北京市延庆县森林资源及其多功能效益评价
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摘要
森林是陆地生态系统的主体,能够为人类提供生态、经济、社会、文化等多种效益。保护和培育森林、发展以生态建设为主的现代林业,能有效改善生态环境质量、提高人民生活品质、促进经济社会可持续发展。多功能林业是林业发展理念的升华,是现代林业的核心和实质。加强对森林资源的多功能经营研究,有利于提高森林资源的质量,全面发挥森林资源的多重功能和综合效益,从而促进生态文明建设和经济社会可持续发展。延庆县位于北京市西北部,处于城市生态涵养区,其生态环境状况不仅对当地而且对北京的生态质量和社会发展都有着极其重要的影响。本文依据1999、2004和2009年森林资源二类调查数据,分析了延庆县森林资源的数量和质量的变化,并结合多功能林业理论基础,运用替代市场法、模拟市场法、直接市场法等方法,评价了延庆县森林资源的生态价值、经济价值、社会价值,并在此基础上提出了今后加强森林资源多功能经营的政策建议。
通过分析,小结如下:
(1)运用SWOT分析法分析了延庆县实施多功能林业发展的优势、劣势、机遇与挑战。优势为:丰富的林地资源,丰富的生态旅游资源,可观的林业经济效益;劣势为:不利的自然环境,经营方式粗放,林地利用率不高,经济林的管理水平不高,生态公益林管理存在不足,当地经济条件不高;存在的机会为:国家和北京市对林业的高度重视,当地政府高度重视林业的发展,良好的社会环境;挑战为:基层林业工作者技术水平不足,林业经营管理体系不够完善,地域劣势对延庆县林业发展的制约。
(2)通过对延庆县森林资源的评价可知,延庆县林业发展总体保持一个良好的态势,与1999年森林资源二类清查相比,2009年延庆县的林分蓄积增加了594 431.84 m~3,增长率为39.6%,森林厚度由0.69mm增加到0.97mm,这说明了延庆县森林资源数量以及丰富程度都有一定程度的提高,但是从总体上来说,延庆县森林资源的质量还比较低,单位面积蓄积量仅为19.59 m3/hm~2,森林资源的林种、树种、空间结构不尽合理,中幼林所占比例过高。
(3)通过评价延庆县1999-2009年间的林地资产价值和林木存量价值,可以看出延庆县的这两个存量价值在1999-2009年间都有很大的增长,说明延庆县在发展经济的同时没有牺牲生态,而是在注重保护生态环境的前提下大力发展绿色经济。
(4)通过对延庆县2009年森林资源生态、经济和社会效益的评价得出,其生态效益价值约为55.55亿元,经济价值为2.05亿元,社会效益价值(不完全估算)为11.79亿元,三大效益中生态价值占80.05%,经济价值占2.95%,社会价值占17%,其中生态价值占了大半部分。
(5)根据估算结果可知,森林资源自身所处状态是其综合效益发挥的根本物质前提。延庆县森林资源自身所处状态较好,从而带来了较高的生态效益,这也与延庆县的建设理念和目标相符。
(6)今后,延庆县森林资源经营政策,要以提升森林质量、提高森林综合效益为目标。采取近自然森林健康经营策略,调整林种和树种结构,强化森林抚育,努力提高单位面积森林蓄积和生产力。在现有林业分类经营以发挥主导功能的基础上,积极开展森林生态、经济和社会效益综合经营,努力提高森林和林地资源的整体效益。
(7)论文希望通过进一步研究能够建立一个定量预测和评价森林资源多功能经营的理论体系,从而促进多功能林业进一步发展。
Forest is the main part of terrestrial ecosystems, which could offer ecological value, economic value and social value. The modern forestry, which protects and nurtures the forest, develops the ecological construction, can improve the environmental quality and people's quality of life, and promote economic and social sustainable development. Multi-functional forestry is the sublimation of forestry development idea, and is also the core and the essence of modern forestry. Strengthening the research of multi-functional management of forest resources could improve the multi-functional comprehensive quality of forest resources, bring multi-functional value into play, so as to promote the construction of ecological civilization,social and economic sustainable development.
