重庆市生活污染源产排污系数研究
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摘要
国务院于2006年第4季度至2009年开展第一次全国污染源普查,普查的基本内容包括工业源、城镇生活源和农业源。利用此契机,重庆市展开了生活污染源产排污系数的研究。产排污系数法作为测定生活源污染物产生量和排放量、真实反映环境状况的基本技术方法,产排污系数的测算具有极为重要的现实意义和实用价值。
生活源产排污系数研究主要选取了重庆市具有代表性的城镇居民生活区、住宿业、餐饮业、洗浴业、美容美发业、洗染业、洗车业、医院为研究对象,于2007年9月至2008年3月分四期对研究对象的废水排放量、污染物浓度进行现场实测,同时利用统计学方法,制定了生活源废水排放系数以及污染物的产排污系数。得出的主要结论如下:
①通过重庆市生活源产排污系数的研究,制定了居民小区、机关单位、住宿业、餐饮业、美容美发业、洗浴业、洗染业、洗车业、医院的产排污系数。
②不同污染物具有明显的行业特征。基于不同污染物浓度系数的分析,得出COD浓度值由高至低排列顺序为:餐饮业>居民小区>住宿业>洗染业>美容美发业>洗浴业>机关单位>洗车业>医院;总氮浓度值由高至低排列顺序为:居民小区>医院>餐饮业>住宿业>机关单位>洗浴业>美容美发业>洗染业;总磷浓度值由高至低排列顺序为:餐饮业>居民小区>住宿业>机关单位>医院>洗染业>美容美发业>洗浴业>洗车业。
③重庆市生活污染源的主要污染物为COD。通过不同污染源污染当量负荷比分析,得出居民生活区、第三产业(餐饮业除外)、医院的主要污染物为COD,餐饮业的主要污染物为动植物油和COD。
④本次第三产业系数研究工作与已有系数研究相比,在监测指标上更为全面,增加了氨氮、总氮、总磷、铅、汞等指标。
⑤在核算污染物的排放总量时,以浓度系数作为第一系数。人均系数、硬件系数是浓度系数的二次换算,在换算过程中受人均废水排放量、单位硬件废水排放量的影响,由浓度系数换算得到的人均系数、硬件系数其偏差可能会较大。
⑥住宿业废水排放、污染物排放有明显的时段性特点。住宿业用水高峰为早晨9点至中午12点以及晚上19点以后。COD浓度变化规律与废水排放规律相似,浓度峰值为246mg/L。动植物油峰值出现在中午时段,浓度峰值为2.22mg/L,氨氮、总氮浓度最大值出现在早晚阶段。
⑦餐饮业废水排放、污染物排放有明显的时段性特点。餐饮业用水高峰期为上午9点至下午13点以及晚上18点至20点。COD、动植物油变化规律与废水排放规律相似,在用餐高峰期出现浓度峰值,浓度峰值分别为3420mg/L、93mg/L。总磷浓度峰值出现在洗涤餐具阶段,其余时间段变化平稳。
⑧重庆市生活污染源产排污系数的确定,为核算各污染源主要污染物的排放总量提供了简便的方法。只要能够获得年用水量,即可利用浓度系数加以简单运算,从而核算出主要污染物的排放量。对于不能准确获知年用水量的污染源,可以采用人均系数或硬件系数核算污染物排放总量。
From the fourth quarter of 2006 to the year of 2009, the first national pollution sources sensus has been launching by the State Council. The basic content includes industrial source, domestic source and agricultural source. On that basis, The pollution generation coefficient and discharge coefficient of domestic source have been studied in Chongqing. Because the method of pollution generation and discharge coefficient is a fundament to calculate the amount of pollution, so calculation of pollution generation and discharge coefficient is of great importance.
The study comprised residential areas, lodging, catering, bath, beauty salons, laundry, car-washing and hospital. The monitoring perid is divided into four phases. It is frorm September 2007 to March 2008 to monitor wastewater discharge and pollution concentration. And at the same time, it is maked the pollution generation and discharge coefficient by the method of mathematical statistic. The main conclusions are as follows:
①It has determined the pollution generation coefficient and discharge coefficient of residential areas, lodging industry, catering industry, bath industry, beauty salons industry, laundry industry, car-washing industry and hospital by the study of domestic pollution source.
