基于SOM-RBF神经网络的COD软测量方法
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摘要
污水处理是一个复杂的非线性过程,化学需氧量(chemical oxygen demand,COD)是评价污水处理效果的关键指标之一。COD的传统测量方法耗时长、成本高,基于传统神经网络的软测量方法提高了COD参数的测量速度但精度较差。针对这些问题,设计一种结合自组织特征映射(self-organizing map, SOM)和径向基函数(radial basis function, RBF)神经网络的COD参数软测量方法。该方法利用SOM网络聚类数据样本,根据所得聚类结果确定RBF网络的隐层节点数及节点的数据中心,综合提高RBF网络的收敛速度和拟合精度。利用污水处理厂部分水样数据建立COD软测量模型,模型仿真和硬件在线测试结果表明,相对于传统的BP、RBF等网络,基于SOM-RBF神经网络的COD软测量方法测量时间短、预测精度较高,具有较为广阔的应用前景。
Sewage treatment is a complex nonlinear process, and chemical oxygen demand(COD) is one of the keyindicators for evaluating the effectiveness of wastewater treatment. It is costly and time-consuming to get COD bytraditional chemical approaches. By neural networks, it is faster, but it is not accurate enough. To address them, asoft sensor approach, which is based on the combination of self-organizing map(SOM) and radial basis function(RBF) neural network, is designed. SOM is taken to cluster data samples. The number of hidden layer nodes and thecenter vector of the nodes are determined by clustering results. By such disposal, the rate of convergence and fittingprecision have been improved. Part data of water samples from a sewage treatment plant are taken to establish thesoft sensor model of COD. Test results provided by numerical model and hardware show that, compared with thetraditional BP, RBF and other networks, the soft sensor model of COD designed in this paper has short measurementtime and relatively high prediction accuracy. It may be a promising soft sensor approach in applications.
Sewage treatment is a complex nonlinear process, and chemical oxygen demand(COD) is one of the keyindicators for evaluating the effectiveness of wastewater treatment. It is costly and time-consuming to get COD bytraditional chemical approaches. By neural networks, it is faster, but it is not accurate enough. To address them, asoft sensor approach, which is based on the combination of self-organizing map(SOM) and radial basis function(RBF) neural network, is designed. SOM is taken to cluster data samples. The number of hidden layer nodes and thecenter vector of the nodes are determined by clustering results. By such disposal, the rate of convergence and fittingprecision have been improved. Part data of water samples from a sewage treatment plant are taken to establish thesoft sensor model of COD. Test results provided by numerical model and hardware show that, compared with thetraditional BP, RBF and other networks, the soft sensor model of COD designed in this paper has short measurementtime and relatively high prediction accuracy. It may be a promising soft sensor approach in applications.
引文
[1]穆瑞,乐高杨,杨慧中.基于O3/UV法在线COD检测的气体溶解量估计方法[J].化工学报, 2019, 70(2):730-735.Mu R, Le G Y, Yang H Z. Estimation method of gas dissolvedamount based on O3/UV method for online COD detection[J].CIESC Journal, 2019, 70(2):730-735.
[2]宋建军,赵凌.紫外吸收光谱法检测化学需氧量的方法[J].传感器与微系统, 2018, 37(5):30-33.Song J J, Zhao L. Methods for determination of chemical oxygendemand by ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy[J]. Transducer andMicrosystems, 2018, 37(5):30-33.
[3]李名升,张建辉,罗海江,等."十一五"期间中国化学需氧量减排与水环境质量变化关联分析[J].生态环境学报, 2011, 20(3):463-467.Li M S, Zhang J H, Luo H J, et al. Relation between water quality and COD discharge in China in the Eleventh Five-Year Plan[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 2011, 20(3):463-467.
[4] Hanbay D, Turkoglu I, Demir Y. Prediction of chemical oxygendemand(COD)based on wavelet decomposition and neuralnetworks[J]. CLEAN-Soil, Air, Water, 2010, 35(3):250-254.
