地震CT成像技术中正演模拟技术的研究与应用
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摘要
地震CT(层析成像)是一种通过分析观测到的穿过地球内部的地震波的运动学和动力学特征,获得地震的破裂过程以及沿射线路径上介质物性信息的重要的地球物理方法。根据不同的研究目的和需要,既可以利用天然地震也可以借助于人工地震来获得不同深度的地球介质的分层或构造图像。地震波正演模拟技术作为地震CT实现的关键一步,它的精度与实现效率直接影响着地震CT的成像效果,因此加强地震波正演模拟技术研究至关重要。基于此,本文作者在对现有正演方法进行研究基础上,提出一种新的正演模拟方法(动态扫描法),并编制了实现该方法的程序。通过动态扫描法的试算,并与解析解的比较,动态扫描法的总体误差达到10-6s;又与最短路径法进行了对比,动态扫描法相对误差的均方差在1.5以下,而最短路径法相对误差的均方差在25以上。在对动态扫描法进行验证,认为具有较高精度的基础上,利用该方法分别对不同地层模型内地震波的传播从时间领域和空间领域进行了模拟,结果基本与事实相符。并用该方法模拟了井间CT观测系统下地震波初至规律,建立了地震波初至与深度的关系式,实现了地震波波前对模型异常体的识别模式。除此之外,本文还研究了近地表连续介质的几种速度分布函数以及变速介质中地震波传播规律,并推出了速度随深度线性变化介质的射线路径和波前面方程,为变速介质地震波的正演奠定了理论基础;总结了现有正演方法,并从基本原理到计算机实现过程进行了详细的论述;对经典试射法程序进行了编制与调试,成功实现了对反射波的正演模拟。
本文的主要创新点:实现了高精度的动态扫描法在井间层析成像观测系统下地震波初至的模拟过程;提出和实现了采用地震波波前对异常体的识别方法和采用正演方法建立初至与深度关系式的方法。
The seismic Computerized Tomography is one of an important geophysics technology utilized to obtain the medium information in the course of wave breaking process of the earthquake and on the ray route by analyzing kinematics and dynamics characteristic of seismic wave while penetrating through the earth. The medium information in different depth of the earth can be obtained either by natural earthquake or by artificial earthquake according to different researching purposes and needs. But the observing precision and realizing efficiency of seismic Computerized Tomography is directly influenced by the forward modeling technology of seismic wave which is a key step in the processing course of CT observation and it is essential to focus the study on the forward modeling simulation technology of seismic wave. Based on existing methods, a new kind of forward modeling simulation method, the dynamic scanning method, is proposed and realized by the developing of the forward modeling system. By comparative study, the global error of dynamic scanning method is about 10-6s, the mean deviation of relative error for dynamic scanning method is under 1.5 which is less than that of the shortest path method more than 25. Based on the high accuracy, separately imitating the spread of seismic wave in different geological model inland from time field and space field, its result is in conformity with fact basically. Under observation system of cross-well CT, the first break rule of seismic wave is simulated and the relational expression between the first break and the depth is established. In addition, the unusual body in the model is identified by seismic wave-fronts. Except for the above-mentioned works, the researches on several velocity functions of near-surface layer with
variable velocity and seismic wave propagation law have been completed. Equations of wave-front and ray-paths in a continue velocity medium with vertical as well as horizontal velocity gradients are deduced which prepare the theoretical basis for the subsequent forward problems of first arrival times. The basic principles of all forward modeling methods and their processing courses are discussed and based on these methods the dynamic scanning method is proposed. The forward modeling of the reflection wave is completed on the basis of the computerized processing system developed for the classical ray method.
The mian initiative of this paper: under observation system of cross-well CT, the simulating process of the first break rule of seismic wave is achieved by accurate dynamic scanning method, and the methods, which identifying the unusual body in the model by seismic wave-fronts and establishing the relational expression between the first break and the depth by the forward modeling, is proposed and realized.
