河南省生态功能区划研究
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摘要
人类对自然生态系统的影响范围和强度正在不断加大,人类福利和经济发展受到的冲击正日益加剧,其实质是生态系统服务功能受到了损害与削弱[45]。如何有针对性制定生态环境保护与建设规划,对生态系统实施科学管理,遏制生态系统服务功能的退化趋势,维护区域生态安全和人类福利不受影响是区域可持续发展的重要内容。河南省生态功能区划的制定立足于河南省生态环境现状和经济社会可持续发展的实际,其最终目的是为全省社会经济发展和产业布局规划以及经济结构调整提供指南,使全省各级政府和广大民众更加深刻地认识环境与发展相互依存、相互促进的关系,牢固树立起爱护环境、保护生态的意识,在推进中原崛起、建设小康社会的各项事业中尊重自然规律、坚持科学决策,努力保护和建设好中原大地的生态环境。
本研究以国家环保总局下发的《生态功能区划暂行规程》为指导,在全省生态环境现状评价的基础上,通过对相关评价因子进行赋值,运用加权指数法、等权指标体系等进行分级和分区,对全省的土壤侵蚀、酸雨、水环境污染、地质灾害、水资源胁迫、土壤沙化和土地承载力等七项指标的敏感性由低到高分为一般地区、轻度敏感、中度敏感、高度敏感和极度敏感五个级别;并按照其重要性高低对生物多样性、水资源保护、洪水调蓄等提供等分为极重要、中等重要、比较重要和一般地区四个级别。
依据综合敏感性和重要性评价结果,在全省范围内按照其地理位置和生态特征分为5个一级生态区、18个二级生态亚区和51个三级生态功能区。5个一级生态区分别为Ⅰ太行山山地生态区;Ⅱ豫西山地丘陵生态区;Ⅲ南阳盆地农业生态区;Ⅳ桐柏山大别山山地丘陵生态区;V黄淮海平原农业生态区。太行山山地生态区的主要的服务功能是生物多样性,矿产资源提供,水源涵养,农林畜国产品提供。豫西山地丘陵生态区的主要的服务功能跟太行山山地生态区相同。南阳盆地农业生态区的主要的服务功能是农林畜国产品提供。桐柏山大别山山地丘陵生态区的主要的服务功能是生物多样性,水源涵养和农林畜国产品提供。黄淮海平原农业生态区的主要的服务功能是生物多样性,矿产资源提供,农林畜国产品提供,水源涵养和洪水调蓄。
针对各生态功能区的主要环境问题,“区划”同时对其应采取的生态保护措施和产业发展方向提出了原则性建议。生物多样性保护的主要生态保护措施及目标是严格按照国家自然保护区管理规定,依法禁止捕杀、采集濒危野生动植物;禁止新建破坏、污染环境的项目;保护生态系统结构的完整性和稳定性;限制旅游业开发,杜绝矿产资源的不合理开发,积极开展矿区恢复。矿产资源提供的主要生态保护措施及目标是依法加强矿产资源开发管理,强制实行矿区土地复垦、植被恢复工作;鼓励植树造林,控制水土流失。水源涵养主要生态保护措施及目标是封育天然植被、退耕还林、提高林木覆盖率;禁止新建污染环境项目,控制水土流失。农林畜果产品提供主要生态保护措施及目标是控制面源污染,发展生态型农业;鼓励施用农家肥、有机肥,保护土地资源,限制占用耕地的建设开发活动。水源涵养及生物多样性保护主要生态保护措施及目标是建立黄河湿地生物多样性保护区;保护两岸植被,防治水土流失,控制旅游开发活动;严格控制滩区农业开发及牧业养殖,有计划做好生态移民,降低低洼地区生态压力,建设项目依法做好规划阶段的环境影响评价。洪水调蓄主要生态保护措施及目标是行蓄洪区建设、控制建设开发活动对行蓄洪的影响,控制区域人口发展规模;依法控制影响行洪泻洪的开发建设活动。
Influencing scale and intensity of human being to nature eco-system was increasing gradually, and human being’s benefits and the concussion of economic development was aggravating. The substance was that the serving function of ecosystem was damaged and weakened. The main content of regional continuable development were that how to establish the entironment protection and constructing plan pertinently, how to manage ecosystem scientifically to restrain the degraded trend of ecosystem serving function and maintaining regional ecological safety and human being’s benefits. The establishment of eco-functional regionalization in Henan province was based on the actual condition of entironment and economic continuable development, and its final purpose was to provide enchiridion to social and economic development, the distribution of industry and the regulation of economic structure, which make all governments of Henan province and people understand the interdependeney and stimulative interaction of the environment and development and establish the consciousness of cherishing environment and protecting ecology. In the projects of advancing the rise of central plains and building a well-off society, the order of nature was complied, and scientific decision-making was insisted, and the entironment of Central Plains was protected and constructed greatly.