[5] Li Q, Peng J, Tang D, et al. A study on the UKFNN-based onlinedetection of effluent COD in water sewage treatment[C]//Industrial Electronics&Applications. IEEE, 2015.
[6]李雪梅,朱燕.快速消解分光光度法测定污水化学需氧量[J].化学分析计量, 2018, 27(3):36-39.Li X M, Zhu Y. Determination of chemical oxygen demand insewage by rapid digestion spectrophotometry[J]. ChemicalAnalysis&Metering, 2018, 27(3):36-39.
[7]孙立岩,姚志鹏,张军,等.地表水中TOC与COD换算关系研究[J].中国环境监测, 2013, 29(2):125-130.Sun L Y, Yao Z P, Zhang J, et al. Study on the relationshipbetween TOC and COD conversion in surface water[J].Environmental Monitoring in China, 2013, 29(2):125-130.
[8] Zhao H, Jiang D, Zhang S, et al. Development of a directphotoelectrochemical method for determination of chemicaloxygen demand[J]. Analytical Chemistry, 2015, 76(1):155-160.
[9]肖峻,杨孟孟,缪震华,等.嵌入式污水COD在线监测仪的研制与应用[J].环境工程学报, 2017, 11(5):3312-3319.Xiao J, Yang M M, Miu Z H, et al. Development and application ofembedded COD online monitoring instrument for sewage[J].Journal of Environmental Engineering, 2017, 11(5):3312-3319.
[10] Ye Y, Zhuang Y. The COD predictive technique based on neuralnetwork[C]//International Conference on Mechatronic Sciences.IEEE, 2014.
[11]曹为阳.污水处理出水COD软测量预测建模方法的研究[D].马鞍山:安徽工业大学, 2017.Cao W Y. Research on COD soft measurement predictionmodeling method for wastewater treatment effluent[D].Ma’anshan:Anhui University of Technology, 2017.
[12] Azadi S, Amiri H, Rakhshandehroo G R. Evaluating the ability ofartificial neural network and PCA-M5P models in predictingleachate COD load in landfills[J]. Waste Management, 2016, 55:220-230.
[13] Qiao J, Li W, Han H. Soft computing of biochemical oxygendemand using an improved T–S fuzzy neural network[J]. ChineseJournal of Chemical Engineering, 2014, 22(11/12):1254-1259.
[14] Li Y H, Shi Y T, Wang K, et al. Design of online monitoringdevice for COD parameter in industrial sewage based on softmeasurement method[C]//Automation. IEEE, 2017:959-964.
[15]乔俊飞,郭楠,韩红桂.基于神经网络的BOD参数软测量仪表的设计[J].计算机与应用化学, 2013, 30(10):1219-1222.Qiao J F, Guo N, Han H G. Design of soft measuring instrumentfor BOD parameters based on neural network[J]. Computer andApplied Chemistry, 2013, 30(10):1219-1222.
[16]任东红.基于集成神经网络的污水处理出水水质软测量模型[D].北京:北京工业大学, 2013.Ren D H. Soft sensor model for wastewater treatment effluentbased on integrated neural network[D]. Beijing:BeijingUniversity of Technology, 2013.
[17]郭楠.基于神经网络的BOD软测量仪表的研究[D].北京:北京工业大学, 2014.Guo N. Research on BOD soft measuring instrument based on neural network[D]. Beijing:Beijing University of Technology,2014.
[18]乔俊飞,安茹,韩红桂.基于RBF神经网络的出水氨氮预测研究[J].控制工程, 2016, 23(9):1301-1305.Qiao J F, An R, Han H G. Prediction of effluent ammonia nitrogenbased on RBF neural network[J]. Control Engineering, 2016, 23(9):1301-1305.
[19]崔雪梅.基于灰色GA-LM-BP模型的COD_(Mn)预测[J].水利水电科技进展, 2013, 33(5):38-41.Cui X M. Prediction of COD_(Mn)based on grey GA-LM-BPmodel[J]. Advances in Science and Technology of WaterResources, 2013, 33(5):38-41.
