官山保护区白颈长尾雉栖息地选择及评价
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摘要
2008年9月~2010年1月,对江西官山国家级自然保护区白颈长尾雉(Syrmaticus ellioti)栖息地进行调查,并与同域分布的白鹇(Lophura nycthemera)栖息地进行比较,结合官山地形图(1:100000)和植被图,利用ArcGis 9.3对保护区白颈长尾雉栖息地片断化进行了研究。
1)选择14个因子,对官山白颈长尾雉栖息地选择进行综合分析,结果表明:该雉繁殖期主要选择偏阳坡,坡度较缓,乔木和灌木盖度较大,草本高度较高的阔叶林中;越冬期则主要选择海拔较低,偏阳坡,坡度较缓,水源距离较近、乔木和灌木盖度较大,灌木和草本种数较丰富,灌木高度较高,以常绿阔叶树种为主的区域。保护该雉应侧重于对保护区林型的保护。
2)选取8个资源轴分析了两个种的多维生态位宽度、重叠及种间竞争。结果表明,白颈长尾雉和白鹇栖息地空间生态位宽度均十分狭窄。繁殖期,两种雉类综合空间生态位宽度分别为0.382和0.427,除坡向、水源和草本盖度3个资源轴外,在其他资源轴上的生态位宽度白鹇均略大于白颈长尾雉,白鹇比白颈长尾雉的分布区更广。二者竞争的激烈程度由高到低依次为植被类型、乔木盖度、坡度、灌木盖度、坡向、海拔、草本盖度和水源距离。在栖息地选择上侧重于对植被资源的选择,竞争最为激烈;越冬期,白鹇和白颈长尾雉综合空间生态位宽度分别仅为0.268和0.294;白鹇的海拔和坡度空间生态位大于白颈长尾雉,而白颈长尾雉的坡向生态位宽度大于白鹇,在其他资源轴上二者接近;白颈长尾雉和白鹇的栖息地生态位相似性为0.425,竞争系数为0.584,竞争比较激烈。进行保护区物种保护的同时应协调两者的种间竞争。
3)采取“被利用生境—可获得生境比较法”,以对各评价因子不同梯度的资源选择指数为依据,确定了白颈长尾雉适宜性评价准则。应用ArcGIS9.3空间分析功能和栖息地片断化指数,对官山保护区白颈长尾雉栖息地进行了适宜性评价。结果表明:在官山自然保护区适宜白颈长尾雉繁殖的栖息地斑块有502个,总面积为3307 ha,占保护区总面积的28.6%,分离度指数和片断化程度指数分别为0.365和0.912;适宜白颈长尾雉越冬的栖息地斑块有514个,总面积2755 ha,占保护区总面积的23.8%,分离度指数和片断化程度指数分别为0.443和0.939。官山保护区白颈长尾雉栖息地片断化较严重,片断化现象在白颈长尾雉越冬期加剧,越冬期是该雉种群壮大的“瓶颈”,应着重于越冬栖息地的保护。
During September 2008 and January 2010, we investigated the habitat of Elliot's pheasant (Syrmaticus ellioti) and compared with Silver Pheasant's (Lophura nycthemera), combining with topographic map and vegetation map, we studied on the habitat evaluation of this area with the ArcGis9.3 in Guanshan National Nature Reserve in Jiangxi Province.
We analyzed the habitat selection of Elliot's pheasant by fourteen habitat resource axes. The results showed that the pheasant mainly inhabited in the broad-leaved forest, where is high-cover of arbor and shrub and high herb height, at a low elevation with a gentle slope mostly on the sunward hillsides in breeding season; And mainly inhabited the region with characteristics such as lower elevation, gentle slope, sunward hillsides, short-distance to water source, high-cover of arbor and shrub, abundant of shrub and herb species, high shrub height and the evergreen broad-leaved forest. The protection of the pheasant should be focused on protection of forest types in nature reserve.