According to the direction of from state environmental protection administration and the basis of assessment of the province's ecological environment statue, the classification and regionalization were established though .related evaluation factor, weighted index method and isobar index system. The sensitivities of seven indicators including province’s soil erosion, acid rain, water pollution, geological hazards, water stress, soil desertification and land carrying capacity were divided into five grades which were the general area, mild-sensitive area, moderately sensitive area, highly sensitive area and highly sensitive area. And four grades including very important area, medium important area, more important area and general area was distributed according to the significance of biological diversity, protection of water resources, flood regulation and storage.
According to the comprehensive sensitivity and the results of significance evaluation, five first-level ecological regions, eighteen secondary ecological sub-regions and 51 tertiary ecological function areas on the basis of geographical location and ecological characteristics in Henan province. The five first-level ecological regions wereⅠTaihang mountain upland ecological zones,ⅡWest Henan province hilly ecological zones,ⅢNanyang Basin agro-ecological zones,ⅣTongbai mountain and Dabie mountain hilly ecological zones and V Huanghuaihai Plain agro-ecological zones.
The main serving functions of Taihang mountain upland ecological zones are of biological diversity, water conservation and the supplies of mineral resources and agriculture, forestry, farming and fruits products. The main serving functions of west Henan province hilly ecological zones are similar with Taihang mountain upland ecological zones. The main serving functions of Nanyang Basin agro-ecological zones are the supply of agriculture, forestry, farming and fruits products. The main serving functions of Tongbai and Dabie mountains hilly ecological zones are biological diversity, water conservation and the supply of agriculture, forestry, farming and fruits products. The main serving functions of Huanghuaihai Plain agro-ecological zones are biological diversity, the supplies of mineral resources and agriculture, forestry, farming and fruits products, water conservation, flood regulation and storage. According to main environment problems of eco-function zones, the proposals in principle are provided in ecological protection and industrial development direction. The main measures and targets of the ecological protection of biology diversity are the prohibition of hunting, gathering endangered species of wild fauna and flora, the pollution and destruction of new projects according to national nature reserve regulations. The integrity and stability of the ecosystem structure are protected. And tourism development and the irrational exploitation of mineral resources are limited to resume mine spoils.The main measures and targets of the supply of mineral resources are to strengthen development and management of mineral resources in accordance with law, enforce land reclamation and vegetation recovery in mineral areas, encourage afforestation and control soil erosion. The main measures and targets of water conservation are to protect natural vegetation, return farmland to forests, improve forest cover forbid the establishment of new infectant projects and control soil erosion. The main measures and targets of the supply of agriculture, forestry, farming and fruits products are to control non-point source pollution, develop ecological agriculture, encourage the application of manure, organic fertilizer, protect land resources and limit the development activities which occupy arable land. The main measures and targets of water conservation and biology diversity are to build Yellow River wetland area of biodiversity conservation to protect vegetation in banks and control soil erosion. Agricultural development and livestock breeding in beach region are controlled strictly. Ecological immigrant is arranged to reduce ecological stress of low-lying areas, and environmental impact assessment of construction projects in programming phase is well done according to the law. The main measures and targets of flood regulation and storage is to construct flood storage area, control the affect from construction and development activities and the scale of regional population development, and the development and construction activities of the flood are controlled according to the law.
本研究以国家环保总局下发的《生态功能区划暂行规程》为指导,在全省生态环境现状评价的基础上,通过对相关评价因子进行赋值,运用加权指数法、等权指标体系等进行分级和分区,对全省的土壤侵蚀、酸雨、水环境污染、地质灾害、水资源胁迫、土壤沙化和土地承载力等七项指标的敏感性由低到高分为一般地区、轻度敏感、中度敏感、高度敏感和极度敏感五个级别;并按照其重要性高低对生物多样性、水资源保护、洪水调蓄等提供等分为极重要、中等重要、比较重要和一般地区四个级别。
依据综合敏感性和重要性评价结果,在全省范围内按照其地理位置和生态特征分为5个一级生态区、18个二级生态亚区和51个三级生态功能区。5个一级生态区分别为Ⅰ太行山山地生态区;Ⅱ豫西山地丘陵生态区;Ⅲ南阳盆地农业生态区;Ⅳ桐柏山大别山山地丘陵生态区;V黄淮海平原农业生态区。太行山山地生态区的主要的服务功能是生物多样性,矿产资源提供,水源涵养,农林畜国产品提供。豫西山地丘陵生态区的主要的服务功能跟太行山山地生态区相同。南阳盆地农业生态区的主要的服务功能是农林畜国产品提供。桐柏山大别山山地丘陵生态区的主要的服务功能是生物多样性,水源涵养和农林畜国产品提供。黄淮海平原农业生态区的主要的服务功能是生物多样性,矿产资源提供,农林畜国产品提供,水源涵养和洪水调蓄。
针对各生态功能区的主要环境问题,“区划”同时对其应采取的生态保护措施和产业发展方向提出了原则性建议。生物多样性保护的主要生态保护措施及目标是严格按照国家自然保护区管理规定,依法禁止捕杀、采集濒危野生动植物;禁止新建破坏、污染环境的项目;保护生态系统结构的完整性和稳定性;限制旅游业开发,杜绝矿产资源的不合理开发,积极开展矿区恢复。矿产资源提供的主要生态保护措施及目标是依法加强矿产资源开发管理,强制实行矿区土地复垦、植被恢复工作;鼓励植树造林,控制水土流失。水源涵养主要生态保护措施及目标是封育天然植被、退耕还林、提高林木覆盖率;禁止新建污染环境项目,控制水土流失。农林畜果产品提供主要生态保护措施及目标是控制面源污染,发展生态型农业;鼓励施用农家肥、有机肥,保护土地资源,限制占用耕地的建设开发活动。水源涵养及生物多样性保护主要生态保护措施及目标是建立黄河湿地生物多样性保护区;保护两岸植被,防治水土流失,控制旅游开发活动;严格控制滩区农业开发及牧业养殖,有计划做好生态移民,降低低洼地区生态压力,建设项目依法做好规划阶段的环境影响评价。洪水调蓄主要生态保护措施及目标是行蓄洪区建设、控制建设开发活动对行蓄洪的影响,控制区域人口发展规模;依法控制影响行洪泻洪的开发建设活动。
