中、下地壳深地震反射地震资料的AVO岩性识别技术
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摘要
随着深反射地震技术从解决构造问题转向解决深部的岩性问题,深反射地震的AVO(Amplitude versus Offset)技术已经成为深部地球物理的重要发展方向。因此,在我的研究中,基于Hudson和Thomsen裂隙介质理论,将中、下地壳岩体等效为裂隙介质,考虑裂隙介质各向异性的特点,采用R(u｜¨)ger(1998)的HTI(包括VTI)介质中的AVO公式,考虑裂缝密度、裂缝方位、孔隙度、流体充填物、饱和状态,甚至地层压力、温度等因素分析中、下地壳介质的AVO响应,并采用实际的WLR(Wollaston Lake Reflector)反射剖面数据进行验证。通过我们的研究,希望能够利用反射振幅的AVO属性,来建立中下地壳岩石物性的识别方法与准则,从而进一步深化对中下地壳岩石物性、形成机制及其动力学过程的认识。
结果表明,WLR层的真实振幅值的总体趋势是随着炮检距逐渐增大的,AVO斜率很小。将真实振幅值与四个各向异性模型数据拟合之后,发现模型一与真实数据拟合的最好,而模型三偏离真实数据较远。因此,在WLR层反射亮点的四个解释成因中,模型一(辉绿岩,Christensen,1996)是最佳成因。且随着泊松比的减小,拟合误差也逐渐降低,这意味着WLR的强振幅可能是由低泊松比的地层引起的。运用各向异性理论AVO交绘图,我们发现泊松比和纵波速度是检测岩性的最佳因子。在反射系数交绘图中,AVO曲线的斜率和截距交绘图也能很好的区分岩性。从实际地震剖面中分别提取了含流体层段和不含流体层段的AVO斜率和截距,发现斜率和截距交绘图能很好的区分含流体与不含流体层段。而且从含流体到不含流体层段的变化趋势和理论模型的变化趋势是一样的。这说明我们的各向异性AVO理论是正确的。通过对裂隙和孔隙并存介质的有效压力敏感性分析,发现随着有效压力的增大,介质中的裂隙随之闭合,各向异性现象逐渐消失;速度和反射系数也增大,但增量逐渐减小;比较考虑与不考虑等径孔隙的模型表明,在相同的弹性参数下,有效压力从0MPa增加到30MPa的过程中,其速度和反射系数的差值是逐渐增大的,在20MPa—30MPa左右,其差值达到最大。而有效压力继续增大时,其两者的速度差值逐渐减小,最终重合。因为在0—30MPa的范围内裂隙孔隙度和等径孔隙度的变化也最大。随着有效压力的继续增大,介质的弹性参数也趋于常数。
With the deep seismic reflection techniques changing from solving structural problems to lithology problems, Amplitude versus offset (AVO) technique has become an important research direction in deep seismic sounding. In my research, based on Hudson and Thomsen's fracture media theory, I made fracture media rock physics model in middle and lower crust. Considering the anisotropic characterization of fracture media and the factor of cracks density, cracks directions, porosity, filled fluid, pressure and temperature, I used Ruger's AVO formula for HTI (include VTI) media, and applied it to the real WLR (Wollaston Lake Reflector) seismic reflection profile. I hope to establish the identification method and rule for discriminating lithology in middle or lower crust by using the AVO attributes . Furthermore, my study will improve our understanding of the petrophysics, form-mechanism and the dynamics process in middle or lower crust.
My study shows that, the whole trend of AVO for WLR1 is increasing. The AVO gradient is small. We calculated four anisotropic models to fit WLR1 data, and found model one is the best fit model. Model three is the worst which was considered the best fittest model by using isotropic theory. So I think that in the present the four candidates of WLR reflection bright, the Model one is the best candidate. With the decreasing of Possion's ratio, the misfit error is gradually decreasing in Model one. Therefore, I can infer that the high amplitude of WLR may be caused by the lower Possion's ratio formation. By using the anisotropic AVO theory, I found that Possion's ratio and the P-wave velocity is the best factor to discriminate lithlogy for middle and lower crust metamorphic rock. Reflection coefficient crossplot, AVO gradient and intercept crossplot can also be used to discriminate lithology. AVO gradient and intercept crossplot of WLR reflection had prove this. It means that our anisotropic AVO theory are correctly to be used here as well.
