B型烟粉虱两种寄生蜂寄主处理策略的研究
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摘要
B型烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci(Gennadius)是热带和亚热带地区主要害虫之一,在世界90多个国家和地区均有分布。B型烟粉虱除吸食寄主汁液、蜜露污染寄主叶面等直接为害外,更严重的是能传播200多种植物病毒,每年造成经济损失全球超3亿美元。由于该虫繁殖能力强,容易产生抗药性,所以化学防治不能达到理想效果,再加上人们对食品安全及环境保护的重视,烟粉虱的生物防治成为热门研究领域。近一个世纪来全世界害虫防治的历史充分表明,引进天敌是丰富本地天敌资源、改善本地昆虫群落结构,从而经济、安全和持续有效的控制入侵害虫的一个最佳策略,寄生蜂是农林生态系统害虫的重要生防作用物,因此,本文以烟粉虱的两种专性优势寄生蜂浅黄恩蚜小蜂Encarsia sophia和海氏桨角蚜小蜂Eretmocerus hayati为研究对象,从以下三个方面对两种寄生蜂进行了研究:
1.海氏桨角蚜小蜂和浅黄恩蚜小蜂雌性生殖系统的结构解剖。
2.海氏桨角蚜小蜂对B型烟粉虱各龄期若虫的寄主适应性。
3.寄主密度对浅黄恩蚜小蜂和海氏桨角蚜小蜂寄生和取食策略的影响。得出以下结果:
1.两种小蜂的卵巢均由6条卵巢管构成,海氏桨角蚜小蜂羽化6h和24h后体内成熟卵的数量均显著高于浅黄恩蚜小蜂,这与海氏桨角蚜小蜂24h雌蜂的寄生量显著高于浅黄恩蚜小蜂,而寄主取食量却低于浅黄恩蚜小蜂的结果一致。
2.海氏桨角蚜小蜂的产卵量随寄主龄期的增加显著降低,在B型烟粉虱一龄若虫上的产卵量最高,单雌一日产卵量为10.2粒;随寄主龄期的增加寄生蜂的发育时间缩短,在烟粉虱四龄早期若虫上的发育时间最短,整个幼期的发育时间为13.5天;雌、雄海氏桨角蚜小蜂在烟粉虱1～4龄若虫上整个幼期的发育时间没有显著性差异,整个幼期的存活率75.2%,雌雄性比在0.92～1.43。
3.单一龄期下,寄生蜂资源权衡侧重不同:寄主密度较低的情况下,海氏桨角蚜小蜂倾向于首先满足繁殖需要;浅黄恩蚜小蜂倾向于首先满足营养需求;不同龄期下,海氏桨角蚜小蜂选择取食和寄生的寄主龄期的变化会以繁殖的寄主适宜度优先.;浅黄恩蚜小蜂选择取食和寄生的寄主龄期的变化是在满足基本繁殖需求后,会以取食的寄主适宜度优先。
Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) B-biotype is one of the most important pest insects of vegetables, broadleaf field crops, and ornamentals in the tropics and subtropics of the world and under protected environments in other areas. Damage is caused not only by direct feeding, but also through transmission of viral diseases. B. tabaci B-biotype also damage plants by inducing physiological disorders such as irregular ripening in tomato. Biological control could be an attractive management alternative for those whiteflies. Nearly a century, the history of pest control around the world amply demonstrated, the introduction of natural enemies is one of the best strategy for invasive pests,which can be abundant local natural enemies to improve the local insect community structure, and thus economic, security and sustained effective control invasive pests, parasitic wasps ecological agriculture and forestry Important pest biocontrol system substrate, therefore, this paper use Eretmocerus hayati and
Encarsia sophia which are two obligate and dominant parasitic wasp of whitefly advantage as the research object, from the following three aspects studied these two parasitic wasp:
1. Er.hayati and En.sophia structural anatomy of the female reproductive system.
2 .The host adaptation of Er.hayati on different ages of nymphs to B.tabaci.
3 .The effect of host density on the parasitism and Feeding Strategies of Er. hayati and En.sophia.
The following results:
1. Both parasitoid females had two ovaries and each had three ovarioles. The numbers of mature ova in 6 or 24 h-old Er. hayati female were higher than that in En. sophia, respectively, which was coincident with the results of oviposition experiment indicating that the number of host parasitized by 24 h-old Er. hayati female was higher than that by 24 h-old En. sophia female, and the number of host fed was lower than that of En. sophia.
2. Fecundity increase with host age and a significant reduction in the B. tabaci B-biotype one instar nymphs of eggs on the highest single-day female fecundity is 10.2; with host age and the increase in parasitic wasps Shorten development time, in the early fourth instar whitefly nymphs on the shortest development time, the immature development time was 13.5 days; female and male sea wasp's propeller angle of aphids in instar whitefly nymphs 1 to 4 on the whole child Development time period there was no significant difference in the survival rate of 75.2%immature, male and female sex ratio of 0.92~1.43.
