个旧花岗岩凹陷带岩矿地球化学研究
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摘要
云南个旧是我国乃至世界上最重要的超大型锡、铜多金属矿集区之一。在个旧矿田的深部，存在一些产状和形态较为特别的地带-花岗岩凹陷带，与成矿存在密切的关系，是重要的控矿构造之一。
本学位论文研究系统总结了花岗岩凹陷带的空间展布及其矿化特点，利用多种分析手段，研究了凹陷带的岩石学、岩石化学、矿物学、流体包裹体及微量元素地球化学特征，进而探讨凹陷带的形成机理及其控矿作用。论文研究的主要成果和认识如下：
1、宏观地质调查表明：花岗岩接触-凹陷带主要分布于老卡岩体突起的四周，主要包括“东凹”、“西凹”、“北凹”和“新山凹陷”。东凹主要以铜为主，共生锡；西凹成矿主要为锡矿，伴生铜矿；北凹位成矿以锡铜共生为主；新山凹陷主要以铜为主，伴生锡的多金属矿床。
2、对凹陷带的岩、矿石的光学显微镜及流体包裹体观察表明：花岗岩体侵入过程中带入了大量的成矿流体，对早期的玄武岩产生蚀变，并对早期的矿化有叠加改造的作用。其金属矿物的生成顺序复杂，有典型的多期多阶段成矿的现象，早期的玄武岩内的“矿胚”，有利于后期花岗岩侵入的叠加改造形成富矿。
3、显微镜观察及矿物化学分析表明玄武岩中的普遍存在金云母蚀变，该蚀变导致了流体的酸化，有利于岩石中锡的活化、迁移，是导致变火山岩型矿床中锡矿化与金属硫化物伴生的原因之一。
4、岩石学、岩石化学和微量元素研究表明凹陷带玄武岩为大陆碱性橄榄玄武岩，显示较弱的Eu正异常，受后期热液蚀变的影响而出现镁质增加，稀土总量减少的变化。凹陷带花岗岩为岩浆成因的陆壳改造型花岗岩，具有较高的分异程度，对于Sn多金属矿成有利。凹陷带花岗岩比非凹陷带花岗岩具有成矿优势。
5、微量元素的研究表明：Sn、Cu多金属矿化与花岗岩关系十分密切。变火山岩的微量元素具有被燕山期成矿热液改造的特征，且不是Sn元素成矿的主要供源者。在花岗岩、变火山岩和矽卡岩中，Au、W、Mo、As等元素普遍表现出独立富集的特点，反映了燕山期热液活动的特点和矿化的多阶段性。
6、研究表明凹陷带的成矿作用经历了以下四个过程，其一，花岗岩在上升侵位过程中，与碳酸盐围岩作用产生了广泛的矽卡岩化：其二花岗岩在与玄武岩围岩的接触过程中，晚期分异流体作用于玄武岩产生了广泛的金云母化；其三，花岗岩自身受晚期分异流体的作用出现广泛的硅化、绢云母化；其四，矿化元素高度富集的成矿流体在适当的温度、压力、介质条件下沿凹陷带沉淀形成矿体。
The Gejiu tin-polymetallic orefield is one of the most important production localities of tin in the world. In the depth of the Gejiu Orefield, the so-called granite depression zones, with special features in occurrence, were found in recent years, which were considered to bear close relations with tin-polymetallic mineralization and thus regarded as an important indication for ore prospecting.
This thesis, starting from a summary of the spatial distribution and accompanied orebodies of the granite depression zones, investigates the petrology, petrochemistry, mineralogy, fluid inclusions and trace elements geochemistry of the granite depression zones and the relationship to ore mineralization, using modem analytical techniques, including microscope, SEM, ICP-MS, liquid and gas chromatograph etc. Conclusions and viewpoints obtained by this study are as follows:
1. It is shown from field survey that the granite depression zones mainly occur around the protrusions of the Laoka rockbody, including East, West, North and Xinshan Depression Zones. The East Zone mainly hosts copper orebodies containing tin. The West Zone hosts tin orebodies containing copper. The North Zone hosts both tin and copper mineralizations. The Xinshan Zone mainly hosts copper orebodied accompanied with tin and polymetals.
