安装误差对轴疲劳寿命的影响
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摘要
目前轴系安装误差的研究已趋成熟,而单轴安装误差有许多问题尚待解决。即使是轴系安装误差,其中倾角不对中也涉及单个轴的安装误差,开展单轴安装误差的疲劳寿命分析具有重要的理论意义和工程应用价值。本文通过理论分析,系统研究安装误差对单个轴疲劳寿命的影响。论文的主要工作和取得成果如下：
(1)总结轴疲劳寿命的影响因素并对其分类分析。建立轴存在安装误差时的疲劳寿命估算模型,评判几种安全寿命预测模型及其影响因素；
(2)介绍了局部应力应变法,得到了以最大主应变为损伤参量的疲劳寿命预测模型。讨论了轴在有β角情况下的有限元分析的基本方法和分析过程,利用ANSYS软件建立轴的三维实体模型,划分单元,加载求解,得到弯扭载荷下轴的局部应力应变分布图；
(3)轴存在β角的情况下对其进行应力、应变分析。选择最大主应变为轴疲劳寿命损伤参量,进行了弯扭载荷下轴存在β角的疲劳寿命计算；
(4)讨论不考虑缺口因素轴在弯扭载荷下β对轴疲劳寿命规律的影响。结果表明：纵向比较看,β越大,轴的多轴效应越明显；当2°45'<β≤3°,轴的疲劳寿命随β的变化的斜率迅速增加。由这个趋势可看出：轴的安装误差不能大于3°,否则β会极大影响轴的疲劳寿命。横向比较看,同一β下,轴所受的载荷越大其寿命越短；角度越小,不同载荷下轴的寿命相差越大；角度越大,不同载荷下轴的寿命相差越小；β角度越大,β角对寿命的影响越大,而载荷对寿命的影响就越小
(5)讨论考虑缺口因素时,不同缺口参数下β对轴疲劳寿命的影响进行了分析。其中缺口深度对轴疲劳寿命的影响：β角相同,缺口半径、缺口深度越大,轴的寿命越小；缺口深度相同,β越大,β对寿命的影响越大,缺口深度对寿命的影响越小。所以轴在安装的时候提高安装精度也是增加轴疲劳寿命的方法。缺口半径对轴疲劳寿命的影响：当β一定时,随着ρ/t的逐渐增大,缺口轴的疲劳寿命呈上升趋势；当a/b一定时,在相同ρ/t下,随着β的增加对数疲劳寿命呈下降趋势；当ρ/t→0时,对数疲劳寿命曲线基本重合在一起,β对缺口轴疲劳寿命影响不很明显,说明在ρ/t很小时,影响缺口轴疲劳寿命的主要因素是缺口尖端半径ρ；当ρ/t≥0.2时,对数疲劳寿命随β的变化较明显,说明当ρ/t≥0.2时,影响缺口轴疲劳寿命的主要因素是β。
The reach of shafting misalignment which resulted from assemble error is mature now, but many problem of single-axis misalignment unsolved. Even the shafting misalignment also involve the single-axis assemble error, so carry out single-axis fatigue life of assemble error is important in theory and engineering applications. Through the theoretical analysis the thesis systematic discuss the single-axis fatigue life on assemble error. The work and main achievements are as follows:
(1) Summarize and classify influenc factors of shaft fatigue life; build deflection spindle fatigue life estimate model; judge several fatigue life prediction safe model and its influencing factors.
(2) Include local stress-strain approach; combining with multi-axis fatigue life prediction method obtain the fatigue life prediction model which treat the maximum principal strain as damage parameters; discussed the basic method and analysis process of inclination spindle finite element analysis; using the ANSYS software to build a three-dimensional spindle solid model, load and solution, then obtain local stress-strain cloud graph when the shaft under the coupled bending force and torsion load.
(3) Analysis the inclination shaft stress and strain. In this paper select the maximum principal strain for the damage parameters of shaft fatigue life; calculate the fatigue life of inclination spindle which under the coupled bending force and torsion loads.
