用户名: 密码: 验证码:
西北地区城市景观水体的水质净化和生态修复研究
详细信息    本馆镜像全文|  推荐本文 |  |   获取CNKI官网全文
摘要
随着人口增长和社会经济飞速发展,水的需求量急剧增加,而水环境污染也日益严重,生态需水量难以保证,再加上工业生产和居民生活的影响,使得城市内河水系逐渐萎缩、内湖富营养化不断加重、城市水生态系统严重退化,因此,受污染景观水体的治理显得非常必要。城市景观水体作为城市生态系统的重要组成部分,在城市生态建设中显现出非常重要的作用与功能。本文针对西安市城市景观水域的水质状况,主要通过试验的方法,研究城市景观水体的水质生态净化、修复技术。
     景观水体的水质修复主要是控制水体中的COD、BOD_5、TN、TP等污染物的含量及藻类等的生长,保持水域的水质。本研究采用的是人工生态浮床种植绿萝、美人蕉和龟背竹来处理西安市兴庆湖水和革命公园的湖水。
     主要工作和试验结论:
     (1)对西安市主要景观水体进行现状调查取样分析,收集水质监测数据,并进行水质评价。结果表明:西安市大部分景观水体水质状况不容乐观,其中莲湖公园湖水、兴庆湖水为V类水,护城河水、革命公园湖水为劣V类水,均没有达到《景观娱乐用水水质标准》中C类水质标准,而且有继续恶化的趋势,急需采取措施进行水质改善。
     (2)完成了生态浮床和生物接触氧化组合技术改善景观水体水质的静态试验。
     (3)植物不仅能有效地净化水质,还能起到绿化、美化景观的效果,具有良好的生态效益。本文选择的植物较适宜西安的的气候条件,并且绿色期较长,可作为温带地区景观水体修复的首选方法。
     (4)试验期间人工浮床对受污染景观水具有较好的净化效果,能够使景观水的质量得到一定的改善和提高。通过试验得出生态浮床和生物接触氧化组合技术具有很好的水质净化效果,特别是对水体中氮、磷等营养物质的去除效果明显。试验结果表明,采用组合技术对水体中TN的去除率达到49.8%-84.4%,NH_4~+-N的去除率达到77.4%-97%,TP的去除率达到57.1%-92.9%,COD_(Mn)的去除率达到19%-50%。陆生植物生长状况良好,生物量增长迅速。说明利用该技术改善城市景观水质是可行的,值得推广。
     (5)针对西北地区水环境特点,提出生物-生态修复措施,其中对城市景观湖泊建议采用不同的技术组合对水质进行改善。主要的方法有水生植被的重建和恢复、生物操纵、投加微生物、生态护岸、生态浮床与生物接触氧化组合技术等。
with the population increasing and society economy developing rapidly, the amount of water demand rises dramaticly, and water environmental pollution also is increasingly serious, the amount of water for ecosystem need is hardly assurance, in addition to the influence of the industry and residents, the water system in the city is shrinking gradually, Eutrophication of inside lakes is more and more serious, the city water ecosystem declines seriously, it is very essential to control cityscape water pollution situation. The cityscape water body regarded as the important component and elementary producers of the urban ecosystem, demonstrated its irreplaceable function and meaning in urban ecology construction. This subject aimed at the quality of cityscape in Xi'an, mainly by an on trial method, developing water quality improvement technology for cityscape water.
    Protecting landscape water body mainly controlled its content of COD BOD5 TN and TP and the growth of algae, keeping it clean and the whole water quality. This reaserch was about constructed biological floating beds treating Xingqing and Geming Lake of Xi'an with cultivating Scindapsus aureus, Canna generalis and Monstera.
    Main work and the conclusions of experiment:
    (1) Investigated and analyzed the water quality actuality of main scenery water in Xi'an, collected the water quality monitoring data, and evaluated the water quality. The result expresses: the quality of most scenery water in Xi'an is not optimistic, Lianhu Park water, Xingqing lake water are the Category V, Xi'an moat water and Geming Park water are the Category inferior V, which all don't reach the Category C in scenery and entertainment water quality standard and have the trend of becoming worse. They are in dire need of taking measures to be improved. (2) Completed Static experiments which carried on by biological floating bed and biological contact oxidation combination technique.
    (3) The plants could purify water quality effectively, also afforest and beautify the view, which had good ecological benefits. The plants chosen in this test was relatively suitable for the climate of Xi'an, and had relatively long green issue, could be as a principal choice for plant species of treating landscape water in north temperature zone.
    (4) The experiment showed that biological floating bed and biological contact oxidation combination technique had a good effect on water purification, especially on the removal of nutriment such as nitrogen, phosphor etc in water. The result of test showed that the removal rate of TN reached 49.8%-84.4%,the removal rate of NH_4~+-N reached 77.4%-97%, the removal rate of TP reached 57.1 %-92.9%, the removal rate of COD_(Mn) reached 19%-50%. And the growth status of economic terraneous plant is perfect, biology quantity increased quickly. It proves that this technique to improve the scenery water quality is viable and worth of expansion.