2. The microscopic studies of the rocks and ores from the depression zones show that pervasive alterations were present in earlier-formed basalts as a result of the infiltration of the ore-forming fluids brought along by granite intrusions, and an overprint of mineralization was exerted on earlier mineralization. The complex paragenetic relashioship among ore minerals suggests that multi-stage mineralizations, in which the ore embryos in basalts might be reformed and superposed to form rich orebodies by and later granite intrusions.
3. Pervasive phlogopite alteration of basalt was confirmed from microscopic observation and mineral chemistry analysis, leading to the increase of acidity of the fluid, and in turn facilitating the activation and migration of tin, thus resulting in the association of tin mineralization and metal sulfides.
4. The petrochemical and trace dements evidences indicate that the basalt in the depression zones belongs to continental alkali peridotic basalt with slight negative Eu anormaly and the increase in Mg and derease inΣREE occurred due to later hydrothermal alteration. The granite in the depression zones belongs to magmatic granite of continental crust-reformation type, with high degree of differentiation, favoring the mineralization of tin as compared to the granite far from the depression zones.
5. The study of trace elements geochemistry shows that Sn-Cu-polymetallic mineraltion in the depression zones is closely related to granite. The trace elements of the meta-volcanic rocks is featured by the hydrothermal reformation of the Yanshanian granite and thus not an important source supplier for tin mineralization. Independent enrichments of Au, W, Mo, As etc in granite, meta-volcanic rocks and skarn may indicate the characteristics of the Yanshanian hydrothermal activites and multi-stages of mineralization.
6. It is inferred from this study that the metallogenesis of the granite depression zones underwent four stages: the first stage, as represented by the widespread skarn alteration, was produced from the interaction between the granite and the carbonate country rocks in the process of the granite intrusion; the second, as shown by pervasive phlogopite alteration in basalt, resulted from the fluid related to granite interacting with basalt; the third, as featured by widespred silicification and sericitization of granite, was caused by late hydrothermal fluid altering granite and country rocks; the fourth stage was dominated by the formation of polymetallic orebodies after the precipitation of metal complexes from the fluid under suitable conditions of temperature, pressure and media chemistry in the depression zones.
本学位论文研究系统总结了花岗岩凹陷带的空间展布及其矿化特点，利用多种分析手段，研究了凹陷带的岩石学、岩石化学、矿物学、流体包裹体及微量元素地球化学特征，进而探讨凹陷带的形成机理及其控矿作用。论文研究的主要成果和认识如下：
1、宏观地质调查表明：花岗岩接触-凹陷带主要分布于老卡岩体突起的四周，主要包括“东凹”、“西凹”、“北凹”和“新山凹陷”。东凹主要以铜为主，共生锡；西凹成矿主要为锡矿，伴生铜矿；北凹位成矿以锡铜共生为主；新山凹陷主要以铜为主，伴生锡的多金属矿床。
2、对凹陷带的岩、矿石的光学显微镜及流体包裹体观察表明：花岗岩体侵入过程中带入了大量的成矿流体，对早期的玄武岩产生蚀变，并对早期的矿化有叠加改造的作用。其金属矿物的生成顺序复杂，有典型的多期多阶段成矿的现象，早期的玄武岩内的“矿胚”，有利于后期花岗岩侵入的叠加改造形成富矿。
3、显微镜观察及矿物化学分析表明玄武岩中的普遍存在金云母蚀变，该蚀变导致了流体的酸化，有利于岩石中锡的活化、迁移，是导致变火山岩型矿床中锡矿化与金属硫化物伴生的原因之一。
4、岩石学、岩石化学和微量元素研究表明凹陷带玄武岩为大陆碱性橄榄玄武岩，显示较弱的Eu正异常，受后期热液蚀变的影响而出现镁质增加，稀土总量减少的变化。凹陷带花岗岩为岩浆成因的陆壳改造型花岗岩，具有较高的分异程度，对于Sn多金属矿成有利。凹陷带花岗岩比非凹陷带花岗岩具有成矿优势。
5、微量元素的研究表明：Sn、Cu多金属矿化与花岗岩关系十分密切。变火山岩的微量元素具有被燕山期成矿热液改造的特征，且不是Sn元素成矿的主要供源者。在花岗岩、变火山岩和矽卡岩中，Au、W、Mo、As等元素普遍表现出独立富集的特点，反映了燕山期热液活动的特点和矿化的多阶段性。
6、研究表明凹陷带的成矿作用经历了以下四个过程，其一，花岗岩在上升侵位过程中，与碳酸盐围岩作用产生了广泛的矽卡岩化：其二花岗岩在与玄武岩围岩的接触过程中，晚期分异流体作用于玄武岩产生了广泛的金云母化；其三，花岗岩自身受晚期分异流体的作用出现广泛的硅化、绢云母化；其四，矿化元素高度富集的成矿流体在适当的温度、压力、介质条件下沿凹陷带沉淀形成矿体。
The Gejiu tin-polymetallic orefield is one of the most important production localities of tin in the world. In the depth of the Gejiu Orefield, the so-called granite depression zones, with special features in occurrence, were found in recent years, which were considered to bear close relations with tin-polymetallic mineralization and thus regarded as an important indication for ore prospecting.
