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中美竞技啦啦队文化层面的比较研究
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摘要
啦啦队运动自2001年正式引入我国后,经过7年的推广与普及,已有了较为广泛的群众基础,并逐步形成了较为稳定的比赛模式。啦啦队虽然在我国已经取得了一定的成绩,但与国外尤其是美国相比还存在较大差距。本文从文化层面为切入点,对中国与美国的竞技啦啦队进行比较研究,找出中国与美国竞技啦啦队在精神层面、行为制度层面与物质层面的异同。试图借鉴美国竞技啦啦队的一些先进经验,结合我国实际情况提出一些新思路和对策,提供一些有意义的参考,为我国竞技啦啦队运动的进一步开展进言献策,从而加快我国竞技啦啦队的发展。
     本文作者查阅了从2000年至今的316篇相关的书籍、文章以及中美两国啦啦队官方网站上的相关资料、数据,运用文献资料法、调查法、比较分析法、录象分析法、逻辑分析法,并结合比较体育学、文化学等理论知识对中美竞技啦啦队从精神层面、行为制度层面、物质层面这三个大方面进行较详细的比较分析。
     研究结果表明:(1)竞技啦啦队文化的结构遵循对文化及体育文化的结构划分,即精神层面、行为制度层面和物质层面。(2)两国都强调啦啦队运动带来的参与性、集体荣誉、个人荣誉以及团队精神锻炼身体、培养精神,但侧重点不同。(3)不同的文化背景对两国竞技啦啦队在服装选择、口号的编排与运用上、成套编排等审美观方面产生影响。(4)美国竞技啦啦队的管理体制有独立型和非独立型两种。我国竞技啦啦队的管理体制,实际上是一种介于独立型和非独立型之间的管理类型。(5)美国的竞技啦啦队队员大多数是从小就在啦啦队文化的熏陶下进行的训练,而中国的竞技啦啦队队员基本上都是从其他项目转移过来。(6)在训练次数、训练时间及参赛场数方面,我国竞技啦啦队运动员在外在训练程度的水平上均劣于美国。(7)美国教练员实施聘任制,中国教练员实施行政任命制。(8)美国竞技啦啦队的经费主要来源于队伍本身所创的收入。我国竞技啦啦队主要靠学校拨款。(9)美国竞技啦啦队已具备充分的市场运作,我国的还是一个雏形。
     笔者针对上述结果经过归纳分析结合专家访谈,提出了一些对策和建议,以期能够为中国竞技啦啦队运动的进一步发展提供一些参考。
The cheerleading was led into our country formally in 2001, it has more extensive mass foundation and becomes a more stable mode of contest gradually after 7 year's popularization. Although cheerleading in China has achieved a certain degree of success, but with foreign countries, particularly the United States there is still a large gap. From the cultural level as the starting point of China and the United States competitive cheerleading for a comparative study China and the United States to find competitive cheerleading at the spiritual level, the system level behavior and material dimensions of the similarities. Tried to learn from the United States competitive cheerleading some advanced experiee with China's actual conditions put forward some new ideas and solutions provide meaningful information for our competitive cheerleading movement further into words and ideas, thus accelerate the development of competitive cheerleading.
     The author inspection from the year 2000 to the present 316 related books, The article and the China-U.S. cheerleading on the official website of the relevant information, data, literature, investigation, Comparative analysis, video analysis, logic analysis, comparison and combination of sports science, Cultural studies and theoretical knowledge of the United States competitive cheerleading from the spirit level, the system level behavior, material aspects of the three major aspects for a more detailed comparative analysis.
     Research shows that: (1) Competitive cheerleading culture followed the structure of culture and sports, culture and the composition, that is, spiritual level, Acts dimensions and material. (2) Over the two campaigns have emphasized the participation and collective honor, personal honor and the team doing physical training, But different focus. (3) Different cultural backgrounds of the two countries competitive cheerleading in the clothing choices, and the presentation of the slogan used, set design, and so on have had an impact on the aesthetics. (4) American Cheerleading Sports management system is independent and non-independent type two. Athletic cheerleading management system, in effect, is a between independent and non-independent of management-types. (5) American athletic cheerleading most of the cheerleaders from early on in culture under the influence of training, China's basically a cheerleading competition from other projects are transferred. (6) Training frequency, training time and market entries in a number of areas, Athletic cheerleaders athletes in training outside the levels were inferior to the United States. (7) American coaches implement an appointment system, the Chinese coaches administrative appointments. (8) American cheerleading Sports funding comes mainly from the ranks of their own creators income. Athletic cheer on the main school funding. (9) Competitive cheerleading the United States already have full operation of the market, China is still a prototype.
     I address the above analysis of the results to come up with expert interviews, a number of measures and recommendations to be able to cheerleading for the Chinese competitive sports development to provide some further information.
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