3. At a single host age, different trade-off parasitic wasps different emphasis: when the host density is lower, Er. hayati tends to meet the reproduction needs firstly.; En. sophia tends to first meet the nutritional needs. Under the different host age, when the host density is lower, Er. hayati will priority find the optimal hosts to spawn,and feed the Alternative age hosts. when the host density is higher,the spawning and feeding of Parasitoid all tend to select the the optimal age hosts; En. sophia will feed optimal hosts after meeting their basic breeding.
1.海氏桨角蚜小蜂和浅黄恩蚜小蜂雌性生殖系统的结构解剖。
2.海氏桨角蚜小蜂对B型烟粉虱各龄期若虫的寄主适应性。
3.寄主密度对浅黄恩蚜小蜂和海氏桨角蚜小蜂寄生和取食策略的影响。得出以下结果:
1.两种小蜂的卵巢均由6条卵巢管构成,海氏桨角蚜小蜂羽化6h和24h后体内成熟卵的数量均显著高于浅黄恩蚜小蜂,这与海氏桨角蚜小蜂24h雌蜂的寄生量显著高于浅黄恩蚜小蜂,而寄主取食量却低于浅黄恩蚜小蜂的结果一致。
2.海氏桨角蚜小蜂的产卵量随寄主龄期的增加显著降低,在B型烟粉虱一龄若虫上的产卵量最高,单雌一日产卵量为10.2粒;随寄主龄期的增加寄生蜂的发育时间缩短,在烟粉虱四龄早期若虫上的发育时间最短,整个幼期的发育时间为13.5天;雌、雄海氏桨角蚜小蜂在烟粉虱1～4龄若虫上整个幼期的发育时间没有显著性差异,整个幼期的存活率75.2%,雌雄性比在0.92～1.43。
3.单一龄期下,寄生蜂资源权衡侧重不同:寄主密度较低的情况下,海氏桨角蚜小蜂倾向于首先满足繁殖需要;浅黄恩蚜小蜂倾向于首先满足营养需求;不同龄期下,海氏桨角蚜小蜂选择取食和寄生的寄主龄期的变化会以繁殖的寄主适宜度优先.;浅黄恩蚜小蜂选择取食和寄生的寄主龄期的变化是在满足基本繁殖需求后,会以取食的寄主适宜度优先。
Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) B-biotype is one of the most important pest insects of vegetables, broadleaf field crops, and ornamentals in the tropics and subtropics of the world and under protected environments in other areas. Damage is caused not only by direct feeding, but also through transmission of viral diseases. B. tabaci B-biotype also damage plants by inducing physiological disorders such as irregular ripening in tomato. Biological control could be an attractive management alternative for those whiteflies. Nearly a century, the history of pest control around the world amply demonstrated, the introduction of natural enemies is one of the best strategy for invasive pests,which can be abundant local natural enemies to improve the local insect community structure, and thus economic, security and sustained effective control invasive pests, parasitic wasps ecological agriculture and forestry Important pest biocontrol system substrate, therefore, this paper use Eretmocerus hayati and
Encarsia sophia which are two obligate and dominant parasitic wasp of whitefly advantage as the research object, from the following three aspects studied these two parasitic wasp:
1. Er.hayati and En.sophia structural anatomy of the female reproductive system.
2 .The host adaptation of Er.hayati on different ages of nymphs to B.tabaci.
3 .The effect of host density on the parasitism and Feeding Strategies of Er. hayati and En.sophia.
The following results:
1. Both parasitoid females had two ovaries and each had three ovarioles. The numbers of mature ova in 6 or 24 h-old Er. hayati female were higher than that in En. sophia, respectively, which was coincident with the results of oviposition experiment indicating that the number of host parasitized by 24 h-old Er. hayati female was higher than that by 24 h-old En. sophia female, and the number of host fed was lower than that of En. sophia.
2. Fecundity increase with host age and a significant reduction in the B. tabaci B-biotype one instar nymphs of eggs on the highest single-day female fecundity is 10.2; with host age and the increase in parasitic wasps Shorten development time, in the early fourth instar whitefly nymphs on the shortest development time, the immature development time was 13.5 days; female and male sea wasp's propeller angle of aphids in instar whitefly nymphs 1 to 4 on the whole child Development time period there was no significant difference in the survival rate of 75.2%immature, male and female sex ratio of 0.92~1.43.
3. At a single host age, different trade-off parasitic wasps different emphasis: when the host density is lower, Er. hayati tends to meet the reproduction needs firstly.; En. sophia tends to first meet the nutritional needs. Under the different host age, when the host density is lower, Er. hayati will priority find the optimal hosts to spawn,and feed the Alternative age hosts. when the host density is higher,the spawning and feeding of Parasitoid all tend to select the the optimal age hosts; En. sophia will feed optimal hosts after meeting their basic breeding.
引文
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