Development Economics,edited by T.Schultz and J.Strauss,Vol.4:3117-3154.
[17] Koenker,R.,and Jr.G.Bassett,1978,Regression Quantiles.Econometrica,46(1):33-50.
[18] Kristr?m,B.,and P.Riera,1996,Is the Income Elasticity of Environmental Improvements Less Than One?Environmental & Resource Economics,7(1):45-55.
[19] Liu,C.,Wang,Q.,Mizuochi,M.,Wang,K.and Y.Lin,2008,Human Behavioral Impact on Nitrogen Flow—A Case Study of the Rural Areas of the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Changjiang River,China.Agriculture,Ecosystems & Environment,125(1-4):84-92.
[20] Liu,Y.,and J.Huang,2014,Rural domestic waste disposal:an empirical analysis in five provinces of China,China Agricultural Economic Review,6(4):558-573.
[21] Ma,J.,Hipel,K.W.,and M.L.Hanson,2018,An Evaluation of the Social Dimensions in Public Participation in Rural Domestic Waste Source-separated Collection in Guilin,China.Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,190(1):35.
[22] Tang,C.,He,Y.,Zhou,G.,Zheng,S.,and L.Xiao,2018,Optimizing the Spatial Organization of Rural Settlements Based on Life Quality.Journal of Geographical Sciences,8(5):685-704.
[23] Wang,A.,Shi,Y.,Gao,Q.,Liu,C.,Zhang,L.,Johnson,N.,and S.Rozelle,2016,Trends and Determinants of Rural Residential Solid Waste Collection Services in China.China Agricultural Economic Review,8(4):698-710.
[24] Zou,Z.,Yi,Y.,and J.Sun,2006,Entropy Method for Determination of Weight of Evaluating Indicators in Fuzzy Synthetic Evaluation for Water Quality Assessment.Journal of Environmental Sciences,18(5):1020-1023.
[2] 孔祥智、高强,2017:《改革开放以来我国农村集体经济的变迁与当前亟需解决的问题》,《理论探索》第1期。[Kong Xiangzhi,Gao Qiang,The Change of Rural Collective Economy in China since the Reform and Opening-up and the Urgent Problems to be Solved,Theoretical Exploration,1.]
[3] 李伯华,2014:《农户空间行为变迁与乡村人居环境优化研究》,北京:科学出版社。[Li Bohua,Study on the Change of the Households Spatial Behavior and the Optimizing of Rural Human Settlement,Beijing:Science Press].
[4] 马婧婧、曾菊新,2012:《中国乡村长寿现象与人居环境研究——以湖北钟祥为例》,《地理研究》第3期。[Ma Jingjing,Zeng Juxin,Study on the Longevity Phenomena and Human Settlements in Rural China:Taking Zhongxiang City as an Example,Geographical Research,3.]
[5] 彭震伟、陆嘉,2009:《基于城乡统筹的农村人居环境发展》,《城市规划》第5期。[Peng Zhenwei,Lu Jia,Development of Human Settlements Environment in Countryside Based on Urban-rural Integrated Development,City Planning Review,5.]
[6] 全国人民代表大会农业与农村委员会,2019:《乡村振兴战略实施情况的调查与思考》,《求是》第3期。[Agriculture and Rural Committee of the National People’s Congress,Investigation and Consideration on the Implementation of Rural Revitalization Strategy,Qiushi,3.]
[7] 汪光焘,2006:《搞好村庄规划和治理改善农村人居环境》,《求是》第9期。[Wang Guangtao,Improve Village Planning and Governance and Enhance Rural Human Settlement Environment,Qiushi,9.]
[8] 汪瑞霞,2019:《归园田居:城乡人居环境中农业景观引入的价值与路径》,《生态经济》第1期。[Wang Ruixia,Returning to Rural Settlement:The Value and Path of Agricultural Landscape in Urban-Rural Living Environment,Ecological Economy,1.]
[9] 王晓毅,2018:《再造生存空间:乡村振兴与环境治理》,《北京师范大学学报(社会科学版)》第6期。[Wang Xiaoyi,Rebuilding the Space for Living:Rural Revitalization vs Environment Governance,Journal of Beijing Normal University (Social Sciences),6.]
