国外道路环境空气质量监测技术体系建设经验及对我国的启示
|
摘要
为阐明道路交通产生的大气污染环境影响,为我国新时期绿色交通发展科学决策提供基础数据,通过实证分析等方法,对开展道路环境空气质量监测工作较早、监测体系发展较为完善的英国、美国和新西兰等国家的监测技术体系进行了研究。针对英国、美国和新西兰3个国家道路环境空气质量监测网络建设情况,从监测因子、监测方法、站点布设、评价标准和数据管理等5个方面系统梳理了国外道路环境空气质量监测技术体系。在此基础上,分析了我国道路环境空气质量监测的现状及问题,通过规范研究等方法,为我国道路环境空气质量监测提出建议,结合当前大气污染控制重点,认为应开展"三区十群"道路环境空气质量监测试点示范工作。
In order to clarify the environmental impact of road traffic air pollution, and provide basic data for scientific decision-making of green transportation development, the monitoring technology systems of the United Kingdom, the United States and New Zealand, which have carried out monitoring of road environmental air quality early and have perfect monitoring system, were studied through the methods of empirical analysis. In view of the construction of road environmental air quality monitoring networks in the United Kingdom, the United States and New Zealand, the monitoring systems of road air quality monitoring network in these countries were systematically reviewed from five aspects: monitoring factors, monitoring methods, site layout, evaluation standards and data management. On this basis, the current situation and existing problems of road environmental air quality monitoring in China were analyzed. Suggestions on monitoring of road environmental air quality in China were put forward through normative research and other methods. Combined with the current air pollution control focus, it is suggested that pilot demonstration work on road environmental air quality monitoring of "three districts and ten groups" should be carried out.
In order to clarify the environmental impact of road traffic air pollution, and provide basic data for scientific decision-making of green transportation development, the monitoring technology systems of the United Kingdom, the United States and New Zealand, which have carried out monitoring of road environmental air quality early and have perfect monitoring system, were studied through the methods of empirical analysis. In view of the construction of road environmental air quality monitoring networks in the United Kingdom, the United States and New Zealand, the monitoring systems of road air quality monitoring network in these countries were systematically reviewed from five aspects: monitoring factors, monitoring methods, site layout, evaluation standards and data management. On this basis, the current situation and existing problems of road environmental air quality monitoring in China were analyzed. Suggestions on monitoring of road environmental air quality in China were put forward through normative research and other methods. Combined with the current air pollution control focus, it is suggested that pilot demonstration work on road environmental air quality monitoring of "three districts and ten groups" should be carried out.
引文
[1]胡敏，唐倩，彭剑飞，等.我国大气颗粒物来源及特征分析[J].环境与可持续发展，2011,36(5):15-19.
[2]张意，吴琳，毛洪钧，等.天津市机动车污染物排放清单及控制对策研究[J].南开大学学报（自然科学版），2017,50(1):90-96.
[3]北京市环境保护局.最新科研成果新一轮北京市PM2.5来源解析正式发布[EB/OL].(2018-05-14)[2019-05-31].http://www.bjepb.gov.cn/wap/tpxw2/832588/index.html.
[4]倪元锦.霾从哪儿来：北京30万数据绘制更新PM2.5“家谱”[N/OL].中国青年报，2018-05-15(03)[2019-05-31]. http://mzqb.cyol.com/html/2018-05/15/content_250230.htm.
[5]仪器信息网.全国环境空气质量监测网建成[J/OL].化学分析计量，2017,26(2):15[2019-05-31]. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-HXFJ201702005.htm.
[6] MARSDEN G, BELL M C. Road Traffic Pollution Monitoring and Modelling Tools and the UK National Air Quality Strategy[J]. Local Environment, 2001, 6(2):181-197.
[7] US Environmental Protection Agency. EPA History:Clean Air Act of 1970/1977[EB/OL].(2018-08-08)[2019-05-31]. https://www.epa.gov/history/epa-history-clean-air-act-19701977.
[8] US Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration. A Summary for Transportation Programs and Provisions of the Clean Air Act Amendments of1990:FHWA—PD—92—023[S]. Washington DC:US Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, 1992.
[9] HOWITT A M, MOORE E M. Linking Transportation and Air Quality Planning:Implementation of the Transportation Conformity Regulations in 15 Nonattainment Areas:[R]. Washington DC:US Environmental Protection Agency, 1999.
[10] New Zealand Ministry of Transport. Land Transport Management Act 2003:2003 No 118[S]. Wellington:New Zealand Ministry of Transport, 2003.
[11]吴睿，徐洪磊，衷平，等.新西兰高速公路空气监测[J].中国公路，2015(21):80-84.