This thesis, starting from a summary of the spatial distribution and accompanied orebodies of the granite depression zones, investigates the petrology, petrochemistry, mineralogy, fluid inclusions and trace elements geochemistry of the granite depression zones and the relationship to ore mineralization, using modem analytical techniques, including microscope, SEM, ICP-MS, liquid and gas chromatograph etc. Conclusions and viewpoints obtained by this study are as follows:
1. It is shown from field survey that the granite depression zones mainly occur around the protrusions of the Laoka rockbody, including East, West, North and Xinshan Depression Zones. The East Zone mainly hosts copper orebodies containing tin. The West Zone hosts tin orebodies containing copper. The North Zone hosts both tin and copper mineralizations. The Xinshan Zone mainly hosts copper orebodied accompanied with tin and polymetals.
2. The microscopic studies of the rocks and ores from the depression zones show that pervasive alterations were present in earlier-formed basalts as a result of the infiltration of the ore-forming fluids brought along by granite intrusions, and an overprint of mineralization was exerted on earlier mineralization. The complex paragenetic relashioship among ore minerals suggests that multi-stage mineralizations, in which the ore embryos in basalts might be reformed and superposed to form rich orebodies by and later granite intrusions.
3. Pervasive phlogopite alteration of basalt was confirmed from microscopic observation and mineral chemistry analysis, leading to the increase of acidity of the fluid, and in turn facilitating the activation and migration of tin, thus resulting in the association of tin mineralization and metal sulfides.
4. The petrochemical and trace dements evidences indicate that the basalt in the depression zones belongs to continental alkali peridotic basalt with slight negative Eu anormaly and the increase in Mg and derease inΣREE occurred due to later hydrothermal alteration. The granite in the depression zones belongs to magmatic granite of continental crust-reformation type, with high degree of differentiation, favoring the mineralization of tin as compared to the granite far from the depression zones.
5. The study of trace elements geochemistry shows that Sn-Cu-polymetallic mineraltion in the depression zones is closely related to granite. The trace elements of the meta-volcanic rocks is featured by the hydrothermal reformation of the Yanshanian granite and thus not an important source supplier for tin mineralization. Independent enrichments of Au, W, Mo, As etc in granite, meta-volcanic rocks and skarn may indicate the characteristics of the Yanshanian hydrothermal activites and multi-stages of mineralization.
6. It is inferred from this study that the metallogenesis of the granite depression zones underwent four stages: the first stage, as represented by the widespread skarn alteration, was produced from the interaction between the granite and the carbonate country rocks in the process of the granite intrusion; the second, as shown by pervasive phlogopite alteration in basalt, resulted from the fluid related to granite interacting with basalt; the third, as featured by widespred silicification and sericitization of granite, was caused by late hydrothermal fluid altering granite and country rocks; the fourth stage was dominated by the formation of polymetallic orebodies after the precipitation of metal complexes from the fluid under suitable conditions of temperature, pressure and media chemistry in the depression zones.
引文
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