[20]高峰,冯民权,滕素芬.基于PSO优化BP神经网络的水质预测研究[J].安全与环境学报, 2015, 15(4):338-341.Gao F, Feng M Q, Teng S F. Water quality prediction based on BPneural network optimized by PSO[J]. Journal of Safety andEnvironment, 2015, 15(4):338-341.
[21] Ye G Q, Li W G, Wan H. Study of RBF neural network based onPSO algorithm in nonlinear system identification[C]//InternationalConference on Intelligent Computation Technology&Automation.IEEE, 2016.
[22]乔俊飞,孙玉庆,韩红桂.改进K-means算法优化RBF神经网络的出水氨氮预测[J].控制工程, 2018, 25(3):375-379.Qiao J F, Sun Y Q, Han H G. Improved K-means algorithm foroptimization of effluent ammonia nitrogen prediction in RBFneural network[J]. Control Engineering, 2018, 25(3):375-379.
[23]刘博,肖长来,梁秀娟. SOM-RBF神经网络模型在地下水位预测中的应用[J].吉林大学学报(地球科学版), 2015, 45(1):225-231.Liu B, Xiao C L, Liang X J. Application of SOM-RBF neuralnetwork model in groundwater level prediction[J]. Journal of JilinUniversity(Earth Science Edition), 2015, 45(1):225-231.
[24]乔俊飞,马士杰,杨翠丽.基于ROLS算法的递归RBF神经网络结构设计[J].化工学报, 2018, 69(3):1191-1199.Qiao J F, Ma S J, Yang C L. Structural design of recursive RBFneural network based on ROLS algorithm[J]. CIESC Journal,2018, 69(3):1191-1199.
[25]李文静,李萌,乔俊飞.基于互信息和自组织RBF神经网络的出水BOD软测量方法[J].化工学报, 2019, 70(2):687-695.Li W J, Li M, Qiao J F. Soft measurement method of effluent BODbased on mutual information and self-organizing RBF neuralnetwork[J]. CIESC Journal, 2019, 70(2):687-695.
[26]李晋贤.基于HS-RBF的污水处理出水COD软测量研究[D].绵阳:西南科技大学, 2017.Li J X. Soft-measurement of COD based on HS-RBF forwastewater treatment[D]. Mianyang:Southwest University ofScience and Technology, 2017.
[27]韩红桂,林征来,乔俊飞.一种基于混合梯度下降算法的模糊神经网络设计及应用[J].控制与决策, 2017, 32(9):1635-1641.Han H G, Lin Z L, Qiao J F. Design and application of a fuzzyneural network based on hybrid gradient descent algorithm[J].Control and Decision-making, 2017, 32(9):1635-1641.
[28]孙娅楠.梯度下降法在机器学习中的应用[D].成都:西南交通大学, 2018.Sun Y N. Application of gradient descent method in machinelearning[D]. Chengdu:Southwest Jiaotong University, 2018.
[29]周萌,王振华,王昶,等. Lipschitz非线性系统的H_/L∞故障检测观测器设计[J].控制理论与应用, 2018, 35(6):778-785.Zhou M, Wang Z H, Wang C, et al. H_/L∞fault detection observerdesign for Lipschitz nonlinear systems[J]. Control Theory andApplications, 2008, 35(6):778-785.
[30] Jakoveti?D, Xavier J, Moura J M F. Convergence rate analysis ofdistributed gradient methods for smooth optimization[C]//Telecommunications Forum. IEEE, 2013:867-870.
[2]宋建军,赵凌.紫外吸收光谱法检测化学需氧量的方法[J].传感器与微系统, 2018, 37(5):30-33.Song J J, Zhao L. Methods for determination of chemical oxygendemand by ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy[J]. Transducer andMicrosystems, 2018, 37(5):30-33.