[12] New Zealand Transport Agency. NZTA′s Environmental Plan(Version 2)[R]. Wellington:New Zealand Transport Agency, 2008.
[13] New Zealand Transport Agency. Ambient Air Quality(Nitrogen Dioxide)Monitoring Network–Site Metadata Report 2007—2012[R]. Wellington:New Zealand Transport Agency, 2013.
[14] LIU T, ZHANG Y H, XU Y J, et al. The Effects of DustHaze on Mortality Are Modified by Seasons and Individual Characteristics in Guangzhou, China[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2014, 187(8):116-123.
[15] MA N, ZHAO C S, CHEN J, et al. A Novel Method for Distinguishing Fog and Haze Based on PM2.5, Visibility,and Relative Humidity[J]. Science China Earth Sciences,2014, 57(9):2156-2164.
[16]唐宜西，张小玲，熊亚军，等.北京一次持续霾天气过程气象特征分析[J].气象与环境学报，2013,29(5):12-19.
[17]熊新竹，陶双成，高硕晗，等.北京典型主城区冬季大气污染特征分析[J].生态环境学报，2017,26(7):1167-1173.
[18] World Health Organization. Air Quality Guidelines for Particulate Matter, Ozone, Nitrogen Dioxide, and Sulfur Dioxide(Global Update 2005)[R]. Geneva:World Health Organization, 2006.
[19]刘建，吴兑，范绍佳，等.前体物与气象因子对珠江三角洲臭氧污染的影响[J].中国环境科学，2017,37(3):813-820.
[20]程麟钧，王帅，宫正宇，等.中国臭氧浓度的时空变化特征及分区[J].中国环境科学，2017, 37(11):4003-4012.
[21] The United Kingdom Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. Local Air Quality Management Technical Guidance(LAQM TG16)[Z]. London:the United Kingdom Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, 2018.
[22] US Environmental Protection Agency Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Air Quality Assessment Division, Ambient Air Monitoring Group. Near-Road NO2Monitoring Technical Assistance Document:EPA—454/B—12—002[S]. North Carolina:Research Triangle Park, 2012.
[23] New Zealand Transport Agency. Ambient Air Quality(Nitrogen Dioxide)Monitoring Network-Operating Manual2017—18:SP/M/023[S]. Wellington:New Zealand Transport Agency, 2017.
[24] US Environmental Protection Agency. EPA History:Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990[EB/OL].(2018-08-08)[2019-05-31]. https://www.epa.gov/history/epa-history-clean-airact-amendments-1990.
[25] US Environmental Protection Agency. Criteria Air Pollutants[EB/OL].(2017-01-19)[2019-05-31]. https://www.epa.gov/criteria-air-pollutants.
[26] US Environmental Protection Agency. NAAQS Table[EB/OL].(2016-12-20)[2019-05-31]. https://www.epa.gov/criteria-air-pollutants/naaqs-table.
[27] New Zealand Ministry for the Environment. Resource Management(National Environmental Standards for Air Quality)Regulations 2004:SR 2004/309[S]. Wellington:Ministry for the Environment, 2011.
[28] New Zealand Ministry for the Environment and Ministry of Health. Ambient Air Quality Guidelines(2002 update)[Z]. Wellington:New Zealand Ministry for the Environment and Ministry of Health, 2002.
[29] World Health Organization. Air Quality Guidelines-Global Update 2005[Z]. Geneva:World Health Organization, 2005.
[30] New Zealand National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research. The Determinants of Levels of Secondary Particulate Pollution and Nitrogen Dioxide in Urban New Zealand-Part 1. NIWA Report AKL2008-053 Prepared for the Foundation for Research, Science and Technology[R].Wellington:National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, 2008.
[31] New Zealand Ministry for the Environment. Good Practice Guide for Air Quality Monitoring and Data Management 2009:ME 933[S]. Wellington:New Zealand Ministry for the Environment, 2009.
[32] The Auckland Regional Council. Nitrogen Dioxide in Air in the Auckland Region:Passive Sampling Results[R]. Albany:the Auckland Regional Council, 2007.
[33]雷瑜，张小玲，唐宜西，等.北京城区PM2.5及主要污染气体“周末效应”和“假日效应”研究[J].环境科学学报，2015,35(5):1520-1528.
[34]张歌，陈义珍，刘厚凤，等.北京地区灰霾污染特征[J].生态环境学报，2014(12):1946-1952.
[35]梁文艳，孙德智，黄珊，等.编制城市交通道路环境空气质量监测技术规范的探讨[J].环境科学研究，2010,23(5):581-586.
[36]环境保护部.国家环境空气质量监测网城市站运行管理实施细则（试行）[Z].北京：环境保护部，2017.
