养分管理对寒地水稻物质运转及籽粒灌浆特性的影响
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摘要
采用田间小区试验方法,在每平米25穴条件下,设置农民习惯施肥(T1)和优化施肥(T2),在每平米28穴条件下,设置常规高产施肥(T3)和优化高产施肥(T4),共4个处理,测定各生育期干物质积累与转运量、抽穗期茎鞘可用性糖含量、出米率、垩白粒率、稻米直链淀粉和稻米蛋白质含量,并用Richards方程拟合籽粒灌浆特征参数,研究养分管理对寒地水稻物质运转及籽粒灌浆特性的影响。主要结果如下:
相同密度下,T1和T3的基蘖肥氮量高,因此穗分化期干物重高,T2、T4穗粒肥施氮量高,抽穗期以后干物质积累量高。成熟期,T2干物质积累量比T1增加了11.71%(P<0.05),T4比T3处理增加了8.29%(P<0.05),而且主要是穗干重的增长,T2穗干重比T1高10.39%(P<0.05),T4比T3高13.42%(P<0.05)。各处理茎鞘中干物质转运量差异不显著,T2和T4转运贡献率分别低于T1和T3处理,差异显著(P<0.05)。T2抽穗后同化物质贡献率比T1提高5.74个百点(P<0.05),T4比T3提高5.46个百分点(P<0.05)。表明,优化施肥和优化高产施肥增加了抽穗后光合产物的合成,为水稻高产奠定了基础。随着密度提高,干物质积累有增加趋势。
相同密度下,T2抽穗期茎鞘可用性糖积累量比T1高了25.71%(P<0.05),T4比T3高了12.84%。T2的糖花比最大,其他处理间无显著差异。抽穗期,T2茎鞘可溶性糖含量最高,抽穗后20天T1含量最高,T3和T4间可溶性糖含量差异不显著。T2茎鞘可用性糖的转运量比T1高44.98%(P<0.05),T4比T3高14.13%。T2茎鞘可用性糖转运率比T1增加14.93%(P<0.05)。
Richards方程能很好的反映水稻籽粒灌浆动态。方程求取出的特征参数显示,寒地水稻属于异步灌浆,强势粒灌浆启动快,灌浆期短,生长终值量大。各施肥处理间强势粒灌浆启动速度差异不明显,由于T2和T4强势粒灌浆持续时间短,灌浆速率快,因此终值生长量高,其中T4生长终值量最大。与T1相比,T2弱势粒的起始灌浆势R0增加10.56%,活跃灌浆期D延长0.702天,灌浆速率增加,所以生长终值量大。
千粒重与茎鞘可用性糖转运率正相关(P<0.05),抽穗后物质同化量与产量正相关(P<0.01)。由于T2和T4的可用性糖转运率较高,同时抽穗后干物质积累多,因此,T4的千粒重比T3增加了0.21g,T2千粒重比T1增加0.69g。T2穗粒数比T1增加12.65%,T4产量比T3增加7.21%,T2产量比T1增加11.58%,差异均显著(P<0.05)。增加密度,有效穗数增加,因此水稻产量有增加趋势。
整精米率与茎鞘物质转运率呈二次曲线关系(P<0.05),整精米率有最大值,T2和T4茎鞘物质转运率均比对照处理低,其整精米率分别达到74.28%,73.45%。垩白粒率与糖花比显著负相关(P<0.05),T2和T4的糖花比较高,所以T2的垩白粒率比T1降低了6.62个百分点,T4的垩白粒率比T3降低了3.97个百分点,差异均显著(P<0.01)。养分管理对稻米蛋白质含量和直链淀粉含量影响不大。
A plot experiment with four treatments: farmers′fertilization practice (T1), integrated nitrogen management (T2), normal high yield fertilization practice (T3) and high yield fertilization practice with integrated nitrogen management (T4) was conducted to study the effects of nutrient management on matter translocation, grain-filling properties and rice quality. Density of T1 and T2 was 25 holes·m-2, density of T3 and T4 was 28 holes·m-2. The dry matter weight, usable sugar of stem during heading stage, grain milling rate, yield, chalkiness, protein content, amylase content and parameters of grain-filling were analyzed. The main results are as follows:
Under the same density, T1 and T3 increased dry matter accumulation during panicle initiation, because of excessive N application rate of basal-tillering fertilizer, at the same time, T2 and T4 increased dry matter accumulation after heading due to high N application rate of panicle and grain fertilizer. Compared to T1, T2 increased dry matter weight of plant by 11.71% (P<0.05) at mature stage, compared to T3, T4 increased dry matter weight by 8.29%; Compared to T1, T2 increased panicle dry weight 10.39% (P<0.05), compared to T3, T4 increased panicle dry matter 13.42% (P<0.05). T2 and T4 significantly decreased contribution of post-heading stored assimilate to grain yield (CTA) to T1 and T3. T2 increased CPA 5.74 percentage points to T1 (P<0.05), T4 increased CPA 5.46 percentage points to T3 (P<0.05). It showes that T2 and T4 increased post-heading stored assimilates accumulation, which is beneficial for increasing yield. Dry matter increased as density increased.