本文的主要创新点:实现了高精度的动态扫描法在井间层析成像观测系统下地震波初至的模拟过程;提出和实现了采用地震波波前对异常体的识别方法和采用正演方法建立初至与深度关系式的方法。
The seismic Computerized Tomography is one of an important geophysics technology utilized to obtain the medium information in the course of wave breaking process of the earthquake and on the ray route by analyzing kinematics and dynamics characteristic of seismic wave while penetrating through the earth. The medium information in different depth of the earth can be obtained either by natural earthquake or by artificial earthquake according to different researching purposes and needs. But the observing precision and realizing efficiency of seismic Computerized Tomography is directly influenced by the forward modeling technology of seismic wave which is a key step in the processing course of CT observation and it is essential to focus the study on the forward modeling simulation technology of seismic wave. Based on existing methods, a new kind of forward modeling simulation method, the dynamic scanning method, is proposed and realized by the developing of the forward modeling system. By comparative study, the global error of dynamic scanning method is about 10-6s, the mean deviation of relative error for dynamic scanning method is under 1.5 which is less than that of the shortest path method more than 25. Based on the high accuracy, separately imitating the spread of seismic wave in different geological model inland from time field and space field, its result is in conformity with fact basically. Under observation system of cross-well CT, the first break rule of seismic wave is simulated and the relational expression between the first break and the depth is established. In addition, the unusual body in the model is identified by seismic wave-fronts. Except for the above-mentioned works, the researches on several velocity functions of near-surface layer with
variable velocity and seismic wave propagation law have been completed. Equations of wave-front and ray-paths in a continue velocity medium with vertical as well as horizontal velocity gradients are deduced which prepare the theoretical basis for the subsequent forward problems of first arrival times. The basic principles of all forward modeling methods and their processing courses are discussed and based on these methods the dynamic scanning method is proposed. The forward modeling of the reflection wave is completed on the basis of the computerized processing system developed for the classical ray method.
The mian initiative of this paper: under observation system of cross-well CT, the simulating process of the first break rule of seismic wave is achieved by accurate dynamic scanning method, and the methods, which identifying the unusual body in the model by seismic wave-fronts and establishing the relational expression between the first break and the depth by the forward modeling, is proposed and realized.
引文
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pseudo spectral wave synthesis using an antiperiodic extension of the wavefield [J]. Geophysics, 1995,60(2): 302-307
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[39] 马德堂,朱光明.有限元法与伪谱法混合求解弹性波动方程.地球科学与环境学报,2004,26(1):61-64
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[50] 王辉,常旭.基于图形结构的三维射线追踪.地球物理学报.2000,43(4):534-541
[51] 张钋,刘洪,李幼铭.射线追踪方法的发展现状.地球物理学进展,2000,15(1):36-45
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[2] 郑斯华. 地震层析成像和地幔动力学[J]. 国际地震动态,1994,(6):17-20
[3] 傅容珊,郑勇,常校华,等. 地震层析成像板块结构及地幔演化动力学[J]. 地球物理学进展,2001,16(4):85-90
[4] 刘福田. 三维速度结构的研究现状和展望[J]. 地球物理学报,1991,34(6):788-796.
[5] 熊熊,藤吉文,许厚泽. 地幔热柱动力学研究的新进展[J]. 地球物理学进展,2001,16(1):62-69.
[6] 赵大鹏, Kayal J RV. 地震层析成像对地球科学的影响[J]. 世界地震译丛,2001,6:1-8
[7] 赵大鹏. 地震层析成像极其在消减带和地震断层带成像中的应用[J]. 世界地震译丛,2001,2:7-20
[8] 傅淑芳. 层析地震学[J]. 地球科学进展,1991,6(3):87-89
[9] ZHAO Da-Peng. Seismic struCTure and stress region of subduCTion zones [J]. TeCTonophysics,2000,319:223-224.
[10] ZHAO Da-Peng. Seismic struCTure and origion of hotspots and mantle plumes[J]. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 2001, 192:251-265.
[11] Julian, B.R. and Gubbins, D. Three-dimensional seismic ray tracing. J. Ggophys.1997, 43: 95-114
[12] Um, J. and Thurber, C. A fast algorithm for two-points seismic ray tracing. Bull. Seis. Soc. Am., 1987,79:927-986.
[13] Lee, J. M. and Shalev, E, On the stability of P-wave tomography at Loma Prieta: A comparison of parameterizations, linear and nonlinear inversions. Bull. Seis. Soc. Am. 1992, (82):1821-1839
[14] Vidal, J., Finite-difference calculation of travel times. Bull. Seis. Soc. Am., 1988,78:2062-2076.
[15] Van Trier, J.and Symes, W. Upwind finite-difference calculation of traveltimes. Geophysics, 1991,56,812-821.
[16] Qin, F. H. et al., Solution of the eikonal equation by a finite difference method, 60th SEG, 1990.
[17] Vetle Vinje. Einar Iversen, Havar Gjoystdal. Traveltime and amplitude estmation using wavefront construction. Geophysics,1993, 58(8):1157-1166.
[18] 刘清林. 井间地震成像技术及其在油气田开发中的应用研究,[博士学位论文].南京:东南大学,2000
[19] 黄联捷,李幼铭,吴如山.用于图像重建的波前法射线追踪.地球物理学报,1992,35(2):223-233.