[37]环境保护部.环境空气质量手工监测技术规范：HJ194—2017[S].北京：环境保护部，2017.
[38]环境保护部.环境空气气态污染物（SO2、NO2、O3、CO）连续自动监测系统安装验收技术规范：HJ 193—2013[S].北京：环境保护部，2013.
[39]生态环境部.环境空气气态污染物（SO2、NO2、O3、CO）连续自动监测系统运行和质控技术规范：HJ818—2018[S].北京：生态环境部，2018.
[40]生态环境部.环境空气颗粒物（PM10和PM2.5）连续自动监测系统运行与质控技术规范：HJ 817—2018[S].北京：生态环境部，2018.
[41]环境保护部.环境空气质量监测点位布设技术规范（试行）：HJ 664—2013[S].北京：环境保护部，2013.
[42]环境保护部，国家发展和改革委员会，财政部.关于印发《重点区域大气污染防治“十二五”规划》的通知[EB/OL].(2012-12-05)[2019-05-31]. http://www.gov.cn/zwgk/2012-12/05/content_2283152.htm.
[43]环境保护部.环境保护部与交通运输部签署合作备忘录，建立应急联动工作机制[EB/OL].(2014-01-16)[2019-05-31]. http://politics.people.com.cn/n/2014/0116/c70731-24137293.html.
[2]张意，吴琳，毛洪钧，等.天津市机动车污染物排放清单及控制对策研究[J].南开大学学报（自然科学版），2017,50(1):90-96.
[3]北京市环境保护局.最新科研成果新一轮北京市PM2.5来源解析正式发布[EB/OL].(2018-05-14)[2019-05-31].http://www.bjepb.gov.cn/wap/tpxw2/832588/index.html.
[4]倪元锦.霾从哪儿来：北京30万数据绘制更新PM2.5“家谱”[N/OL].中国青年报，2018-05-15(03)[2019-05-31]. http://mzqb.cyol.com/html/2018-05/15/content_250230.htm.
[5]仪器信息网.全国环境空气质量监测网建成[J/OL].化学分析计量，2017,26(2):15[2019-05-31]. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-HXFJ201702005.htm.
[6] MARSDEN G, BELL M C. Road Traffic Pollution Monitoring and Modelling Tools and the UK National Air Quality Strategy[J]. Local Environment, 2001, 6(2):181-197.
[7] US Environmental Protection Agency. EPA History:Clean Air Act of 1970/1977[EB/OL].(2018-08-08)[2019-05-31]. https://www.epa.gov/history/epa-history-clean-air-act-19701977.
[8] US Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration. A Summary for Transportation Programs and Provisions of the Clean Air Act Amendments of1990:FHWA—PD—92—023[S]. Washington DC:US Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, 1992.
[9] HOWITT A M, MOORE E M. Linking Transportation and Air Quality Planning:Implementation of the Transportation Conformity Regulations in 15 Nonattainment Areas:[R]. Washington DC:US Environmental Protection Agency, 1999.
[10] New Zealand Ministry of Transport. Land Transport Management Act 2003:2003 No 118[S]. Wellington:New Zealand Ministry of Transport, 2003.
[11]吴睿，徐洪磊，衷平，等.新西兰高速公路空气监测[J].中国公路，2015(21):80-84.
[12] New Zealand Transport Agency. NZTA′s Environmental Plan(Version 2)[R]. Wellington:New Zealand Transport Agency, 2008.
[13] New Zealand Transport Agency. Ambient Air Quality(Nitrogen Dioxide)Monitoring Network–Site Metadata Report 2007—2012[R]. Wellington:New Zealand Transport Agency, 2013.
[14] LIU T, ZHANG Y H, XU Y J, et al. The Effects of DustHaze on Mortality Are Modified by Seasons and Individual Characteristics in Guangzhou, China[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2014, 187(8):116-123.
[15] MA N, ZHAO C S, CHEN J, et al. A Novel Method for Distinguishing Fog and Haze Based on PM2.5, Visibility,and Relative Humidity[J]. Science China Earth Sciences,2014, 57(9):2156-2164.
[16]唐宜西，张小玲，熊亚军，等.北京一次持续霾天气过程气象特征分析[J].气象与环境学报，2013,29(5):12-19.
[17]熊新竹，陶双成，高硕晗，等.北京典型主城区冬季大气污染特征分析[J].生态环境学报，2017,26(7):1167-1173.
[18] World Health Organization. Air Quality Guidelines for Particulate Matter, Ozone, Nitrogen Dioxide, and Sulfur Dioxide(Global Update 2005)[R]. Geneva:World Health Organization, 2006.