Yanqing county is located to the northwest of the capital, and it is also the ecological conservation area of the city. Its ecological condition not only affects the local ecological environment but also affects the ecological environment of Beijing. Based on the second forest resource inventory data from 1999 to 2009, this thesis analyzed quantitative changes of forest resources, and quality status. Then based on the multi-functional forestry theory, and with the surrogate market approach, simulated market approach, direct market method and other methods, the thesis estimated the ecological value, economic value and social value to give advices for the multi-functional management of the forest in Yanqing.
Through the analysis, this paper drew the following conclusions:
(1) With SWOT analysis method, the thesis analyzed strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the development of multi-functional forest in Yanqing. The advantages are abundant forest resources, rich eco-tourism resources and considerable economic value. The weaknesses are adverse natural environment, the extensive mode of operation, ineffective forest utilization, low impact management level of economic forest and ecological forest, and low economic conditions. The opportunities are the higher attention and good social environment.And the local government also attached great importance to forestry development.The threats are lack of basic skills of forestry workers, imperfect forestry management system, and geographical disadvantage.
(2) Through the assessment of forest resources, the forestry development of Yanqing maintains a good state, and compared to the second forest resources inventory data in 1999, the forest volume in Yanqing increased 594 431.84m3.The increasing rate is 39.6%. And the forest thickness increased from 0.69mm to 0.97mm. It showed that the growth of forest in Yanqing kept a good status. But on the whole, the quality of forest resources is relatively low. The stocking per unit area is only 19.59 m3/hm2.The tree species of forest resources,and spatial structure were not reasonable. And the forest stayed high proportion of young-medium age.
(3) Through the evaluation of the value of forest asset and forest stock from 1999 to 2009, these two values have greatly increased. It indicated that the economic development of Yanqing had not sacrificed the ecological environment, whereas it paid much attention to the protection of ecological environment.
(4) Through the estimation of multi-functional value of forest, ecological value of forest resources of Yanqing in 2009 reached 5.56 billion yuan. The economic value of output from forest is 0.21 billion yuan, and social value is 1.18 billion yuan, in which the ecological value accounts for the most part. The ecological value accounted for 80.05% in the three major values, and the economic value accounted for 2.95%, and the social value accounted for 17%.
(5) According to estimation results, it suggested the quality of the forest was the fundamental material premise for the comprehensive value.The forest resources of Yanqing county keeps high quality which also brought high ecological value. And this keeps in line with the construction concept and target of yanqing county.
(6) In the future, the management policy of forest resources in Yanqing is to improve the quality and overall value. It should adopt close-to- nature forest management strategy to adjust the structure of forest types and species, and improve the accumulation and productivity per unit area of forest. Based on the current forestry classified management, it should actively develop forest ecological, economic and social value to improve the comprehensive value of forest resources.
(7)Finally, this thesis hopes to establish the theory of quantitative prediction and assessment of forest resources to promote the progress of multi-functional forestry.
通过分析,小结如下:
(1)运用SWOT分析法分析了延庆县实施多功能林业发展的优势、劣势、机遇与挑战。优势为:丰富的林地资源,丰富的生态旅游资源,可观的林业经济效益;劣势为:不利的自然环境,经营方式粗放,林地利用率不高,经济林的管理水平不高,生态公益林管理存在不足,当地经济条件不高;存在的机会为:国家和北京市对林业的高度重视,当地政府高度重视林业的发展,良好的社会环境;挑战为:基层林业工作者技术水平不足,林业经营管理体系不够完善,地域劣势对延庆县林业发展的制约。
(2)通过对延庆县森林资源的评价可知,延庆县林业发展总体保持一个良好的态势,与1999年森林资源二类清查相比,2009年延庆县的林分蓄积增加了594 431.84 m~3,增长率为39.6%,森林厚度由0.69mm增加到0.97mm,这说明了延庆县森林资源数量以及丰富程度都有一定程度的提高,但是从总体上来说,延庆县森林资源的质量还比较低,单位面积蓄积量仅为19.59 m3/hm~2,森林资源的林种、树种、空间结构不尽合理,中幼林所占比例过高。
(3)通过评价延庆县1999-2009年间的林地资产价值和林木存量价值,可以看出延庆县的这两个存量价值在1999-2009年间都有很大的增长,说明延庆县在发展经济的同时没有牺牲生态,而是在注重保护生态环境的前提下大力发展绿色经济。
(4)通过对延庆县2009年森林资源生态、经济和社会效益的评价得出,其生态效益价值约为55.55亿元,经济价值为2.05亿元,社会效益价值(不完全估算)为11.79亿元,三大效益中生态价值占80.05%,经济价值占2.95%,社会价值占17%,其中生态价值占了大半部分。
(5)根据估算结果可知,森林资源自身所处状态是其综合效益发挥的根本物质前提。延庆县森林资源自身所处状态较好,从而带来了较高的生态效益,这也与延庆县的建设理念和目标相符。
(6)今后,延庆县森林资源经营政策,要以提升森林质量、提高森林综合效益为目标。采取近自然森林健康经营策略,调整林种和树种结构,强化森林抚育,努力提高单位面积森林蓄积和生产力。在现有林业分类经营以发挥主导功能的基础上,积极开展森林生态、经济和社会效益综合经营,努力提高森林和林地资源的整体效益。
