文学翻译中的文化误读现象浅析
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摘要
文化误读现象主要源自文化差异。由于文化差异,译者无法做到译文完全忠实于原文。此外,由于文本特征的局限,译者难以正确解读原文本。同时由于赞助者的操纵,译文被修改而不能反映原文的真实面貌。另外,主观上,译者由于受自身文化的影响,总是习惯于根据自己熟知的本土文化知识对他文化进行判断和解读,从而造成对异文化的扭曲。以上这些因素都或多或少造成了文化误读现象。
文学翻译是跨文化交流活动的重要媒介,而文化误读现象在某种程度上阻碍了译语文化对他文化真实面目的全面认知,长期以来被传统观念斥之为错误的翻译。然而,传统观念以原作和原文文化作为译作和译语文化的“试金石”,以“忠实”作为评价译文质量的标准,认为译文不忠实因此对译者加以贬抑的做法,在当今译界遭到了质疑和批判。文化误读作为翻译中不可避免的现象,应该予以正确看待;而且文化误读对于翻译研究、评论具有不同寻常的意义,译界对之更应予以重视。因此本文以文化误读现象为研究对象,具体对文学翻译中的文化误读现象进行分析和探讨,从而达到初步了解文化误读现象和引起译界对它更多关注的目的。
本文由引言、五个章节和结论三部分构成。
引言部分从整体上介绍了文化误读现象产生的原因,这一问题的研究现状和研究这一现象的意义,本文写作的目的以及研究范围。
第一章前部分阐述什么是文化以及文化的分类,为理解文化的复杂性和引起文化误读现象客观因素之文化部分的分类提供基础。后部分着重介绍了什么是文化误读现象以及文化误读现象的分类。
第二章阐述了全文的理论依据。运用哲学阐释学、接受美学和操纵流派的观点,分析了文化误读现象存在的可能性。
第三章论述了文学作品的特点是文化误读现象存在的一个客观原因。文学作品是封闭性与开放性,未定性与决定性的辨证统一体,而且文学作品的这些特征受到文本结构的制约。因此对文学作品这一
Cultural misreading mainly originates from cultural diversity. Due to cultural diversity, the translator cannot produce absolutely faithful translations. What's more, restricted by features of literary text, the translator cannot interpret the literary text without any mistake. Meanwhile, the patron manipulates the process of translation and exerts influence on the translator, and consequently the translator revises the original text so that the true picture of original text is hidden from the target language readers. In addition to the above, subjectively, the translator influenced by his own culture tends to make judgments and interpretation of the foreign culture on the familiar knowledge background of his own, therefore, distortion occurs. All this mentioned above causes cultural misreading to a certain degree.Literary translation is an important medium of cultural interaction, but it has long been considered by traditional translation concepts, as a negative phenomenon for it is an impediment to some extent to true and comprehensive understanding of another culture. However, nowadays, the traditional translation concepts are suspected and criticized, for they have long held original text and original culture as the touchstone of target text and target culture, "faithfulness" as the standard for evaluating the translation and depreciated the role of the translator in the process of translation. As an inevitable phenomenon in translation, cultural misreading should be treated positively. Besides, it is so significant to translation studies and translation critics that it should be paid more attention by the translation circle. Therefore, this thesis adopts cultural misreading as the object of study, analyzing and discussing cultural misreading in the scope of literary translation, in hope that it will give a tentative study of this phenomenon and draw more attention from the
translation circle.This thesis consists of three parts, i.e. the introduction, five chapters, and the conclusion.Introduction begins with a general idea of cultural misreading, situation of its present study, its causes and significance. The object and study scope of this thesis is also presented.Chapter One begins with the definition of culture and its categories, providing a basis for the comprehension of the complexity of culture and classification of the objective factors on cultural part that induce cultural misreading. The later part of it introduces what is cultural misreading and its classification.Chapter Two provides the theoretical foundation of this thesis. By employing the core concepts of hermeneutics, reception aesthetics, and ideas of manipulation school, this chapter analyzes the possibility of cultural misreading in literary translation.Chapter Three expounds the features of literary text is an objective factor that causes cultural misreading. Literary text is a dialectical unity of self-sufficiency and openness, indeterminacy and determinacy. However, these features of literary text are confined by schematic structure of it. Hence any deviation of this characteristic of the literary text by the translator—a special reader, would triggers cultural misreading.Chapter Four is a case study. The former part of this chapter analyzes the objective factors, i. e., the diversity of culture and influence from thepatron------excluding the factor of features of literary text analyzed inChapter Three------that induce cultural misreading with detailed cases.The later part of this chapter analyzes the subjective factor that induces cultural misreading, pointing out that the unconscious and conscious deviation of the translator are the two main categories of objective factor. Chapter Five indicates the inevitability of cultural misreading. It
expounds the consequences that cultural misreading has brought to the original text, the target text, the translation studies and translation critics, as well as the translator.Conclusion points out the disadvantage of traditional translation concepts. Translation as an activity deeply embedded in culture should be evaluated in a wide cultural background. Besides, the author calls on further progress to be made in translation studies so as to bring a more clear understanding of cultural misreading.