    (5) Aimed at the characteristics of water environment in northwest region, put forward the biological-ecological treament and suggest to adopt different technique combination to improve the water quality of lake and river landscape water. The main methods are the reconstruction and instauration of hygrophilous vegetation, biology manipulation, spraying microorganism, ecological slope protection and biological floating bed and biological contact oxidation combination technique.
引文
[1] 彭近新等.水质富营养化与防治[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1998.
    [2] Kasprazak P. et al. Biomanipulation: a limnological in-lake ecotechnoiogy of eutrophicatin management[J]. Mem. Isi. ital. Idrobiol, 1998, 52: 151-169.
    [3] UNEP.苏玲译.水体富营养化[J].世界环境,1994,42 (1):23-26.
    [4] 王心见.加拿大专家警告世界湖泊正在“死亡”[N].科技日报,2001-11-19 (2).
    [5] 彭俊杰等.城市湖泊富营养化成因和特征[J].生态科学.2004,23(4):370-373.
    [6] 金相灿,刘鸿夷,居清谈等.中国湖泊富营养化[M],北京:中国环境科学出版社,1990.151-169,343-372.
    [7] 刘连成.中国湖泊富营养化的现状分析[J].灾害学,1997,12(3):61-65.
    [8] 董晓丹,周琪等.我国河流湖泊污染的防治技术及发展趋势[J].地质与资源,2004,13(1) 1.
    [9] 国家环境保护局.2003年中国环境状况公报[R].环境保护,2003.7.
    [10] Qiu, Dongru: Wu, Zhenbin: et al. The restoration of aquatic macrophytes for improving water quality in a hypertrophic shallow lake in Hubei Province[J], China. Ecological Engineedng Volumel3: Issue: 5, 1997 pp. 227-238.
    [11] S. V. Smith, W. H. Renwick et. al. Distribution and significance of small, artificial water bodies across the United States landscape. TheScience of the Total Environment[J]. 2002, 299: 21-30.
    [12] Shuqing Zhao, Jingyun Fang, Wei Ji etc. Lake restoration fromimpoldering: impact of land conversion on riparian landscape in Honghu Lake area, Central Yangtze. Agriculture, Ecosystems andEnviroment[J]. 2003, 95: 111-115.
    [13] 周杰,章永泰等.人工曝气复氧治理黑臭河流[J].中国给水排水,2001,17(4):47-49.
    [14] 王士芬.湖泊水藻类的去除方法[J].污染防治技术,2000,01(13):23-25.
    [15] 张学峰.西北地区水资源与生态环境现状及其对策[J].,河流域水资源保护局.
    [16] 郭少聪,任海.污染对华南植物园水生生态系统的影响[J].生态科学,200(30):37-40.
    [17] 张庆费,袁俊峰.公园水体的综合管理技术措施[J].上海建设科技,2001,(3):31-32.
    [18] 况琪军,夏宜(王争).太湖水库的浮游藻类与营养型评价[J].应用生态学报,1992,3(2):165-168.
    [19] 杨清心.太湖水华成因及控制途径初探[J].湖泊科学,1996,8(1):67-74.
    [20] 陈少莲,刘肖芳.鲢鳙在东湖生态系统的氮、磷循环中的作用[J].水生生物学报,1991,15 (1):8-26.
    [21] 祝心如,姚渭溪.巢湖西北部水域的有机污染和富营养化[J].海洋与湖沼.1993,24(2):191-196.
    [22] 戴莽,高村典子.利用大型围隔研究沉水植物对水体富营养化的影响[J].水生生物学报.1999.23(2):98-101.
    [23] 濮培民.健康水生态系统的退化及其修复-理论、技术及应用[J].湖泊科学,2001,13(3):201-211.
    [24] 王俊,姜建祥.吉林省湖、库水质评估及其污染防治[J].湖泊科学,1996,8(1):75-80.
    [25] 于永才.公园水体污染防治研究[J].中国园林,1997,13(2):59-60.
    [26] Julie Stauffer.水危机{M}.北京:科学出版社,2002.
    [27] Young K D, Thaekston E L. Housing Density and Bacterial Loading in Urban Streams [J]. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 1999, 125(12): 1177-1180.
    [28] 哈特B T.水质管理—水环境中污染物的迁移和归宿[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1991.
    [29] 金相灿.湖泊富营养化控制和管理技术[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2001.
    [30] 金相灿.中国湖泊环境 (第一册)[M].北京:海洋出版社,1998.
    [31] 张锡辉.水环境修复工程学原理与应用北京[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2002.
    [32] 陈伟等.苏州河河道曝气复氧探讨[J].给水排水.2001,27(4):7-9.
    [33] 李开明,刘军,江栋,等.黑臭河道生物修复中三种不同增氧方式比较研究[C].杭州,中国水环境污染控制与生态修复技术高级讨论会论文集,2004:349-356.
    [34] Qiu, Dongru, Wu, Zhenbin et al. The restoration of aquatic maerophytes for improving water quality in a hypertrophic shallow lake in Hubei Province[J], China Eeological Engineering Volumel3, Issue: 5, 1997 pp. 227-238.
    [35] 孙厚钧.水体增氧技术是改善城市河流湖泊水质的有效措施[J].北京水利,2002,4.35-36.
    [36] 孙从军,张明旭.河道曝气技术在河流污染治理中的应用[J].环境保护,2001,(4):12-15.
    [37] 周杰,章永泰等.人工曝气复氧治理黑臭河流[J].中国给水排水,2001,17(4):47-49.
    [38] 张锡辉.水环境修复工程学原理与应用[M].化学工业出版社,2002.
    [39] 王国祥,成小英,濮培民.湖泊藻型富营养化控制.技术、理论及应用[J].湖泊科学,2002,14(3):273-282.
    [40] 李晖,周琪,安淼.富营养化水体中内源磷负荷的有效控制[J].陕西环境,2002,9(3):24-26
    [41] 李勇,王超.城市浅水型湖泊底泥磷释放的环境因子影响实验研究[J].江苏环境科技,2002,15(4):4-6.
    [42] 沈德中.污染环境的生物修复[M].北京,化学工业出版社,2002.
    [43] 王海珍,陈德辉,王全喜.水生植被对富营氧化湖泊生态恢复的作用[J].自然杂志,2001,24(1):33-36.
    [44] 朱斌,陈飞星.利用水生植物净化富营养化水体的研究进展[J].上海环境科学,2002,21 (9):564-567.
    [45] 王超,王沛芳.城市水生态系统建设与管理[M].北京:科学出版社,2004.
    [46] 吴振斌,邱东茹,贺锋,等.水生植物对富营养化水体水质净化作用研究[J].武汉植物学研究,2001,19(4):299-303.
    [47] 任南琪,马放,杨基先,等.污染控制微生物学[M].第2版.哈尔滨,哈尔滨工业大学出 版社,2004.
    [48] 李继洲,程南宁,陈清锦.污染水体的生物修复技术研究进展[J].环境污染治理技术与设备,2005,6(1);25-30.
    [49] 杨京平,卢剑波.生态恢复工程技术[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2002.
    [50] Irvine R L, Yocum P S, Early J P, et al. Periodic processes for in-situ and on-site bior emediation of leachates and soils[J]. Wat Sci Tech, 1993, 27(7/8): 97-104.
    [51] Miehiels T, Breugelmans D. In-situ bioremediation of an aquifer contaminated with 1, 2-Dichloroethane[J]. Remediation, 1994/95, 5(1): 101-110.
    [52] 唐玉斌,郝永胜,陆柱等.景观水体的生物激活剂修复[J]。城市环境与城市生态,2003,14:37-39.
    [53] 常禹,布仁仓,胡远满.景观边界研究概况[J].生态学杂志,2002,(5):49-53.
    [54] 伊澄清.内陆水-陆地交错带的生态功能及其保护与开发前景[J].生态学报,1995,(9):331.335.
    [55] 王庆锁.生态交错带与生态流[J].生态学杂志,1997,(6):52-58。
    [56] 刘滨宜,周江.论景观水体整治中的护岸规划设计[M].规划设计.2004.
    [57] 俞建德.人工生态绿地处理污水新工艺 (新技术) 方案[J].建设科技,2002,(7):19-21.
    [58] 丁玲,沈耀良,黄勇.公园水体的修复技术及发展现状[M].苏州科技学院学报,2005,2(18):48-52.
    [59] 董哲仁.生态—生物方法水体修复技术[J].水利水电技术,2002,33(2):1-4.
    [60] 王薇,李传奇.河流廊道与生态修复[J].水利水电技术,2003,34(9):56-58.
    [61] 裴清.河北省河道生态恢复的探讨[J].海河水利,2002,6:8-11.
    [62] 夏汉平等.香根草生态工程实现可持续发展的生物技术[J].生态学杂志,1998,17(6):44-50.
    [63] 司友斌等.香根草对富营养化水体净化效果研究[J].应用生态学报,2003,14(20:277-279.
    [64] 温志良等.香蒲植物在环境保护中的开发利用[J].资源开发与市场,2000,16(5):284-285.
    [65] 熊秉红等.我国苦草属植物的生态学研究[J].武汉植物学研究,2000,18(6):500-508.
    [66] 任久长等.菹草的生态习性和在京密引水渠的发生规律研究[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版),1997,33(6):749-754.
    [67] 苏胜齐等.菹草着生藻类的群落结构与数量特征初步研究[J].西南农业大学学报,2002,24(3):255-258.
    [68] 邹平,江霜英,高廷耀.城市景观水的处理方法[J].中国给水排水,2003,19(2):24-25.
    [69] 中国标准出版社第二编辑室.中国环境保护标准汇编—水质分析方法[M].北京.中国标准出版.2001.
    [70] 韩桂春,谷丰,张忠臣.淡水中叶绿素a测定方法的探讨[J].中国环境监测,2005,1(21):55-57.

© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号

地址:北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编:100083

电话:办公室:(+86 10)66554848;文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新:66554700