铸铁材料在水环境（海水、淡水、盐水）中的腐蚀研究
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摘要
人类生活和生产建设都离不开自然水资源,对自然水资源的开发利用,诸如海洋石油钻探和采气装置、盐湖大型钾肥工厂、长江三峡工程的建设,这些都离不开大量的金属材料。在众多的金属材料中,铸铁材料由于其低廉的价格,优良的铸造性、机加工性能等而备受青睐。因此,研究铸铁材料在水环境中的腐蚀数据,掌握腐蚀规律及控制腐蚀的方法,对延长水环境中铸铁的使用寿命,保证铸铁构件的安全正常使用以及促进水资源的开发利用,都具有十分重要的现实意义。
本课题是在前人研究的基础上继续研究铸铁材料在水环境(淡水、海水、盐水)中的腐蚀情况,主要采用失重法测量了铸铁材料在各种水环境中的腐蚀率,采用X射线分析(XRD)和扫描电镜(SEM)测量了铸铁材料在各种水环境中的腐蚀产物的组成和形貌。分别采用硬度、力学性能和pH值、电导率等分析手段测定了材料及腐蚀环境的性能和特点。较系统的分析和讨论了铸铁材料在海水、淡水、盐湖卤水及自制盐溶液中的腐蚀规律及特点。
铸铁材料在中性的海水、长江淡水和盐湖卤水中的腐蚀以氧去极化的电化学腐蚀形式为主,腐蚀速度受氧的极限扩散电流影响。相同材料在不同环境中的腐蚀率差别的主要原因取决于介质中的氧含量、电导率及流速等。腐蚀产物主要为铁的氢氧化物及氧化物。低合金化对提高铸铁在静海中的均匀腐蚀无明显作用,反而会增加铸铁的点蚀。铸铁材料在海水中的腐蚀产物为γFeOOH、αFeOOH及Fe(OH)3。氧化膜较疏松,对铸铁的保护性差。在长江淡水中,灰口铸铁的平均腐蚀率最大,球墨铸铁的点蚀最严重。球铁在长江淡水中的腐蚀产物是由铁的氢氧化物、氧化物尖晶石结构及石墨碳组成,硬度较高,有利于减弱铸铁在流动介质中的腐蚀。铸铁在盐湖卤水中的腐蚀率小于在海水和淡水中的腐蚀率。球铁的腐蚀率最小,仅为0.023mm/a,球铁自身的组织特点是其获得良好耐蚀性的重要因素。极高的Cl-离子浓度未对铸铁材料造成点蚀。在浓度高于3%的盐溶液中,灰铸铁的腐蚀为典型的石墨化腐蚀,其腐蚀率随盐溶液浓度的升高而降低。随盐溶液浓度提高,溶液中溶氧量下降,溶液的电阻增大,腐蚀电流减小是使铸铁腐蚀率下降的主要原因。
It is well known that human life and production building are dependent on natural water resources. The development and utilization of natural water resources, such as offshore oil drilling and the construction of gas exploitation device, large potash fertilizer manufactory in salt lake and The Grand Three Gorges Project, which are dependent on metal materials. Among the metal materials, iron material has attracted much attention because of its low price, good casting and machining performance. So, study on the corrosion data of cast iron in the water environment, master of corrosive regularity and the methods of controlling corrosion are of great practical significance to extend the life of cast iron in water environment, guarantee the safe use of cast iron, promote the development and utilization of water resources.
In this paper, the corrosion of cast iron in the water environment including seawater, freshwater, salt lake brine and salt solution are studied on the base of previous researches. Corrosion rates of cast iron immersed in seawater, freshwater, salt lake brine and salt solution are investigated by weight-loss method. The pattern and composition of corrosion products in the water environment are investigated by SEM and XRD respectively. The material performance and characteristics of water environment are investigated by pH, conductivity meter, hardness and tensile test respectively.
Corrosive regularity and characteristics of cast iron in the seawater, freshwater, salt lake brine and salt solution are analyzed systematically. The corrosion form of cast iron in seawater, freshwater, salt lake brine and salt solution is mainly oxygen absorption corrosion. The corrosion rates are impacted on limit diffusion current of oxygen. The prime reasons that the difference of corrosion rates of the same material in different environment are the density of oxygen, electrical conductivity and flowing speed. The compositions of corrosion product are iron hydroxide and iron oxide. The effects of low alloying treatment on homogeneous corrosion properties of cast irons in seawater is not obvious. But the pitting corrosion properties of low alloyed cast irons is the most serious on the contrary. The compositions of corrosion product of cast irons in seawater are lepidocrocite (γFeOOH), goethite (αFeOOH) and Fe(OH)3. The oxide film is loose. So, its protection of the cast iron is poor. The average corrosion rate of gray cast iron is the highest and the pitting corrosion of spheroidal graphite iron is the most serious in freshwater of changjiang river. The compositions of corrosion products of spheroidal graphite iron are iron hydroxide, iron oxide with spinel structure and graphite (C). This film of corrosion products can reduce iron corrosion rate in the flowing water because of its high hardness. The corrosion rate of cast iron in salt lake brine is less than the rate in seawater and fresh water. The corrosion rate of spheroidal graphite iron is the smallest only 0.023mm/a. The main factor for good corrosion resistance of spheroidal graphite iron is its own organizational characteristic. The high chloride ion concentration does not reduce the pitting corrosion of cast iron. The corrosion rate on cast iron decreases with the increase of consistency of salt solution when the concentration above 3%. The cast iron has the typical“graphitization”phenomenon. The augment of concentration of salt solution reduces density of the presence of oxygen. But the increment of electric resistance in it will make the electrochemical corrosion current lower. Those are prime reasons that the cast iron corrosion rate decreases.