②Different pollutants have obvious characteristics of industries. Based on the analysis of pollutants concentration coefficient, it has drew the conclusion that the order of COD concentration is: catering industry> residential areas>lodging industry >laundry industry >beauty salons industry >bath industry industry >government units >car-washing industry> Hospital. The order of total nitrogen concentration is: residential areas> hospital>catering industry >lodging industry >government units >bath industry > beauty salons industry > laundry industry. The order of total phosphorus concentration is: catering industry> residential areas> lodging industry> government units >Hospital> laundry industry> beauty salons industry> bath industry industry> car-washing.
③The primary pollutant of domestic pollution sources in Chongqing is COD. By analysis on load ration of equivalent of different sources, it is concluded that the primary pollutant of residential areas, tertiary industry (exclude catering industry) and hospital is COD and the primary pollutants of catering industry are animal and vegetable oils and COD.
④The monitoring indexes of the tertiary industry of this study are more comprehensive than ever. The new indexs include ammonia nitrogen, total nitrogen, total phosphorus,lead and mercury.
⑤The concentration coefficient is as the first coefficient when accounting the total discharge amount of pollutants. The percapital coefficient and the hardware coefficient are the two times transfer of the concentration coefficient. They are influenced by percapital wasterwater discharge and unit hardware wastewater discharge. The deviation of the percapital coefficient and the hardware coefficient may lead to relatively large errors.
⑥The wastewater discharge and pollutant discharge of lodging industry have the obvious characteristic of periods. The water peak period is 9:00 to 12:00 am and after 7:00 pm. The change law of COD is similar with wastewater. The concentration peak of COD is 246mg/L. The concentration peak of animal and vegetable oils is 2.22mg/L. The highest concentration of ammonia nitrogen, total nitrogen is in the morning and evening.
⑦The wastewater discharge and pollutant discharge of catering industry have the obvious characteristic of periods. The water peak period is 9:00 am to 1:00 pm and 6:00 pm to 8:00 pm. The change laws of COD and animal and vegetable oils are similar with wastewater. The concentration peak is respectively 3420mg/L, 93mg/L. The concentration peak of total phosphorus is at the wash stage. It changes smoothly at the rest of the time.
⑧The determination of pollution generation coefficient and discharge coefficient provides a simple method to count the total discharge amount of pollutants. As long as knowing the annual water consumption, it could count the total discharge amount by simple calculation. It also could use percapital coefficient and hardware coefficient to calculate the total discharge amount when it doesn’t know the annual water consumption of pollution source.
生活源产排污系数研究主要选取了重庆市具有代表性的城镇居民生活区、住宿业、餐饮业、洗浴业、美容美发业、洗染业、洗车业、医院为研究对象,于2007年9月至2008年3月分四期对研究对象的废水排放量、污染物浓度进行现场实测,同时利用统计学方法,制定了生活源废水排放系数以及污染物的产排污系数。得出的主要结论如下:
①通过重庆市生活源产排污系数的研究,制定了居民小区、机关单位、住宿业、餐饮业、美容美发业、洗浴业、洗染业、洗车业、医院的产排污系数。
②不同污染物具有明显的行业特征。基于不同污染物浓度系数的分析,得出COD浓度值由高至低排列顺序为:餐饮业>居民小区>住宿业>洗染业>美容美发业>洗浴业>机关单位>洗车业>医院;总氮浓度值由高至低排列顺序为:居民小区>医院>餐饮业>住宿业>机关单位>洗浴业>美容美发业>洗染业;总磷浓度值由高至低排列顺序为:餐饮业>居民小区>住宿业>机关单位>医院>洗染业>美容美发业>洗浴业>洗车业。
③重庆市生活污染源的主要污染物为COD。通过不同污染源污染当量负荷比分析,得出居民生活区、第三产业(餐饮业除外)、医院的主要污染物为COD,餐饮业的主要污染物为动植物油和COD。
④本次第三产业系数研究工作与已有系数研究相比,在监测指标上更为全面,增加了氨氮、总氮、总磷、铅、汞等指标。
⑤在核算污染物的排放总量时,以浓度系数作为第一系数。人均系数、硬件系数是浓度系数的二次换算,在换算过程中受人均废水排放量、单位硬件废水排放量的影响,由浓度系数换算得到的人均系数、硬件系数其偏差可能会较大。
⑥住宿业废水排放、污染物排放有明显的时段性特点。住宿业用水高峰为早晨9点至中午12点以及晚上19点以后。COD浓度变化规律与废水排放规律相似,浓度峰值为246mg/L。动植物油峰值出现在中午时段,浓度峰值为2.22mg/L,氨氮、总氮浓度最大值出现在早晚阶段。
⑦餐饮业废水排放、污染物排放有明显的时段性特点。餐饮业用水高峰期为上午9点至下午13点以及晚上18点至20点。COD、动植物油变化规律与废水排放规律相似,在用餐高峰期出现浓度峰值,浓度峰值分别为3420mg/L、93mg/L。总磷浓度峰值出现在洗涤餐具阶段,其余时间段变化平稳。
⑧重庆市生活污染源产排污系数的确定,为核算各污染源主要污染物的排放总量提供了简便的方法。只要能够获得年用水量,即可利用浓度系数加以简单运算,从而核算出主要污染物的排放量。对于不能准确获知年用水量的污染源,可以采用人均系数或硬件系数核算污染物排放总量。