[3]李名升,张建辉,罗海江,等."十一五"期间中国化学需氧量减排与水环境质量变化关联分析[J].生态环境学报, 2011, 20(3):463-467.Li M S, Zhang J H, Luo H J, et al. Relation between water quality and COD discharge in China in the Eleventh Five-Year Plan[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 2011, 20(3):463-467.
[4] Hanbay D, Turkoglu I, Demir Y. Prediction of chemical oxygendemand(COD)based on wavelet decomposition and neuralnetworks[J]. CLEAN-Soil, Air, Water, 2010, 35(3):250-254.
[5] Li Q, Peng J, Tang D, et al. A study on the UKFNN-based onlinedetection of effluent COD in water sewage treatment[C]//Industrial Electronics&Applications. IEEE, 2015.
[6]李雪梅,朱燕.快速消解分光光度法测定污水化学需氧量[J].化学分析计量, 2018, 27(3):36-39.Li X M, Zhu Y. Determination of chemical oxygen demand insewage by rapid digestion spectrophotometry[J]. ChemicalAnalysis&Metering, 2018, 27(3):36-39.
[7]孙立岩,姚志鹏,张军,等.地表水中TOC与COD换算关系研究[J].中国环境监测, 2013, 29(2):125-130.Sun L Y, Yao Z P, Zhang J, et al. Study on the relationshipbetween TOC and COD conversion in surface water[J].Environmental Monitoring in China, 2013, 29(2):125-130.
[8] Zhao H, Jiang D, Zhang S, et al. Development of a directphotoelectrochemical method for determination of chemicaloxygen demand[J]. Analytical Chemistry, 2015, 76(1):155-160.
[9]肖峻,杨孟孟,缪震华,等.嵌入式污水COD在线监测仪的研制与应用[J].环境工程学报, 2017, 11(5):3312-3319.Xiao J, Yang M M, Miu Z H, et al. Development and application ofembedded COD online monitoring instrument for sewage[J].Journal of Environmental Engineering, 2017, 11(5):3312-3319.
[10] Ye Y, Zhuang Y. The COD predictive technique based on neuralnetwork[C]//International Conference on Mechatronic Sciences.IEEE, 2014.
[11]曹为阳.污水处理出水COD软测量预测建模方法的研究[D].马鞍山:安徽工业大学, 2017.Cao W Y. Research on COD soft measurement predictionmodeling method for wastewater treatment effluent[D].Ma’anshan:Anhui University of Technology, 2017.
[12] Azadi S, Amiri H, Rakhshandehroo G R. Evaluating the ability ofartificial neural network and PCA-M5P models in predictingleachate COD load in landfills[J]. Waste Management, 2016, 55:220-230.
[13] Qiao J, Li W, Han H. Soft computing of biochemical oxygendemand using an improved T–S fuzzy neural network[J]. ChineseJournal of Chemical Engineering, 2014, 22(11/12):1254-1259.
[14] Li Y H, Shi Y T, Wang K, et al. Design of online monitoringdevice for COD parameter in industrial sewage based on softmeasurement method[C]//Automation. IEEE, 2017:959-964.
[15]乔俊飞,郭楠,韩红桂.基于神经网络的BOD参数软测量仪表的设计[J].计算机与应用化学, 2013, 30(10):1219-1222.Qiao J F, Guo N, Han H G. Design of soft measuring instrumentfor BOD parameters based on neural network[J]. Computer andApplied Chemistry, 2013, 30(10):1219-1222.
[16]任东红.基于集成神经网络的污水处理出水水质软测量模型[D].北京:北京工业大学, 2013.Ren D H. Soft sensor model for wastewater treatment effluentbased on integrated neural network[D]. Beijing:BeijingUniversity of Technology, 2013.
[17]郭楠.基于神经网络的BOD软测量仪表的研究[D].北京:北京工业大学, 2014.Guo N. Research on BOD soft measuring instrument based on neural network[D]. Beijing:Beijing University of Technology,2014.