T2 increased usable sugar accumulation by 25.71% to T1 (P<0.05), T4 increased usable sugar accumulation by 12.84% to T3. The sugar-spikele ratio of T2 was higher than others, they were not significantly different. T2 had higher soluble sugar content than others at heading stage. T1 had higher soluble sugar content than others at 20d after heading. T3 and T4 did not show significantly different both at heading and 20d after heading stage. T2 increased usable sugar translocation by 44.98% to T1 (P<0.05), T4 increased usable sugar translocation by 14.13% to T3. T2 increased usable sugar translocation ratio by 14.93% to T1 (P<0.05).
The Richards equation described grain filling dynamics well. According paramters of Richards, cold area rice was belonged to asynchronous filling, the superior grains (SG) started filling quickly, and spended few days, but its final growth increment was big. The grain-filling characteristic parameters of SG were not significantly different in treatments. For T2 and T4 shorten SG grain-filling duration and increased its grain-filling rate, so their final growth increment were bigger, and the final growth increment of SG in T4 was biggest.Compared to T1, T2 improved the initial grain filling potential of the inferior grains (IG) by 10.56%, increased the mean grain filling rate of SG by 7.60%, and prolonged the active grain filling period of IG by 0.7 days, so the final growth increment of T2 were bigger.
There were significantly positive correlations (P<0.05) between 1000-grains weight and usable sugar of stem translocation ratio, and significantly positive correlations (P<0.01) between stored matter assimilation post-heading and yield. T2 and T4 improved usable sugar of stem translocation ratio, and increased matter assimilation, so T4 increased 1000-grains weight by 0.21g to T3, and T2 increased 1000-grains weight by 0.69g to T1. T2 increased grains per panicle by 12.65% to T1, T4 increased yield by 7.21% to T3 (P<0.05), T2 increased yield by 11.58% to T1 (P<0.05). Productive panicle increased with density increased, and yield trended to increase.
There were significantly curve correlations (P<0.05) between milling rate and dry matter translocation ratio of stem, and there was maximum milling rate, compared T1 and T3, T2 and T4 decreased dry matter translocation ratio of stem, and their milling rate were respective 74.28%, 73.45%.
There were significantly negative correlations (P<0.05) between chalkiness and sugar-spikele rate, and T2 and T4 increased sugar-spikele rate, so T2 decreased chalkiness 6.62 percentage points to T1, T4 decreased chalkiness 3.97 percentage points to T3, both showed significantly different (P<0.01). There were not significantly different in protein cotent and anymose content during different nutrient managements.
相同密度下,T1和T3的基蘖肥氮量高,因此穗分化期干物重高,T2、T4穗粒肥施氮量高,抽穗期以后干物质积累量高。成熟期,T2干物质积累量比T1增加了11.71%(P<0.05),T4比T3处理增加了8.29%(P<0.05),而且主要是穗干重的增长,T2穗干重比T1高10.39%(P<0.05),T4比T3高13.42%(P<0.05)。各处理茎鞘中干物质转运量差异不显著,T2和T4转运贡献率分别低于T1和T3处理,差异显著(P<0.05)。T2抽穗后同化物质贡献率比T1提高5.74个百点(P<0.05),T4比T3提高5.46个百分点(P<0.05)。表明,优化施肥和优化高产施肥增加了抽穗后光合产物的合成,为水稻高产奠定了基础。随着密度提高,干物质积累有增加趋势。
相同密度下,T2抽穗期茎鞘可用性糖积累量比T1高了25.71%(P<0.05),T4比T3高了12.84%。T2的糖花比最大,其他处理间无显著差异。抽穗期,T2茎鞘可溶性糖含量最高,抽穗后20天T1含量最高,T3和T4间可溶性糖含量差异不显著。T2茎鞘可用性糖的转运量比T1高44.98%(P<0.05),T4比T3高14.13%。T2茎鞘可用性糖转运率比T1增加14.93%(P<0.05)。
Richards方程能很好的反映水稻籽粒灌浆动态。方程求取出的特征参数显示,寒地水稻属于异步灌浆,强势粒灌浆启动快,灌浆期短,生长终值量大。各施肥处理间强势粒灌浆启动速度差异不明显,由于T2和T4强势粒灌浆持续时间短,灌浆速率快,因此终值生长量高,其中T4生长终值量最大。与T1相比,T2弱势粒的起始灌浆势R0增加10.56%,活跃灌浆期D延长0.702天,灌浆速率增加,所以生长终值量大。
千粒重与茎鞘可用性糖转运率正相关(P<0.05),抽穗后物质同化量与产量正相关(P<0.01)。由于T2和T4的可用性糖转运率较高,同时抽穗后干物质积累多,因此,T4的千粒重比T3增加了0.21g,T2千粒重比T1增加0.69g。T2穗粒数比T1增加12.65%,T4产量比T3增加7.21%,T2产量比T1增加11.58%,差异均显著(P<0.05)。增加密度,有效穗数增加,因此水稻产量有增加趋势。
整精米率与茎鞘物质转运率呈二次曲线关系(P<0.05),整精米率有最大值,T2和T4茎鞘物质转运率均比对照处理低,其整精米率分别达到74.28%,73.45%。垩白粒率与糖花比显著负相关(P<0.05),T2和T4的糖花比较高,所以T2的垩白粒率比T1降低了6.62个百分点,T4的垩白粒率比T3降低了3.97个百分点,差异均显著(P<0.01)。养分管理对稻米蛋白质含量和直链淀粉含量影响不大。