[19]刘建，吴兑，范绍佳，等.前体物与气象因子对珠江三角洲臭氧污染的影响[J].中国环境科学，2017,37(3):813-820.
[20]程麟钧，王帅，宫正宇，等.中国臭氧浓度的时空变化特征及分区[J].中国环境科学，2017, 37(11):4003-4012.
[21] The United Kingdom Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. Local Air Quality Management Technical Guidance(LAQM TG16)[Z]. London:the United Kingdom Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, 2018.
[22] US Environmental Protection Agency Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Air Quality Assessment Division, Ambient Air Monitoring Group. Near-Road NO2Monitoring Technical Assistance Document:EPA—454/B—12—002[S]. North Carolina:Research Triangle Park, 2012.
[23] New Zealand Transport Agency. Ambient Air Quality(Nitrogen Dioxide)Monitoring Network-Operating Manual2017—18:SP/M/023[S]. Wellington:New Zealand Transport Agency, 2017.
[24] US Environmental Protection Agency. EPA History:Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990[EB/OL].(2018-08-08)[2019-05-31]. https://www.epa.gov/history/epa-history-clean-airact-amendments-1990.
[25] US Environmental Protection Agency. Criteria Air Pollutants[EB/OL].(2017-01-19)[2019-05-31]. https://www.epa.gov/criteria-air-pollutants.
[26] US Environmental Protection Agency. NAAQS Table[EB/OL].(2016-12-20)[2019-05-31]. https://www.epa.gov/criteria-air-pollutants/naaqs-table.
[27] New Zealand Ministry for the Environment. Resource Management(National Environmental Standards for Air Quality)Regulations 2004:SR 2004/309[S]. Wellington:Ministry for the Environment, 2011.
[28] New Zealand Ministry for the Environment and Ministry of Health. Ambient Air Quality Guidelines(2002 update)[Z]. Wellington:New Zealand Ministry for the Environment and Ministry of Health, 2002.
[29] World Health Organization. Air Quality Guidelines-Global Update 2005[Z]. Geneva:World Health Organization, 2005.
[30] New Zealand National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research. The Determinants of Levels of Secondary Particulate Pollution and Nitrogen Dioxide in Urban New Zealand-Part 1. NIWA Report AKL2008-053 Prepared for the Foundation for Research, Science and Technology[R].Wellington:National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, 2008.
[31] New Zealand Ministry for the Environment. Good Practice Guide for Air Quality Monitoring and Data Management 2009:ME 933[S]. Wellington:New Zealand Ministry for the Environment, 2009.
[32] The Auckland Regional Council. Nitrogen Dioxide in Air in the Auckland Region:Passive Sampling Results[R]. Albany:the Auckland Regional Council, 2007.
[33]雷瑜，张小玲，唐宜西，等.北京城区PM2.5及主要污染气体“周末效应”和“假日效应”研究[J].环境科学学报，2015,35(5):1520-1528.
[34]张歌，陈义珍，刘厚凤，等.北京地区灰霾污染特征[J].生态环境学报，2014(12):1946-1952.
[35]梁文艳，孙德智，黄珊，等.编制城市交通道路环境空气质量监测技术规范的探讨[J].环境科学研究，2010,23(5):581-586.
[36]环境保护部.国家环境空气质量监测网城市站运行管理实施细则（试行）[Z].北京：环境保护部，2017.
[37]环境保护部.环境空气质量手工监测技术规范：HJ194—2017[S].北京：环境保护部，2017.
[38]环境保护部.环境空气气态污染物（SO2、NO2、O3、CO）连续自动监测系统安装验收技术规范：HJ 193—2013[S].北京：环境保护部，2013.
[39]生态环境部.环境空气气态污染物（SO2、NO2、O3、CO）连续自动监测系统运行和质控技术规范：HJ818—2018[S].北京：生态环境部，2018.
[40]生态环境部.环境空气颗粒物（PM10和PM2.5）连续自动监测系统运行与质控技术规范：HJ 817—2018[S].北京：生态环境部，2018.
[41]环境保护部.环境空气质量监测点位布设技术规范（试行）：HJ 664—2013[S].北京：环境保护部，2013.
[42]环境保护部，国家发展和改革委员会，财政部.关于印发《重点区域大气污染防治“十二五”规划》的通知[EB/OL].(2012-12-05)[2019-05-31]. http://www.gov.cn/zwgk/2012-12/05/content_2283152.htm.
[43]环境保护部.环境保护部与交通运输部签署合作备忘录，建立应急联动工作机制[EB/OL].(2014-01-16)[2019-05-31]. http://politics.people.com.cn/n/2014/0116/c70731-24137293.html.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |