重庆三峡库区支流河口回水区富营养化研究
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摘要
富营养化问题是当今世界面临的主要水污染问题之一。三峡库区成库后，由于水位抬高、流速减缓，对污染物质的扩散和自净能力大大降低，在入库的污染负荷保持不变的情况下，库区水质将可能严重恶化，尤其是营养盐的富集；水文条件变化明显的多数次级河流河口将成为死水区。这些次级河口具有较长的回水区，为产生富营养化提供了有利的水文条件。此外，库区冬季气温升高、雾日减少、日照增长更有利于生物的光合作用，促进藻类的生长繁殖，从而增大了富营养化发生的可能性。本文通过对三峡库区蓄水前主要一级支流富营养化背景值进行调查监测，并采用水体综合营养状态指数法，对库区次级河流水体富营养化背景进行了评价。特别是对典型支流大宁河135米回水段水体富营养化实地监测、分析和评价，提出了防治库区次级河流水体富营养化的对策。主要得到了以下结论：
(1)对三峡库区蓄水前重庆段19条主要一级支流进行实地监测，采用水体综合营养状态指数法对19条支流的富营养化背景现状进行了评价、分析；
(2)通过富营养化条件(水流、光照、营养盐负荷)分析和实地监测评价分析的方式判别其富营养化现状，由此判断135米蓄水前后支流营养盐以及富营养化情况的变化趋势，并初步推测三峡水库155米、175米蓄水后各支流富营养化趋势。
(3)在探讨三峡水库成库后主要次级支流回水区富营养化发生趋势基础上，提出相应的防治对策，为环境管理决策服务。
Eutrophication is one of the major water pollution challenges that facing the world. After the completion of Three Gorges Reservoir Dam, due to the rise in water level and reduction in the water flow velocity, the capacity of pollution dispersion and purification decreased markedly. If the total amount of pollutants discharge is out the control, the water quality will worse considerably, which in turn will result in sound condition for eutrophication. After the construction of Reservoir Dam, many branch estuaries will transform into dead water area, even during flooding period, it will provide beneficial hydrological condition for eutrophication with a protracted and narrow back water area. Besides, with the rise in temperature and reduction in foggy day in winter, increase in sunlight will beneficial to organisms' photosynthesis and promote algebra's growth and reproduction, as a result, the eutrophication outbreak is likely to take place. This article is based on background value monitoring in major branch rivers before Reservoir water storage, the author apply trophic level index approach to evaluate the background trophic level in Reservoir Area. Furthermore, through field observation on eutrophication on back-water reach of typical Daling River, we try to study current trophic status of backwater reach of the major branch rivers, and provided countermeasures for prevent and control water eutrophication in branch rivers in Reservoir Areas. The research findings are the following:
(1) Carry out field investigation on 19 major branch rivers in Chongqing section before the water storage of Three Gorges Reservior, and apply trophic level index approach to evaluate the background trophic level in Reservoir Area.
(2) Conduct comprehensive analysis on key factors such as the water current, sunlight, nutrient discharge conditions on major branch rivers before 135 meters water storage and focus on evaluation on water trophic status on backwater area of a branch river, that is to say, through analysis and field monitoring , we try to identify and evaluate current trophic status, to explore transform trend on nutrient and eutrophication before and after 135m water storage, preliminarily predict transform trend on eutrophication in major branch rivers after 155m and 175m water storage.
(3) The above-mentioned research aim to explore eutrophication transform trend on backwater reach in major branch rivers after Three Gorges Dam construction and provide corresponding countermeasures, which is of significant value.
(1)对三峡库区蓄水前重庆段19条主要一级支流进行实地监测，采用水体综合营养状态指数法对19条支流的富营养化背景现状进行了评价、分析；
(2)通过富营养化条件(水流、光照、营养盐负荷)分析和实地监测评价分析的方式判别其富营养化现状，由此判断135米蓄水前后支流营养盐以及富营养化情况的变化趋势，并初步推测三峡水库155米、175米蓄水后各支流富营养化趋势。
(3)在探讨三峡水库成库后主要次级支流回水区富营养化发生趋势基础上，提出相应的防治对策，为环境管理决策服务。
Eutrophication is one of the major water pollution challenges that facing the world. After the completion of Three Gorges Reservoir Dam, due to the rise in water level and reduction in the water flow velocity, the capacity of pollution dispersion and purification decreased markedly. If the total amount of pollutants discharge is out the control, the water quality will worse considerably, which in turn will result in sound condition for eutrophication. After the construction of Reservoir Dam, many branch estuaries will transform into dead water area, even during flooding period, it will provide beneficial hydrological condition for eutrophication with a protracted and narrow back water area. Besides, with the rise in temperature and reduction in foggy day in winter, increase in sunlight will beneficial to organisms' photosynthesis and promote algebra's growth and reproduction, as a result, the eutrophication outbreak is likely to take place. This article is based on background value monitoring in major branch rivers before Reservoir water storage, the author apply trophic level index approach to evaluate the background trophic level in Reservoir Area. Furthermore, through field observation on eutrophication on back-water reach of typical Daling River, we try to study current trophic status of backwater reach of the major branch rivers, and provided countermeasures for prevent and control water eutrophication in branch rivers in Reservoir Areas. The research findings are the following:
(1) Carry out field investigation on 19 major branch rivers in Chongqing section before the water storage of Three Gorges Reservior, and apply trophic level index approach to evaluate the background trophic level in Reservoir Area.
(2) Conduct comprehensive analysis on key factors such as the water current, sunlight, nutrient discharge conditions on major branch rivers before 135 meters water storage and focus on evaluation on water trophic status on backwater area of a branch river, that is to say, through analysis and field monitoring , we try to identify and evaluate current trophic status, to explore transform trend on nutrient and eutrophication before and after 135m water storage, preliminarily predict transform trend on eutrophication in major branch rivers after 155m and 175m water storage.
(3) The above-mentioned research aim to explore eutrophication transform trend on backwater reach in major branch rivers after Three Gorges Dam construction and provide corresponding countermeasures, which is of significant value.
引文
[1] 王占生，刘文君．微污染水源饮用水处理[M]．北京：中国建筑工业出版社．175-178
[2] 张自忠，顾夏声．排水工程(下册)第三版[M]．北京：中国建筑工业出版社．14-15
[3] 王苏民、窦鸿身主编，中国湖泊志，1998，科学出版社
[4] 金相灿主编，中国湖泊水库环境调查研究，1990，中国环境科学出版社
[5] 金相灿、刘鸿亮主编，中国湖泊富营养化，1990，中国环境科学出版社
[6] 高建平，王珊玲，1989．水体富营养化评价和防治的一些进展．农村生态环境．89(3)：56-60
[7] 舒金华，1990．我国湖泊富营养化程度评价方法的探讨．环境污染与防治，12(5)：2-7
[8] 冯玉国，1996，湖泊富营养化灰色评价模型及其应用．生态学杂志，15(2)：68-71
[9] 李强，1998．灰色动态模型在湖泊TN，TP贮蓄量预测中的应用，水资源保护．98(2)：23-26
[10] 李振亮，1998．湖泊富营养化评价的Euclid贴近度评价法．干旱环境监测，10(1)：16-19，22
[11] 李祚泳，洪继华，1991．模糊度概念用于湖泊富营养化评价．环境科学研究，4(2)：32-36
[12] 刘首文，冯尚友，1996．人工神经网络在湖泊富营养化评价中的应用研究．上海环境科学，15(1)：11-14
[13] 俞立中，1993．GIS技术在洪湖环境演变研究中的应用．湖泊科学，5(4)：350-357
[14] 孔庆瑜，1990．武昌东湖水体污染的航空遥感分析．湖北大学学报，11：83-88
[15] 李锦秀，廖文根．富营养化综合防治调控指标探讨
[16] 王苏民，等．中国湖泊志[M]．北京：科学出版社，1998．
[17] 张均顺，等．胶州湾营养盐结构变化的研究[J]，海洋与湖泊，1997，28(5)．
[18] 秦伯强，长江中下游浅水湖泊富营养化发生机制与控制途径初探[J]，湖泊科学，2002，14(3)．
[19] 戴树桂，刘广良，借鉴国际湖泊富营养化控制恢复研究的经验，思考我国宜采取的相应措施，中国湖泊富营养化及其防治对策研究[M]．北京：中国环境科学出版社，2001．
[20] 金相灿，等．中国湖泊富营养化[M]．北京：中国环境科学出版社，1990．
[21] 饶群，芮孝芳 富营养化机理及数学模拟研究进展．水文，2001，21(2)．
[22] Jorgensen. Application of Ecology in Environmental Management[Z],1983.
[23] 金相灿等，《中国湖泊富营养化》，海洋出版社，1990
[24] 兰智文等，蓝藻水华的化学控制[J]，环境科学，1992，13(1)：32—35
[25] 丁秉心等，臭氧在水产养殖中的应用[J]，渔业现代化，2000，(2)：9—11
[26] 沈韫芬，从浮游动物评价水体自然净增经的效能[J]，海洋与湖泊，1979，10(2)：161—173
[27] 冯辉，蓝藻的综合防治技术[J]，北京水产，1999，(4)：44—45
[28] 刘春广，朱庄水库水体富营养化机理分析及治理对策，南水北调与水利科技，2003(5)：44—45
[29] M.A.Imteaz, Modelling of lake eutrophication including artificial mixing and effects of bubbling operations om alfal bloom,Ph.D.Thesis,Saitama University, Japan(1997)
[30] Monzur Alam Imteaz, Takashi Asaeda, Dabid A.Loekington, Modelling the effects of inflow parameters on lake waterquality, Environmental Modelling and Assessment, 8:63-70,2003, Kluwer Academic Publishers,Netherlands
[31] Skulber MO,Codd GA, Carmichael WW. Toxic blue-gree algae blooms in europe: a growing problem[J]. Ambio, 1984, 13:244～247
[32] Carmichael WW. The toxins of cyanobacteria [J]. Sci Am,1994,270(1):78～86
[33] S.E.Jorgenson,R.A.Vollenweider, Guidelines of Lake Management Vol.L principles of Lake Management, UNEP 1987
[34] Novotny V, Olem H, Water quality: Prevention, Identification and Management of Diffuse Pollution,Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1994
[35] Jorgensen. Application of Ecology in Environmental Management [Z], 1983
[36] Di Toro, D. Metal, Mathematical models of water quality in large lakes, Environmental Protection Agency, 1980
[37] Gerald, T. Orlob. Mathematical Modelling of Water Quality: streams, lakes and reservoirs. 1983
[38] Thomann R V. Verification of water quality models [J]. AS～CE Journ. Eng. Div, 1982, 108: 923～940
[39] Edwards A C, Withers P J A. Soil phosphorus management and water quality:AUK perspective. Soil Use and Management. 1998,14:124～130
[40] Sharpley A N, Withers P J A. The environmentally-sound management of agriculture phosphorus. Fertilizer Research, 1994,39:133～146
[41] Hamilton D P, Schladow S G. Prediction of water quality in lakes and reservoirs Part Ⅰ:Model description[J].Ecol.Model, 1997,96(1～3):91～110
[42] Streeter H W, Phelps E B. A study of the pollution of the Ohio River. U S. Public Health Serv, 1925
[43] Mc Queen DJ. Manipulating lake community structure: where do we go from here [J]. Fresh wat Biol, 1990, 23:613～620
[44] Kajak Z, Rybakj, Spodniewskai. Influence of the planktivorous fish, Hypophthamichthys molitrix, on the plankton and benthos of the eutrophic lake [J], Polarch Hydrobiol, 1975,22: 301～310
[45] Carpenter SR, Kitchell JF. Consumer control of lake productivity [J]. Bioscience, 1988,38: 764～769
[2] 张自忠，顾夏声．排水工程(下册)第三版[M]．北京：中国建筑工业出版社．14-15
[3] 王苏民、窦鸿身主编，中国湖泊志，1998，科学出版社
[4] 金相灿主编，中国湖泊水库环境调查研究，1990，中国环境科学出版社
[5] 金相灿、刘鸿亮主编，中国湖泊富营养化，1990，中国环境科学出版社
[6] 高建平，王珊玲，1989．水体富营养化评价和防治的一些进展．农村生态环境．89(3)：56-60
[7] 舒金华，1990．我国湖泊富营养化程度评价方法的探讨．环境污染与防治，12(5)：2-7
[8] 冯玉国，1996，湖泊富营养化灰色评价模型及其应用．生态学杂志，15(2)：68-71
[9] 李强，1998．灰色动态模型在湖泊TN，TP贮蓄量预测中的应用，水资源保护．98(2)：23-26
[10] 李振亮，1998．湖泊富营养化评价的Euclid贴近度评价法．干旱环境监测，10(1)：16-19，22
[11] 李祚泳，洪继华，1991．模糊度概念用于湖泊富营养化评价．环境科学研究，4(2)：32-36
[12] 刘首文，冯尚友，1996．人工神经网络在湖泊富营养化评价中的应用研究．上海环境科学，15(1)：11-14
[13] 俞立中，1993．GIS技术在洪湖环境演变研究中的应用．湖泊科学，5(4)：350-357
[14] 孔庆瑜，1990．武昌东湖水体污染的航空遥感分析．湖北大学学报，11：83-88
[15] 李锦秀，廖文根．富营养化综合防治调控指标探讨
[16] 王苏民，等．中国湖泊志[M]．北京：科学出版社，1998．
[17] 张均顺，等．胶州湾营养盐结构变化的研究[J]，海洋与湖泊，1997，28(5)．
[18] 秦伯强，长江中下游浅水湖泊富营养化发生机制与控制途径初探[J]，湖泊科学，2002，14(3)．
[19] 戴树桂，刘广良，借鉴国际湖泊富营养化控制恢复研究的经验，思考我国宜采取的相应措施，中国湖泊富营养化及其防治对策研究[M]．北京：中国环境科学出版社，2001．
[20] 金相灿，等．中国湖泊富营养化[M]．北京：中国环境科学出版社，1990．
[21] 饶群，芮孝芳 富营养化机理及数学模拟研究进展．水文，2001，21(2)．
[22] Jorgensen. Application of Ecology in Environmental Management[Z],1983.