[20] 刘洪,孟凡林,李幼铭.计算最小走时和射线路径的界面网全局算法.地球物理学报.1995,38(6):823-832.
[21] 赵连锋,朱介寿,曹俊兴,等. 有序波前重建法的射线追踪.地球物理学报.2003,46(3):415-420
[22] Moser, T.J. Shortest path calculation of seismic rays。Geophysics, v 56, n 1, Jan, 1991, 56(1):59-67
[23] Fischer, R. and Lees, J. M. Shortest path ray tracing with sparse graphs. Geophysics, 1993, 58(7):987-996.
[24] Schneider, Jr. W. A., Ranzinger, K. A., Balch, A. H. and Kruse, C A dynamic programming approach to first arrival traveltime computation in media with arbitrarily distributed velocities. Geophysics,1992, 57(1):39-50.
[25] Asawaka, E. and Kawanaka, T. Seismic ray tracing using linear traveltime interpolation. Geophysics, 1993,57(2):326-333.
[26] 张建中,陈世军,余大祥. 最短路径射线追踪方法及其改进.地球物理学进展, 2003,18(1):146-150
[27] 高尔根,徐果明,蒋先艺,等.三维结构下逐段迭代射线追踪方法.石油地球物理勘探,2002,37(1):11-16
[28] 曾昭发,席道瑛,高尔根.三维结构下全路径迭代射线追踪方法. 岩石力学与工程学报,2002,21(11):1610-1614
[29] 黄政宇,黄靓. 线性插值射线追踪的改进方法.湘潭大学自然科学学报,2002 ,24(4):105-108
[30] 聂建新,杨慧珠. 地震波旅行时二次/线性联合插值法. 清华大学学报(自然科学版),2003,43(11):1495-1498
[31] 宋炜. 球面波近似快速波前射线追踪. 勘探地球物理进展,2003,26(4):255-259
[32] 林明玉,匡斌. 叠前深度偏移中的旅行时并行计算技术. 断块油气田,2003, 10(4):12-15
[33] 佘德平. 波场数值模拟技术. 勘探地球物理进展,2004,27(1):16-21
[34] 林明玉,匡斌. 叠前深度偏移中的旅行时并行计算技术, 2003 ,10 (4):12-14
[35] Benxi Ke, Bo Zhao, Jiaming Cai et alv. 2-D finite element acoustic wave modeling including rugged topography[A]. Socv. Expl. Geophys. 71th Ann. Internat. Mtg [C]. Tulsa, USA, 2001.
[36] Bengt Fornberg. The pseudospeCTral method: comparisons with finite difference for the elastic wave equationv. Geophysics [J], 1987,52(4):483-501.
[37] Takashi Furumura and Hiroshi Takenaka. A wraparound elimination technique for the
pseudo spectral wave synthesis using an antiperiodic extension of the wavefield [J]. Geophysics, 1995,60(2): 302-307
[38] Rushan Wu, Li Yun Fu. A hybrid method for wave propagation simulation in near-surface regions [A]. Soc. Expl. Geophys. 68th Ann.. internat. Mtg [C]. Tulsa, San Antonio, USA, 1998.
[39] 马德堂,朱光明.有限元法与伪谱法混合求解弹性波动方程.地球科学与环境学报,2004,26(1):61-64
[40] 庄天戈. CT原理与算法:上海交通大学出版社,上海. 1992,2-3
[41] 林伯香,孙晶梅,刘清林. 层析成像低速带速度反演和静校正方法. 石油物探,2002,41(2)
[42] 王五平, 宋人心, 傅翔, 等. 用超声波CT 探测混凝土内部缺陷. 水利水运工程学报,2003,2:56-60
[43] 吴津. 层析基础极其在井间地震中的应用.石油工业出版社,1997,105-108
[44] McGaughey, W., J., Young, P., R., Comparison of ART, SIRT, Least-Squres, and SVD two-dimensional tomographic inversions of field data:BG4.2, Expanded AbstraCTs of The Technical Program, 60th SEG Annual Meeting, p 74-77
[45] 刘盛东,李承华. 地震走时层析成像算法与比较. 中国矿业大学学报, 2000, 29(2)
[46] 庄天戈.CT原理与算法:上海交通大学出版社,上海. 1992,2-3
[47] 刘清林.程函方程差分法层析成像.石油物探.1995,34(4)
[48] Moser, T.J. Shortest path calculation of seismic rays。Geophysics, v 56, n 1, Jan, 1991, 56(1):59-67
[49] 张建中,陈世军, 余大祥.最短路径射线追踪方法及其改进. 地球物理学进展.2003,18(1):146-150
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