(7)论文希望通过进一步研究能够建立一个定量预测和评价森林资源多功能经营的理论体系,从而促进多功能林业进一步发展。
Forest is the main part of terrestrial ecosystems, which could offer ecological value, economic value and social value. The modern forestry, which protects and nurtures the forest, develops the ecological construction, can improve the environmental quality and people's quality of life, and promote economic and social sustainable development. Multi-functional forestry is the sublimation of forestry development idea, and is also the core and the essence of modern forestry. Strengthening the research of multi-functional management of forest resources could improve the multi-functional comprehensive quality of forest resources, bring multi-functional value into play, so as to promote the construction of ecological civilization,social and economic sustainable development.
Yanqing county is located to the northwest of the capital, and it is also the ecological conservation area of the city. Its ecological condition not only affects the local ecological environment but also affects the ecological environment of Beijing. Based on the second forest resource inventory data from 1999 to 2009, this thesis analyzed quantitative changes of forest resources, and quality status. Then based on the multi-functional forestry theory, and with the surrogate market approach, simulated market approach, direct market method and other methods, the thesis estimated the ecological value, economic value and social value to give advices for the multi-functional management of the forest in Yanqing.
Through the analysis, this paper drew the following conclusions:
(1) With SWOT analysis method, the thesis analyzed strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the development of multi-functional forest in Yanqing. The advantages are abundant forest resources, rich eco-tourism resources and considerable economic value. The weaknesses are adverse natural environment, the extensive mode of operation, ineffective forest utilization, low impact management level of economic forest and ecological forest, and low economic conditions. The opportunities are the higher attention and good social environment.And the local government also attached great importance to forestry development.The threats are lack of basic skills of forestry workers, imperfect forestry management system, and geographical disadvantage.
(2) Through the assessment of forest resources, the forestry development of Yanqing maintains a good state, and compared to the second forest resources inventory data in 1999, the forest volume in Yanqing increased 594 431.84m3.The increasing rate is 39.6%. And the forest thickness increased from 0.69mm to 0.97mm. It showed that the growth of forest in Yanqing kept a good status. But on the whole, the quality of forest resources is relatively low. The stocking per unit area is only 19.59 m3/hm2.The tree species of forest resources,and spatial structure were not reasonable. And the forest stayed high proportion of young-medium age.
(3) Through the evaluation of the value of forest asset and forest stock from 1999 to 2009, these two values have greatly increased. It indicated that the economic development of Yanqing had not sacrificed the ecological environment, whereas it paid much attention to the protection of ecological environment.
(4) Through the estimation of multi-functional value of forest, ecological value of forest resources of Yanqing in 2009 reached 5.56 billion yuan. The economic value of output from forest is 0.21 billion yuan, and social value is 1.18 billion yuan, in which the ecological value accounts for the most part. The ecological value accounted for 80.05% in the three major values, and the economic value accounted for 2.95%, and the social value accounted for 17%.
(5) According to estimation results, it suggested the quality of the forest was the fundamental material premise for the comprehensive value.The forest resources of Yanqing county keeps high quality which also brought high ecological value. And this keeps in line with the construction concept and target of yanqing county.
(6) In the future, the management policy of forest resources in Yanqing is to improve the quality and overall value. It should adopt close-to- nature forest management strategy to adjust the structure of forest types and species, and improve the accumulation and productivity per unit area of forest. Based on the current forestry classified management, it should actively develop forest ecological, economic and social value to improve the comprehensive value of forest resources.
(7)Finally, this thesis hopes to establish the theory of quantitative prediction and assessment of forest resources to promote the progress of multi-functional forestry.
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