Influencing scale and intensity of human being to nature eco-system was increasing gradually, and human being’s benefits and the concussion of economic development was aggravating. The substance was that the serving function of ecosystem was damaged and weakened. The main content of regional continuable development were that how to establish the entironment protection and constructing plan pertinently, how to manage ecosystem scientifically to restrain the degraded trend of ecosystem serving function and maintaining regional ecological safety and human being’s benefits. The establishment of eco-functional regionalization in Henan province was based on the actual condition of entironment and economic continuable development, and its final purpose was to provide enchiridion to social and economic development, the distribution of industry and the regulation of economic structure, which make all governments of Henan province and people understand the interdependeney and stimulative interaction of the environment and development and establish the consciousness of cherishing environment and protecting ecology. In the projects of advancing the rise of central plains and building a well-off society, the order of nature was complied, and scientific decision-making was insisted, and the entironment of Central Plains was protected and constructed greatly.
According to the direction of
According to the comprehensive sensitivity and the results of significance evaluation, five first-level ecological regions, eighteen secondary ecological sub-regions and 51 tertiary ecological function areas on the basis of geographical location and ecological characteristics in Henan province. The five first-level ecological regions wereⅠTaihang mountain upland ecological zones,ⅡWest Henan province hilly ecological zones,ⅢNanyang Basin agro-ecological zones,ⅣTongbai mountain and Dabie mountain hilly ecological zones and V Huanghuaihai Plain agro-ecological zones.
The main serving functions of Taihang mountain upland ecological zones are of biological diversity, water conservation and the supplies of mineral resources and agriculture, forestry, farming and fruits products. The main serving functions of west Henan province hilly ecological zones are similar with Taihang mountain upland ecological zones. The main serving functions of Nanyang Basin agro-ecological zones are the supply of agriculture, forestry, farming and fruits products. The main serving functions of Tongbai and Dabie mountains hilly ecological zones are biological diversity, water conservation and the supply of agriculture, forestry, farming and fruits products. The main serving functions of Huanghuaihai Plain agro-ecological zones are biological diversity, the supplies of mineral resources and agriculture, forestry, farming and fruits products, water conservation, flood regulation and storage. According to main environment problems of eco-function zones, the proposals in principle are provided in ecological protection and industrial development direction. The main measures and targets of the ecological protection of biology diversity are the prohibition of hunting, gathering endangered species of wild fauna and flora, the pollution and destruction of new projects according to national nature reserve regulations. The integrity and stability of the ecosystem structure are protected. And tourism development and the irrational exploitation of mineral resources are limited to resume mine spoils.The main measures and targets of the supply of mineral resources are to strengthen development and management of mineral resources in accordance with law, enforce land reclamation and vegetation recovery in mineral areas, encourage afforestation and control soil erosion. The main measures and targets of water conservation are to protect natural vegetation, return farmland to forests, improve forest cover forbid the establishment of new infectant projects and control soil erosion. The main measures and targets of the supply of agriculture, forestry, farming and fruits products are to control non-point source pollution, develop ecological agriculture, encourage the application of manure, organic fertilizer, protect land resources and limit the development activities which occupy arable land. The main measures and targets of water conservation and biology diversity are to build Yellow River wetland area of biodiversity conservation to protect vegetation in banks and control soil erosion. Agricultural development and livestock breeding in beach region are controlled strictly. Ecological immigrant is arranged to reduce ecological stress of low-lying areas, and environmental impact assessment of construction projects in programming phase is well done according to the law. The main measures and targets of flood regulation and storage is to construct flood storage area, control the affect from construction and development activities and the scale of regional population development, and the development and construction activities of the flood are controlled according to the law.
引文
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