From the fourth quarter of 2006 to the year of 2009, the first national pollution sources sensus has been launching by the State Council. The basic content includes industrial source, domestic source and agricultural source. On that basis, The pollution generation coefficient and discharge coefficient of domestic source have been studied in Chongqing. Because the method of pollution generation and discharge coefficient is a fundament to calculate the amount of pollution, so calculation of pollution generation and discharge coefficient is of great importance.
The study comprised residential areas, lodging, catering, bath, beauty salons, laundry, car-washing and hospital. The monitoring perid is divided into four phases. It is frorm September 2007 to March 2008 to monitor wastewater discharge and pollution concentration. And at the same time, it is maked the pollution generation and discharge coefficient by the method of mathematical statistic. The main conclusions are as follows:
①It has determined the pollution generation coefficient and discharge coefficient of residential areas, lodging industry, catering industry, bath industry, beauty salons industry, laundry industry, car-washing industry and hospital by the study of domestic pollution source.
②Different pollutants have obvious characteristics of industries. Based on the analysis of pollutants concentration coefficient, it has drew the conclusion that the order of COD concentration is: catering industry> residential areas>lodging industry >laundry industry >beauty salons industry >bath industry industry >government units >car-washing industry> Hospital. The order of total nitrogen concentration is: residential areas> hospital>catering industry >lodging industry >government units >bath industry > beauty salons industry > laundry industry. The order of total phosphorus concentration is: catering industry> residential areas> lodging industry> government units >Hospital> laundry industry> beauty salons industry> bath industry industry> car-washing.
③The primary pollutant of domestic pollution sources in Chongqing is COD. By analysis on load ration of equivalent of different sources, it is concluded that the primary pollutant of residential areas, tertiary industry (exclude catering industry) and hospital is COD and the primary pollutants of catering industry are animal and vegetable oils and COD.
④The monitoring indexes of the tertiary industry of this study are more comprehensive than ever. The new indexs include ammonia nitrogen, total nitrogen, total phosphorus,lead and mercury.
⑤The concentration coefficient is as the first coefficient when accounting the total discharge amount of pollutants. The percapital coefficient and the hardware coefficient are the two times transfer of the concentration coefficient. They are influenced by percapital wasterwater discharge and unit hardware wastewater discharge. The deviation of the percapital coefficient and the hardware coefficient may lead to relatively large errors.
⑥The wastewater discharge and pollutant discharge of lodging industry have the obvious characteristic of periods. The water peak period is 9:00 to 12:00 am and after 7:00 pm. The change law of COD is similar with wastewater. The concentration peak of COD is 246mg/L. The concentration peak of animal and vegetable oils is 2.22mg/L. The highest concentration of ammonia nitrogen, total nitrogen is in the morning and evening.
⑦The wastewater discharge and pollutant discharge of catering industry have the obvious characteristic of periods. The water peak period is 9:00 am to 1:00 pm and 6:00 pm to 8:00 pm. The change laws of COD and animal and vegetable oils are similar with wastewater. The concentration peak is respectively 3420mg/L, 93mg/L. The concentration peak of total phosphorus is at the wash stage. It changes smoothly at the rest of the time.
⑧The determination of pollution generation coefficient and discharge coefficient provides a simple method to count the total discharge amount of pollutants. As long as knowing the annual water consumption, it could count the total discharge amount by simple calculation. It also could use percapital coefficient and hardware coefficient to calculate the total discharge amount when it doesn’t know the annual water consumption of pollution source.
引文
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