A plot experiment with four treatments: farmers′fertilization practice (T1), integrated nitrogen management (T2), normal high yield fertilization practice (T3) and high yield fertilization practice with integrated nitrogen management (T4) was conducted to study the effects of nutrient management on matter translocation, grain-filling properties and rice quality. Density of T1 and T2 was 25 holes·m-2, density of T3 and T4 was 28 holes·m-2. The dry matter weight, usable sugar of stem during heading stage, grain milling rate, yield, chalkiness, protein content, amylase content and parameters of grain-filling were analyzed. The main results are as follows:
Under the same density, T1 and T3 increased dry matter accumulation during panicle initiation, because of excessive N application rate of basal-tillering fertilizer, at the same time, T2 and T4 increased dry matter accumulation after heading due to high N application rate of panicle and grain fertilizer. Compared to T1, T2 increased dry matter weight of plant by 11.71% (P<0.05) at mature stage, compared to T3, T4 increased dry matter weight by 8.29%; Compared to T1, T2 increased panicle dry weight 10.39% (P<0.05), compared to T3, T4 increased panicle dry matter 13.42% (P<0.05). T2 and T4 significantly decreased contribution of post-heading stored assimilate to grain yield (CTA) to T1 and T3. T2 increased CPA 5.74 percentage points to T1 (P<0.05), T4 increased CPA 5.46 percentage points to T3 (P<0.05). It showes that T2 and T4 increased post-heading stored assimilates accumulation, which is beneficial for increasing yield. Dry matter increased as density increased.
T2 increased usable sugar accumulation by 25.71% to T1 (P<0.05), T4 increased usable sugar accumulation by 12.84% to T3. The sugar-spikele ratio of T2 was higher than others, they were not significantly different. T2 had higher soluble sugar content than others at heading stage. T1 had higher soluble sugar content than others at 20d after heading. T3 and T4 did not show significantly different both at heading and 20d after heading stage. T2 increased usable sugar translocation by 44.98% to T1 (P<0.05), T4 increased usable sugar translocation by 14.13% to T3. T2 increased usable sugar translocation ratio by 14.93% to T1 (P<0.05).
The Richards equation described grain filling dynamics well. According paramters of Richards, cold area rice was belonged to asynchronous filling, the superior grains (SG) started filling quickly, and spended few days, but its final growth increment was big. The grain-filling characteristic parameters of SG were not significantly different in treatments. For T2 and T4 shorten SG grain-filling duration and increased its grain-filling rate, so their final growth increment were bigger, and the final growth increment of SG in T4 was biggest.Compared to T1, T2 improved the initial grain filling potential of the inferior grains (IG) by 10.56%, increased the mean grain filling rate of SG by 7.60%, and prolonged the active grain filling period of IG by 0.7 days, so the final growth increment of T2 were bigger.
There were significantly positive correlations (P<0.05) between 1000-grains weight and usable sugar of stem translocation ratio, and significantly positive correlations (P<0.01) between stored matter assimilation post-heading and yield. T2 and T4 improved usable sugar of stem translocation ratio, and increased matter assimilation, so T4 increased 1000-grains weight by 0.21g to T3, and T2 increased 1000-grains weight by 0.69g to T1. T2 increased grains per panicle by 12.65% to T1, T4 increased yield by 7.21% to T3 (P<0.05), T2 increased yield by 11.58% to T1 (P<0.05). Productive panicle increased with density increased, and yield trended to increase.
There were significantly curve correlations (P<0.05) between milling rate and dry matter translocation ratio of stem, and there was maximum milling rate, compared T1 and T3, T2 and T4 decreased dry matter translocation ratio of stem, and their milling rate were respective 74.28%, 73.45%.
There were significantly negative correlations (P<0.05) between chalkiness and sugar-spikele rate, and T2 and T4 increased sugar-spikele rate, so T2 decreased chalkiness 6.62 percentage points to T1, T4 decreased chalkiness 3.97 percentage points to T3, both showed significantly different (P<0.01). There were not significantly different in protein cotent and anymose content during different nutrient managements.
引文
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