By eight habitat resource axes, we analyzed the niche breadth, niche overlap and interspecies competition of these two species, Elliot's pheasant and Silver Pheasant. The results showed that the integrative niche breadth of these two pheasant species was very narrow. In breeding season, the integrative niche breadth of these two pheasant species was only 0.382 and 0.427 respectively. in addition to resource-axes of slope, water and herbaceous cover, in the other resource-axes, the niche breadth of Silver Pheasant was slightly wider than that of Elliot's pheasant. Compared with Elliot's pheasant, the distribution area of silver pheasant was wider. The intensity of competition between the two species ranked as vegetation type, arbor cover, slope, shrub cover, aspect, altitude, herbaceous cover and distance from water sources. They paid attention to the selection vegetation resources in habitat selection, and the competition was the fiercest. In wintering season, the integrative niche breadth of these two pheasant species was only 0.268 and 0.294 respectively, indicating a narrow niche. On the resource axes of altitude and slope, the niche breadths of Silver Pheasant was wider than that of White-necked Long-tailed Pheasant, while on aspects resource axis, it was narrower. However, the niche breadths of two species were similar on all the other resource axes. What’s more, the value of niche similarity of two species was 0.425 and the competition coefficient was 0.584, which showed an intense competition between two species. Our findings suggest that as to protect the two species in the nature reserve, as we should coordinate the inter-specific competition between the two kinds.
Based on the resource selection index of each evaluation factor at different gradients, we determined the habitat suitability evaluation criteria for Elliot's pheasant with‘the method of used-available habitat comparison’. We evaluated the habitat suitability of Guanshan Nature Reserve for Elliot’s pheasant by the function of ArcGIS9.3 spatial analysis and index of habitat fragmentation. The result showed that, in breeding season, there were 502 habitat patches with the area of 3307 hectare, holding 28.6% of the total area of the nature reserve. The splitting index was 0.365 and the fragmentation index was 0.912; in wintering season, there were 514 habitat patches with the area of 2755 hectare, possessing 23.8% of the total area of the nature reserve. The splitting index was 0.443 and the fragmentation index was 0.939. The habitat fragmentation was serious and exacerbated in wintering season, which is the 'bottleneck' of population growth for Elliot's pheasant. We should focus on the protection of wintering habitat.
1)选择14个因子,对官山白颈长尾雉栖息地选择进行综合分析,结果表明:该雉繁殖期主要选择偏阳坡,坡度较缓,乔木和灌木盖度较大,草本高度较高的阔叶林中;越冬期则主要选择海拔较低,偏阳坡,坡度较缓,水源距离较近、乔木和灌木盖度较大,灌木和草本种数较丰富,灌木高度较高,以常绿阔叶树种为主的区域。保护该雉应侧重于对保护区林型的保护。
2)选取8个资源轴分析了两个种的多维生态位宽度、重叠及种间竞争。结果表明,白颈长尾雉和白鹇栖息地空间生态位宽度均十分狭窄。繁殖期,两种雉类综合空间生态位宽度分别为0.382和0.427,除坡向、水源和草本盖度3个资源轴外,在其他资源轴上的生态位宽度白鹇均略大于白颈长尾雉,白鹇比白颈长尾雉的分布区更广。二者竞争的激烈程度由高到低依次为植被类型、乔木盖度、坡度、灌木盖度、坡向、海拔、草本盖度和水源距离。在栖息地选择上侧重于对植被资源的选择,竞争最为激烈;越冬期,白鹇和白颈长尾雉综合空间生态位宽度分别仅为0.268和0.294;白鹇的海拔和坡度空间生态位大于白颈长尾雉,而白颈长尾雉的坡向生态位宽度大于白鹇,在其他资源轴上二者接近;白颈长尾雉和白鹇的栖息地生态位相似性为0.425,竞争系数为0.584,竞争比较激烈。进行保护区物种保护的同时应协调两者的种间竞争。
3)采取“被利用生境—可获得生境比较法”,以对各评价因子不同梯度的资源选择指数为依据,确定了白颈长尾雉适宜性评价准则。应用ArcGIS9.3空间分析功能和栖息地片断化指数,对官山保护区白颈长尾雉栖息地进行了适宜性评价。结果表明:在官山自然保护区适宜白颈长尾雉繁殖的栖息地斑块有502个,总面积为3307 ha,占保护区总面积的28.6%,分离度指数和片断化程度指数分别为0.365和0.912;适宜白颈长尾雉越冬的栖息地斑块有514个,总面积2755 ha,占保护区总面积的23.8%,分离度指数和片断化程度指数分别为0.443和0.939。官山保护区白颈长尾雉栖息地片断化较严重,片断化现象在白颈长尾雉越冬期加剧,越冬期是该雉种群壮大的“瓶颈”,应着重于越冬栖息地的保护。
During September 2008 and January 2010, we investigated the habitat of Elliot's pheasant (Syrmaticus ellioti) and compared with Silver Pheasant's (Lophura nycthemera), combining with topographic map and vegetation map, we studied on the habitat evaluation of this area with the ArcGis9.3 in Guanshan National Nature Reserve in Jiangxi Province.