[23] 金相灿等，《中国湖泊富营养化》，海洋出版社，1990
[24] 兰智文等，蓝藻水华的化学控制[J]，环境科学，1992，13(1)：32—35
[25] 丁秉心等，臭氧在水产养殖中的应用[J]，渔业现代化，2000，(2)：9—11
[26] 沈韫芬，从浮游动物评价水体自然净增经的效能[J]，海洋与湖泊，1979，10(2)：161—173
[27] 冯辉，蓝藻的综合防治技术[J]，北京水产，1999，(4)：44—45
[28] 刘春广，朱庄水库水体富营养化机理分析及治理对策，南水北调与水利科技，2003(5)：44—45
[29] M.A.Imteaz, Modelling of lake eutrophication including artificial mixing and effects of bubbling operations om alfal bloom,Ph.D.Thesis,Saitama University, Japan(1997)
[30] Monzur Alam Imteaz, Takashi Asaeda, Dabid A.Loekington, Modelling the effects of inflow parameters on lake waterquality, Environmental Modelling and Assessment, 8:63-70,2003, Kluwer Academic Publishers,Netherlands
[31] Skulber MO,Codd GA, Carmichael WW. Toxic blue-gree algae blooms in europe: a growing problem[J]. Ambio, 1984, 13:244～247
[32] Carmichael WW. The toxins of cyanobacteria [J]. Sci Am,1994,270(1):78～86
[33] S.E.Jorgenson,R.A.Vollenweider, Guidelines of Lake Management Vol.L principles of Lake Management, UNEP 1987
[34] Novotny V, Olem H, Water quality: Prevention, Identification and Management of Diffuse Pollution,Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1994
[35] Jorgensen. Application of Ecology in Environmental Management [Z], 1983
[36] Di Toro, D. Metal, Mathematical models of water quality in large lakes, Environmental Protection Agency, 1980
[37] Gerald, T. Orlob. Mathematical Modelling of Water Quality: streams, lakes and reservoirs. 1983
[38] Thomann R V. Verification of water quality models [J]. AS～CE Journ. Eng. Div, 1982, 108: 923～940
[39] Edwards A C, Withers P J A. Soil phosphorus management and water quality:AUK perspective. Soil Use and Management. 1998,14:124～130
[40] Sharpley A N, Withers P J A. The environmentally-sound management of agriculture phosphorus. Fertilizer Research, 1994,39:133～146
[41] Hamilton D P, Schladow S G. Prediction of water quality in lakes and reservoirs Part Ⅰ:Model description[J].Ecol.Model, 1997,96(1～3):91～110
[42] Streeter H W, Phelps E B. A study of the pollution of the Ohio River. U S. Public Health Serv, 1925
[43] Mc Queen DJ. Manipulating lake community structure: where do we go from here [J]. Fresh wat Biol, 1990, 23:613～620
[44] Kajak Z, Rybakj, Spodniewskai. Influence of the planktivorous fish, Hypophthamichthys molitrix, on the plankton and benthos of the eutrophic lake [J], Polarch Hydrobiol, 1975,22: 301～310
[45] Carpenter SR, Kitchell JF. Consumer control of lake productivity [J]. Bioscience, 1988,38: 764～769
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