[10] 王晓毅,2019:《农村人居环境整治提升路径论析》,《国家治理》第3期。[Wang Xiaoyi,Analysis on the Way to Improve Rural Human Settlement Environment,Governance,3.]
[11] 徐顺青、逯元堂、何军,2018:《农村人居环境现状分析及优化对策》,《环境保护》第19期。[Xu Shunqing,Lu Yuantang,He Jun,Analysis on the Current Situation and Improving Countermeasures of Rural Living Environment,Environmental Protection,19.]
[12] 杨兴柱、王群,2013:《皖南旅游区乡村人居环境质量评价及影响分析》,《地理学报》第6期。[Yang Xingzhu,Wang Qun,Evaluation of Rural Human Settlement Quality Difference and Its Driving Factors in Tourism Area of Southern Anhui Province,Acta Geographica Sinica,6.]
[13] 张琛、黄博、孔祥智,2017:《家庭农场综合发展水平评价与分析——以全国种植类家庭农场为例》,《江淮论坛》第3期。[Zhang Chen,Huang Bo,Kong Xiangzhi,Evaluation and Analysis of Comprehensive Development Level of Family Farm:A Case Study of Planting Family Farm in China,Jianghuai Tribune,3.]
[14] 张云华、彭超、张琛,2019:《氮元素施用与农户粮食生产效率:来自全国农村固定观察点数据的证据》,《管理世界》第4期。[Zhang Yunhua,Peng Chao,Zhang Chen,The Use of Nitrogen Element and Grain Production Efficiency:Evidence from National Fixed Point Survey Data,Management World,4.]
[15] 朱彬、张小林、尹旭,2015:《江苏省乡村人居环境质量评价及空间格局分析》,《经济地理》第3期。[Zhu Bin,Zhang Xiaolin,Yin Xu,Evaluation of Rural Human Settlements Quality and Its Spatial Pattern in Jiangsu Province,Economic Geography,3.]
[16] Banerjee A V,Iyer L,Somanathan R.,2007,Public Action for Public Goods.in Handbook of Development Economics,edited by T.Schultz and J.Strauss,Vol.4:3117-3154.
[17] Koenker,R.,and Jr.G.Bassett,1978,Regression Quantiles.Econometrica,46(1):33-50.
[18] Kristr?m,B.,and P.Riera,1996,Is the Income Elasticity of Environmental Improvements Less Than One?Environmental & Resource Economics,7(1):45-55.
[19] Liu,C.,Wang,Q.,Mizuochi,M.,Wang,K.and Y.Lin,2008,Human Behavioral Impact on Nitrogen Flow—A Case Study of the Rural Areas of the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Changjiang River,China.Agriculture,Ecosystems & Environment,125(1-4):84-92.
[20] Liu,Y.,and J.Huang,2014,Rural domestic waste disposal:an empirical analysis in five provinces of China,China Agricultural Economic Review,6(4):558-573.
[21] Ma,J.,Hipel,K.W.,and M.L.Hanson,2018,An Evaluation of the Social Dimensions in Public Participation in Rural Domestic Waste Source-separated Collection in Guilin,China.Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,190(1):35.
[22] Tang,C.,He,Y.,Zhou,G.,Zheng,S.,and L.Xiao,2018,Optimizing the Spatial Organization of Rural Settlements Based on Life Quality.Journal of Geographical Sciences,8(5):685-704.
[23] Wang,A.,Shi,Y.,Gao,Q.,Liu,C.,Zhang,L.,Johnson,N.,and S.Rozelle,2016,Trends and Determinants of Rural Residential Solid Waste Collection Services in China.China Agricultural Economic Review,8(4):698-710.
[24] Zou,Z.,Yi,Y.,and J.Sun,2006,Entropy Method for Determination of Weight of Evaluating Indicators in Fuzzy Synthetic Evaluation for Water Quality Assessment.Journal of Environmental Sciences,18(5):1020-1023.
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