We analyzed the habitat selection of Elliot's pheasant by fourteen habitat resource axes. The results showed that the pheasant mainly inhabited in the broad-leaved forest, where is high-cover of arbor and shrub and high herb height, at a low elevation with a gentle slope mostly on the sunward hillsides in breeding season; And mainly inhabited the region with characteristics such as lower elevation, gentle slope, sunward hillsides, short-distance to water source, high-cover of arbor and shrub, abundant of shrub and herb species, high shrub height and the evergreen broad-leaved forest. The protection of the pheasant should be focused on protection of forest types in nature reserve.
By eight habitat resource axes, we analyzed the niche breadth, niche overlap and interspecies competition of these two species, Elliot's pheasant and Silver Pheasant. The results showed that the integrative niche breadth of these two pheasant species was very narrow. In breeding season, the integrative niche breadth of these two pheasant species was only 0.382 and 0.427 respectively. in addition to resource-axes of slope, water and herbaceous cover, in the other resource-axes, the niche breadth of Silver Pheasant was slightly wider than that of Elliot's pheasant. Compared with Elliot's pheasant, the distribution area of silver pheasant was wider. The intensity of competition between the two species ranked as vegetation type, arbor cover, slope, shrub cover, aspect, altitude, herbaceous cover and distance from water sources. They paid attention to the selection vegetation resources in habitat selection, and the competition was the fiercest. In wintering season, the integrative niche breadth of these two pheasant species was only 0.268 and 0.294 respectively, indicating a narrow niche. On the resource axes of altitude and slope, the niche breadths of Silver Pheasant was wider than that of White-necked Long-tailed Pheasant, while on aspects resource axis, it was narrower. However, the niche breadths of two species were similar on all the other resource axes. What’s more, the value of niche similarity of two species was 0.425 and the competition coefficient was 0.584, which showed an intense competition between two species. Our findings suggest that as to protect the two species in the nature reserve, as we should coordinate the inter-specific competition between the two kinds.
Based on the resource selection index of each evaluation factor at different gradients, we determined the habitat suitability evaluation criteria for Elliot's pheasant with‘the method of used-available habitat comparison’. We evaluated the habitat suitability of Guanshan Nature Reserve for Elliot’s pheasant by the function of ArcGIS9.3 spatial analysis and index of habitat fragmentation. The result showed that, in breeding season, there were 502 habitat patches with the area of 3307 hectare, holding 28.6% of the total area of the nature reserve. The splitting index was 0.365 and the fragmentation index was 0.912; in wintering season, there were 514 habitat patches with the area of 2755 hectare, possessing 23.8% of the total area of the nature reserve. The splitting index was 0.443 and the fragmentation index was 0.939. The habitat fragmentation was serious and exacerbated in wintering season, which is the 'bottleneck' of population growth for Elliot's pheasant. We should focus on the protection of wintering habitat.
引文
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