By analyzing the sensitivity of fracture-pore media, I found that with the increasing of effective pressure, the fracture in media is closed, the anisotropic phenomena is gradually disappeared, the velocity and reflection coefficient also increased. However, the increment of velocity and reflection coefficient is gradually decreasing. Comparsion of no-equant variation modle with the same elastic parameters shows that reflectivity or velocity difference is increasing and reach to 30MPa, and continue decreases and finally tend to constant with the increasing of effecive pressure. The reason is that variation of crack- porosity andpore-porosity is the largest from 0-30Mpa, and gradually tend to constant with the increasingof pressure.
结果表明,WLR层的真实振幅值的总体趋势是随着炮检距逐渐增大的,AVO斜率很小。将真实振幅值与四个各向异性模型数据拟合之后,发现模型一与真实数据拟合的最好,而模型三偏离真实数据较远。因此,在WLR层反射亮点的四个解释成因中,模型一(辉绿岩,Christensen,1996)是最佳成因。且随着泊松比的减小,拟合误差也逐渐降低,这意味着WLR的强振幅可能是由低泊松比的地层引起的。运用各向异性理论AVO交绘图,我们发现泊松比和纵波速度是检测岩性的最佳因子。在反射系数交绘图中,AVO曲线的斜率和截距交绘图也能很好的区分岩性。从实际地震剖面中分别提取了含流体层段和不含流体层段的AVO斜率和截距,发现斜率和截距交绘图能很好的区分含流体与不含流体层段。而且从含流体到不含流体层段的变化趋势和理论模型的变化趋势是一样的。这说明我们的各向异性AVO理论是正确的。通过对裂隙和孔隙并存介质的有效压力敏感性分析,发现随着有效压力的增大,介质中的裂隙随之闭合,各向异性现象逐渐消失;速度和反射系数也增大,但增量逐渐减小;比较考虑与不考虑等径孔隙的模型表明,在相同的弹性参数下,有效压力从0MPa增加到30MPa的过程中,其速度和反射系数的差值是逐渐增大的,在20MPa—30MPa左右,其差值达到最大。而有效压力继续增大时,其两者的速度差值逐渐减小,最终重合。因为在0—30MPa的范围内裂隙孔隙度和等径孔隙度的变化也最大。随着有效压力的继续增大,介质的弹性参数也趋于常数。
With the deep seismic reflection techniques changing from solving structural problems to lithology problems, Amplitude versus offset (AVO) technique has become an important research direction in deep seismic sounding. In my research, based on Hudson and Thomsen's fracture media theory, I made fracture media rock physics model in middle and lower crust. Considering the anisotropic characterization of fracture media and the factor of cracks density, cracks directions, porosity, filled fluid, pressure and temperature, I used Ruger's AVO formula for HTI (include VTI) media, and applied it to the real WLR (Wollaston Lake Reflector) seismic reflection profile. I hope to establish the identification method and rule for discriminating lithology in middle or lower crust by using the AVO attributes . Furthermore, my study will improve our understanding of the petrophysics, form-mechanism and the dynamics process in middle or lower crust.
My study shows that, the whole trend of AVO for WLR1 is increasing. The AVO gradient is small. We calculated four anisotropic models to fit WLR1 data, and found model one is the best fit model. Model three is the worst which was considered the best fittest model by using isotropic theory. So I think that in the present the four candidates of WLR reflection bright, the Model one is the best candidate. With the decreasing of Possion's ratio, the misfit error is gradually decreasing in Model one. Therefore, I can infer that the high amplitude of WLR may be caused by the lower Possion's ratio formation. By using the anisotropic AVO theory, I found that Possion's ratio and the P-wave velocity is the best factor to discriminate lithlogy for middle and lower crust metamorphic rock. Reflection coefficient crossplot, AVO gradient and intercept crossplot can also be used to discriminate lithology. AVO gradient and intercept crossplot of WLR reflection had prove this. It means that our anisotropic AVO theory are correctly to be used here as well.