文学翻译是跨文化交流活动的重要媒介,而文化误读现象在某种程度上阻碍了译语文化对他文化真实面目的全面认知,长期以来被传统观念斥之为错误的翻译。然而,传统观念以原作和原文文化作为译作和译语文化的“试金石”,以“忠实”作为评价译文质量的标准,认为译文不忠实因此对译者加以贬抑的做法,在当今译界遭到了质疑和批判。文化误读作为翻译中不可避免的现象,应该予以正确看待;而且文化误读对于翻译研究、评论具有不同寻常的意义,译界对之更应予以重视。因此本文以文化误读现象为研究对象,具体对文学翻译中的文化误读现象进行分析和探讨,从而达到初步了解文化误读现象和引起译界对它更多关注的目的。
本文由引言、五个章节和结论三部分构成。
引言部分从整体上介绍了文化误读现象产生的原因,这一问题的研究现状和研究这一现象的意义,本文写作的目的以及研究范围。
第一章前部分阐述什么是文化以及文化的分类,为理解文化的复杂性和引起文化误读现象客观因素之文化部分的分类提供基础。后部分着重介绍了什么是文化误读现象以及文化误读现象的分类。
第二章阐述了全文的理论依据。运用哲学阐释学、接受美学和操纵流派的观点,分析了文化误读现象存在的可能性。
第三章论述了文学作品的特点是文化误读现象存在的一个客观原因。文学作品是封闭性与开放性,未定性与决定性的辨证统一体,而且文学作品的这些特征受到文本结构的制约。因此对文学作品这一
Cultural misreading mainly originates from cultural diversity. Due to cultural diversity, the translator cannot produce absolutely faithful translations. What's more, restricted by features of literary text, the translator cannot interpret the literary text without any mistake. Meanwhile, the patron manipulates the process of translation and exerts influence on the translator, and consequently the translator revises the original text so that the true picture of original text is hidden from the target language readers. In addition to the above, subjectively, the translator influenced by his own culture tends to make judgments and interpretation of the foreign culture on the familiar knowledge background of his own, therefore, distortion occurs. All this mentioned above causes cultural misreading to a certain degree.Literary translation is an important medium of cultural interaction, but it has long been considered by traditional translation concepts, as a negative phenomenon for it is an impediment to some extent to true and comprehensive understanding of another culture. However, nowadays, the traditional translation concepts are suspected and criticized, for they have long held original text and original culture as the touchstone of target text and target culture, "faithfulness" as the standard for evaluating the translation and depreciated the role of the translator in the process of translation. As an inevitable phenomenon in translation, cultural misreading should be treated positively. Besides, it is so significant to translation studies and translation critics that it should be paid more attention by the translation circle. Therefore, this thesis adopts cultural misreading as the object of study, analyzing and discussing cultural misreading in the scope of literary translation, in hope that it will give a tentative study of this phenomenon and draw more attention from the
translation circle.This thesis consists of three parts, i.e. the introduction, five chapters, and the conclusion.Introduction begins with a general idea of cultural misreading, situation of its present study, its causes and significance. The object and study scope of this thesis is also presented.Chapter One begins with the definition of culture and its categories, providing a basis for the comprehension of the complexity of culture and classification of the objective factors on cultural part that induce cultural misreading. The later part of it introduces what is cultural misreading and its classification.Chapter Two provides the theoretical foundation of this thesis. By employing the core concepts of hermeneutics, reception aesthetics, and ideas of manipulation school, this chapter analyzes the possibility of cultural misreading in literary translation.Chapter Three expounds the features of literary text is an objective factor that causes cultural misreading. Literary text is a dialectical unity of self-sufficiency and openness, indeterminacy and determinacy. However, these features of literary text are confined by schematic structure of it. Hence any deviation of this characteristic of the literary text by the translator—a special reader, would triggers cultural misreading.Chapter Four is a case study. The former part of this chapter analyzes the objective factors, i. e., the diversity of culture and influence from thepatron------excluding the factor of features of literary text analyzed inChapter Three------that induce cultural misreading with detailed cases.The later part of this chapter analyzes the subjective factor that induces cultural misreading, pointing out that the unconscious and conscious deviation of the translator are the two main categories of objective factor. Chapter Five indicates the inevitability of cultural misreading. It
expounds the consequences that cultural misreading has brought to the original text, the target text, the translation studies and translation critics, as well as the translator.Conclusion points out the disadvantage of traditional translation concepts. Translation as an activity deeply embedded in culture should be evaluated in a wide cultural background. Besides, the author calls on further progress to be made in translation studies so as to bring a more clear understanding of cultural misreading.
引文
Bassnett, Susan. Translation Studies. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2004.
Bassnett, Andre and Royal, Nicholas. An Introduction to Literature, Criticism and Theory. New York: Prentice Hall International Group, 1995.
Bassnett, Susan and Lfevere, Andre. Constructing Cultures, Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001.
Copeland, Rita, Rhetoric, Hermeneutics and Translation in the Middle Ages. London: Routledge, 1995.