本课题是在前人研究的基础上继续研究铸铁材料在水环境(淡水、海水、盐水)中的腐蚀情况,主要采用失重法测量了铸铁材料在各种水环境中的腐蚀率,采用X射线分析(XRD)和扫描电镜(SEM)测量了铸铁材料在各种水环境中的腐蚀产物的组成和形貌。分别采用硬度、力学性能和pH值、电导率等分析手段测定了材料及腐蚀环境的性能和特点。较系统的分析和讨论了铸铁材料在海水、淡水、盐湖卤水及自制盐溶液中的腐蚀规律及特点。
铸铁材料在中性的海水、长江淡水和盐湖卤水中的腐蚀以氧去极化的电化学腐蚀形式为主,腐蚀速度受氧的极限扩散电流影响。相同材料在不同环境中的腐蚀率差别的主要原因取决于介质中的氧含量、电导率及流速等。腐蚀产物主要为铁的氢氧化物及氧化物。低合金化对提高铸铁在静海中的均匀腐蚀无明显作用,反而会增加铸铁的点蚀。铸铁材料在海水中的腐蚀产物为γFeOOH、αFeOOH及Fe(OH)3。氧化膜较疏松,对铸铁的保护性差。在长江淡水中,灰口铸铁的平均腐蚀率最大,球墨铸铁的点蚀最严重。球铁在长江淡水中的腐蚀产物是由铁的氢氧化物、氧化物尖晶石结构及石墨碳组成,硬度较高,有利于减弱铸铁在流动介质中的腐蚀。铸铁在盐湖卤水中的腐蚀率小于在海水和淡水中的腐蚀率。球铁的腐蚀率最小,仅为0.023mm/a,球铁自身的组织特点是其获得良好耐蚀性的重要因素。极高的Cl-离子浓度未对铸铁材料造成点蚀。在浓度高于3%的盐溶液中,灰铸铁的腐蚀为典型的石墨化腐蚀,其腐蚀率随盐溶液浓度的升高而降低。随盐溶液浓度提高,溶液中溶氧量下降,溶液的电阻增大,腐蚀电流减小是使铸铁腐蚀率下降的主要原因。
It is well known that human life and production building are dependent on natural water resources. The development and utilization of natural water resources, such as offshore oil drilling and the construction of gas exploitation device, large potash fertilizer manufactory in salt lake and The Grand Three Gorges Project, which are dependent on metal materials. Among the metal materials, iron material has attracted much attention because of its low price, good casting and machining performance. So, study on the corrosion data of cast iron in the water environment, master of corrosive regularity and the methods of controlling corrosion are of great practical significance to extend the life of cast iron in water environment, guarantee the safe use of cast iron, promote the development and utilization of water resources.
In this paper, the corrosion of cast iron in the water environment including seawater, freshwater, salt lake brine and salt solution are studied on the base of previous researches. Corrosion rates of cast iron immersed in seawater, freshwater, salt lake brine and salt solution are investigated by weight-loss method. The pattern and composition of corrosion products in the water environment are investigated by SEM and XRD respectively. The material performance and characteristics of water environment are investigated by pH, conductivity meter, hardness and tensile test respectively.
Corrosive regularity and characteristics of cast iron in the seawater, freshwater, salt lake brine and salt solution are analyzed systematically. The corrosion form of cast iron in seawater, freshwater, salt lake brine and salt solution is mainly oxygen absorption corrosion. The corrosion rates are impacted on limit diffusion current of oxygen. The prime reasons that the difference of corrosion rates of the same material in different environment are the density of oxygen, electrical conductivity and flowing speed. The compositions of corrosion product are iron hydroxide and iron oxide. The effects of low alloying treatment on homogeneous corrosion properties of cast irons in seawater is not obvious. But the pitting corrosion properties of low alloyed cast irons is the most serious on the contrary. The compositions of corrosion product of cast irons in seawater are lepidocrocite (γFeOOH), goethite (αFeOOH) and Fe(OH)3. The oxide film is loose. So, its protection of the cast iron is poor. The average corrosion rate of gray cast iron is the highest and the pitting corrosion of spheroidal graphite iron is the most serious in freshwater of changjiang river. The compositions of corrosion products of spheroidal graphite iron are iron hydroxide, iron oxide with spinel structure and graphite (C). This film of corrosion products can reduce iron corrosion rate in the flowing water because of its high hardness. The corrosion rate of cast iron in salt lake brine is less than the rate in seawater and fresh water. The corrosion rate of spheroidal graphite iron is the smallest only 0.023mm/a. The main factor for good corrosion resistance of spheroidal graphite iron is its own organizational characteristic. The high chloride ion concentration does not reduce the pitting corrosion of cast iron. The corrosion rate on cast iron decreases with the increase of consistency of salt solution when the concentration above 3%. The cast iron has the typical“graphitization”phenomenon. The augment of concentration of salt solution reduces density of the presence of oxygen. But the increment of electric resistance in it will make the electrochemical corrosion current lower. Those are prime reasons that the cast iron corrosion rate decreases.
引文
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[2] NACE著.朱日彰,王光雍等译.腐蚀与防护技术基础[M].北京:冶金工业版社,1987.
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