By analyzing the sensitivity of fracture-pore media, I found that with the increasing of effective pressure, the fracture in media is closed, the anisotropic phenomena is gradually disappeared, the velocity and reflection coefficient also increased. However, the increment of velocity and reflection coefficient is gradually decreasing. Comparsion of no-equant variation modle with the same elastic parameters shows that reflectivity or velocity difference is increasing and reach to 30MPa, and continue decreases and finally tend to constant with the increasing of effecive pressure. The reason is that variation of crack- porosity andpore-porosity is the largest from 0-30Mpa, and gradually tend to constant with the increasingof pressure.
引文
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[2] Aki, K., and P. G. Richards. Quantitative Seismology, Second Edition[J], University Science Books, Sausalito, CA,2002
[3] Bakulin, A., Grechka,V., & ,I. Estimation of fracture parameters from reflection seismic data[J], Part II: Fractured models with orthorhombic symmetry. Geophysics,2000b,65,1803-1817
[4] Barnes, A. E., and T. J. Reston.A study of two mid-crustal bright spots from Southeast Georgia (USA)[J], Geophys. J. Int., 1998,108(2), 683-691
[5] Cameli, G. M., I. Dini, and D. Liotta.Upper crustal structure of the Larderello geothermal field as a feature of post-collisional extensional tectonics (southern Tuscany, Italy)[J],Tectonophysics, 1993, 224(4), 413-423
[6] Castagna, J., Swan, H., and Foster, D., Framework for AVO gradient and intercept interpretation[J], Geophysics, 1998,63, 948-956
[7] DEKOPR Research Group. Result of the DEKOPR 4/KTB Oberpfalz deep seismic reflection investigations[J]. Geophysics, 62:69
[8] Domenico S N, Effect of Brine-gas mixture on velocity in an unconsolidated sand reservoir[J]. Geophysics, 1967,41(5):882-894
[9] Domenico S N.Elastic properties of unconsolidated porous sand reservoirs [J].Geophysics, 1977,42(7): 1339-1368
[10] Hudson, J.A., Effective-medium theories for fluid-saturated materials with aligned cracks[J]: Geophysical Prospecting,2001, 49,509-522
[11] Hudson,J.A.,Wave speeds and attenuation of elastic waves in material containing cracks[J], Geophys.J.R.astr.Soc,1981,64,133-150
[12] Hudson, J.A.,The effect of fluid pressure on wave speeds in cracked solid[J],Geophysical Journal International,2000,143,302-310
[13] Hilterman, F.J., Seismic amplitude interpretation[M],SEG/EAGE Dist. Instr.Series No.4,Soc. Expl. Geoph.2001
[14] Hobbs, R. W., and B. J. Drummond. Can we accurately estimate meaningful reflection coefficients from 2-D seismic data?[J] 11th International Symposium on Deep Structure of the Continents and their Margins: Results from Reflection, Refraction and Teleseismic Seismology, 26 Sept - 1 Oct 2004, Mont-Tremblant, Quebec, Canada, A29
[15] Hussenoeder, S. A., J. A. Collins, G. M. Kent, R. S. Detrick, and TERA-Group, Seismic analysis of the axial magma chamber reflector along the southern East PacificRise from conventional reflection profiling[J],J. Geophys. Res., 101, 22,087-22,105
[16] Hyndman, R. D., and P. M. Shearer, Water in the lower continental crust: Modeling magnetotelluric and seismic reflection results[J], Geophys.J. R. Astron. Soc, 1989,98(2),343-365
[17] Juhlin, C, Interpretation of the reflections in the Siljan Ring area based on results from the Gravberg-1 borehole[J].Tectonophysics,1990,173:345-360
[18] Jin F M, Igor B. M. Structure of the Wollaston Lake Reflector (Trans-Hudson Orogen,Canada) from reflection AVO analysis: Fractured diabase intrusion, fluids, or silicified shear zone?[J] Tectonophysics, 2007, 441:97-114
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