Gentzler, Edwin. Contemporary Translation Theories. London: Cambridge University Press, 1990.
Kenner, Huge. Introduction to the Translation of Ezra Pound. London: Indiana University Press, 1953.
Holub, Robert C. Reception Theory: A Critical Introduction. London: Routledge, 1984.
Lefevere, Andre. Translation, Rewriting and the Manipulation of Literary Fame. London: Routledge, 1992.
Mitchell, Margaret. Gone With the Wind. Peking: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 1992.
Newmark, Peter. A Text Book of Translation. New York: Prentice Hall, 1988.
Nida, E. A. Language, Cultural & Translation. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press. 1993
Samovar, L.A. & Porter, R.E. Communication Between Cultures. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2000.
Snell-Horaby, Mary. Translation Studies: An Integrative Approach. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001.
傅勇林:“译学研究范式:转向、开拓与创新”,《中国翻译》第5期。
郭建中:《文化与翻译》,北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,2000年。
蒋骁华:“解构主义翻译观探悉”,《外语教学与研究》,1995年第4期。
孔慧怡:《翻译文学文化》,北京:北京大学出版社,1999年。
廖七一:《当代英国翻译理论》,武汉:湖北教育出版社,2004年。
刘重德:《文学翻译十讲》,北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,1998年。
马祖毅:《中国翻译简史》,北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,1998年。
谭载喜:《西方翻译简史》,北京:商务印书馆,1991年。
屠国元、朱献珑,“译者的主体性:阐释学的阐释”,《中国翻译》,2003年第6期。
王东风:“解构‘忠实'—翻译神话的终结”,《中国翻译》,2004年第6期。
王克非:《翻译文化史论》,上海:上海教育出版社,1997年。
王小凤:“文化语境顺应与文学翻译批评”,《外语与外语教学》2004年第8期。
许钧:“‘创造性叛逆'和翻译主体性的确立”,《中国翻译》,2003年第1期。
乐黛云、勒·比松,《独角兽与龙—在寻找中西文化普遍性中的误读》,北京:北京大学出版社,1995年。
张德让:“伽达默尔哲学阐释学与翻译研究”,《中国翻译》2001年第4期。
张今:《文学翻译原理》,开封:河南大学出版社,1987年。
张丽娟:“文化误译初探”,中国期刊网:“优秀硕博论文”。
邹振环,《影响中国近代社会的一百种译作》,北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,1996年。
Bassnett, Andre and Royal, Nicholas. An Introduction to Literature, Criticism and Theory. New York: Prentice Hall International Group, 1995.
Bassnett, Susan and Lfevere, Andre. Constructing Cultures, Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001.
Copeland, Rita, Rhetoric, Hermeneutics and Translation in the Middle Ages. London: Routledge, 1995.
Gentzler, Edwin. Contemporary Translation Theories. London: Cambridge University Press, 1990.
Kenner, Huge. Introduction to the Translation of Ezra Pound. London: Indiana University Press, 1953.
Holub, Robert C. Reception Theory: A Critical Introduction. London: Routledge, 1984.
Lefevere, Andre. Translation, Rewriting and the Manipulation of Literary Fame. London: Routledge, 1992.
Mitchell, Margaret. Gone With the Wind. Peking: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 1992.
Newmark, Peter. A Text Book of Translation. New York: Prentice Hall, 1988.
Nida, E. A. Language, Cultural & Translation. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press. 1993
Samovar, L.A. & Porter, R.E. Communication Between Cultures. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2000.
Snell-Horaby, Mary. Translation Studies: An Integrative Approach. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001.
傅勇林:“译学研究范式:转向、开拓与创新”,《中国翻译》第5期。
郭建中:《文化与翻译》,北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,2000年。
蒋骁华:“解构主义翻译观探悉”,《外语教学与研究》,1995年第4期。
孔慧怡:《翻译文学文化》,北京:北京大学出版社,1999年。
廖七一:《当代英国翻译理论》,武汉:湖北教育出版社,2004年。
刘重德:《文学翻译十讲》,北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,1998年。
马祖毅:《中国翻译简史》,北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,1998年。
谭载喜:《西方翻译简史》,北京:商务印书馆,1991年。
屠国元、朱献珑,“译者的主体性:阐释学的阐释”,《中国翻译》,2003年第6期。
王东风:“解构‘忠实'—翻译神话的终结”,《中国翻译》,2004年第6期。
王克非:《翻译文化史论》,上海:上海教育出版社,1997年。
王小凤:“文化语境顺应与文学翻译批评”,《外语与外语教学》2004年第8期。
许钧:“‘创造性叛逆'和翻译主体性的确立”,《中国翻译》,2003年第1期。
乐黛云、勒·比松,《独角兽与龙—在寻找中西文化普遍性中的误读》,北京:北京大学出版社,1995年。
张德让:“伽达默尔哲学阐释学与翻译研究”,《中国翻译》2001年第4期。
张今:《文学翻译原理》,开封:河南大学出版社,1987年。
张丽娟:“文化误译初探”,中国期刊网:“优秀硕博论文”。
邹振环,《影响中国近代社会的一百种译作》,北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,1996年。
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