[18]乔俊飞,安茹,韩红桂.基于RBF神经网络的出水氨氮预测研究[J].控制工程, 2016, 23(9):1301-1305.Qiao J F, An R, Han H G. Prediction of effluent ammonia nitrogenbased on RBF neural network[J]. Control Engineering, 2016, 23(9):1301-1305.
[19]崔雪梅.基于灰色GA-LM-BP模型的COD_(Mn)预测[J].水利水电科技进展, 2013, 33(5):38-41.Cui X M. Prediction of COD_(Mn)based on grey GA-LM-BPmodel[J]. Advances in Science and Technology of WaterResources, 2013, 33(5):38-41.
[20]高峰,冯民权,滕素芬.基于PSO优化BP神经网络的水质预测研究[J].安全与环境学报, 2015, 15(4):338-341.Gao F, Feng M Q, Teng S F. Water quality prediction based on BPneural network optimized by PSO[J]. Journal of Safety andEnvironment, 2015, 15(4):338-341.
[21] Ye G Q, Li W G, Wan H. Study of RBF neural network based onPSO algorithm in nonlinear system identification[C]//InternationalConference on Intelligent Computation Technology&Automation.IEEE, 2016.
[22]乔俊飞,孙玉庆,韩红桂.改进K-means算法优化RBF神经网络的出水氨氮预测[J].控制工程, 2018, 25(3):375-379.Qiao J F, Sun Y Q, Han H G. Improved K-means algorithm foroptimization of effluent ammonia nitrogen prediction in RBFneural network[J]. Control Engineering, 2018, 25(3):375-379.
[23]刘博,肖长来,梁秀娟. SOM-RBF神经网络模型在地下水位预测中的应用[J].吉林大学学报(地球科学版), 2015, 45(1):225-231.Liu B, Xiao C L, Liang X J. Application of SOM-RBF neuralnetwork model in groundwater level prediction[J]. Journal of JilinUniversity(Earth Science Edition), 2015, 45(1):225-231.
[24]乔俊飞,马士杰,杨翠丽.基于ROLS算法的递归RBF神经网络结构设计[J].化工学报, 2018, 69(3):1191-1199.Qiao J F, Ma S J, Yang C L. Structural design of recursive RBFneural network based on ROLS algorithm[J]. CIESC Journal,2018, 69(3):1191-1199.
[25]李文静,李萌,乔俊飞.基于互信息和自组织RBF神经网络的出水BOD软测量方法[J].化工学报, 2019, 70(2):687-695.Li W J, Li M, Qiao J F. Soft measurement method of effluent BODbased on mutual information and self-organizing RBF neuralnetwork[J]. CIESC Journal, 2019, 70(2):687-695.
[26]李晋贤.基于HS-RBF的污水处理出水COD软测量研究[D].绵阳:西南科技大学, 2017.Li J X. Soft-measurement of COD based on HS-RBF forwastewater treatment[D]. Mianyang:Southwest University ofScience and Technology, 2017.
[27]韩红桂,林征来,乔俊飞.一种基于混合梯度下降算法的模糊神经网络设计及应用[J].控制与决策, 2017, 32(9):1635-1641.Han H G, Lin Z L, Qiao J F. Design and application of a fuzzyneural network based on hybrid gradient descent algorithm[J].Control and Decision-making, 2017, 32(9):1635-1641.
[28]孙娅楠.梯度下降法在机器学习中的应用[D].成都:西南交通大学, 2018.Sun Y N. Application of gradient descent method in machinelearning[D]. Chengdu:Southwest Jiaotong University, 2018.
[29]周萌,王振华,王昶,等. Lipschitz非线性系统的H_/L∞故障检测观测器设计[J].控制理论与应用, 2018, 35(6):778-785.Zhou M, Wang Z H, Wang C, et al. H_/L∞fault detection observerdesign for Lipschitz nonlinear systems[J]. Control Theory andApplications, 2008, 35(6):778-785.
[30] Jakoveti?D, Xavier J, Moura J M F. Convergence rate analysis ofdistributed gradient methods for smooth optimization[C]//Telecommunications Forum. IEEE, 2013:867-870.
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