(4) Discard parameters of notch determine, discuss the effect of inclination angleβto the cycle life of spindle which under the coupled bending force and torsion load. Longitudinal comparison, the results show that:under the coupled bending force and torsion loads, the inclination angleβgreater, the multi-axis effect more obvious; When 2°45'<β≤3°the slope of shaft fatigue life with the inclination angleβis increased rapidly, It is indicate that:the inclination angleβof shaft can not be greater than 3°, otherwise the inclination angle will greatly affect the shaft fatigue life. Horizontal comparisons, in the same inclination angleβ, the shaft forces greater the spindle cycle life shorter; in different force, if the angleβsmaller, the spindle cycle life more difference; if the angleβbigger, the spindle cycle life different more smaller; This shows that:theβlarge, theβangle impact on spindle cycle life more greater, but the force impact on spindle cycle life less.
(5) Involved parameters of notch discuss in different notch parameters shaft fatigue life effect by inclination angleβ. The effect of different notch depth:if theβis same the bigger the notch depth and radius, the shorter the lifecycle; if the depth is same, the bigger theβ, the bigger effect ofβand the smaller effect of notch depth. The effect of different notch radius:in the certainβ, withρ/t increases gradually, the shaft fatigue life of an upward trend. When alb is same andρ/t are same, theβbigger, the fatigue life shorter; whenρ/t→0, the logarithm of spindle cycle life curve coincide, theβeffect of fatigue life is not very clear, it is prove that whenρ/t is small, the major factor in fatigue life of notch isρ, the radius of crack tip; whenρ/t≥0.2, along of the change ofβthe logarithm of fatigue life changes obviously, it is prove that whenρ/t≥0.2, the main factors of fatigue life isβ.
(1)总结轴疲劳寿命的影响因素并对其分类分析。建立轴存在安装误差时的疲劳寿命估算模型,评判几种安全寿命预测模型及其影响因素；
(2)介绍了局部应力应变法,得到了以最大主应变为损伤参量的疲劳寿命预测模型。讨论了轴在有β角情况下的有限元分析的基本方法和分析过程,利用ANSYS软件建立轴的三维实体模型,划分单元,加载求解,得到弯扭载荷下轴的局部应力应变分布图；
(3)轴存在β角的情况下对其进行应力、应变分析。选择最大主应变为轴疲劳寿命损伤参量,进行了弯扭载荷下轴存在β角的疲劳寿命计算；
(4)讨论不考虑缺口因素轴在弯扭载荷下β对轴疲劳寿命规律的影响。结果表明：纵向比较看,β越大,轴的多轴效应越明显；当2°45'<β≤3°,轴的疲劳寿命随β的变化的斜率迅速增加。由这个趋势可看出：轴的安装误差不能大于3°,否则β会极大影响轴的疲劳寿命。横向比较看,同一β下,轴所受的载荷越大其寿命越短；角度越小,不同载荷下轴的寿命相差越大；角度越大,不同载荷下轴的寿命相差越小；β角度越大,β角对寿命的影响越大,而载荷对寿命的影响就越小
(5)讨论考虑缺口因素时,不同缺口参数下β对轴疲劳寿命的影响进行了分析。其中缺口深度对轴疲劳寿命的影响：β角相同,缺口半径、缺口深度越大,轴的寿命越小；缺口深度相同,β越大,β对寿命的影响越大,缺口深度对寿命的影响越小。所以轴在安装的时候提高安装精度也是增加轴疲劳寿命的方法。缺口半径对轴疲劳寿命的影响：当β一定时,随着ρ/t的逐渐增大,缺口轴的疲劳寿命呈上升趋势；当a/b一定时,在相同ρ/t下,随着β的增加对数疲劳寿命呈下降趋势；当ρ/t→0时,对数疲劳寿命曲线基本重合在一起,β对缺口轴疲劳寿命影响不很明显,说明在ρ/t很小时,影响缺口轴疲劳寿命的主要因素是缺口尖端半径ρ；当ρ/t≥0.2时,对数疲劳寿命随β的变化较明显,说明当ρ/t≥0.2时,影响缺口轴疲劳寿命的主要因素是β。
The reach of shafting misalignment which resulted from assemble error is mature now, but many problem of single-axis misalignment unsolved. Even the shafting misalignment also involve the single-axis assemble error, so carry out single-axis fatigue life of assemble error is important in theory and engineering applications. Through the theoretical analysis the thesis systematic discuss the single-axis fatigue life on assemble error. The work and main achievements are as follows:
(1) Summarize and classify influenc factors of shaft fatigue life; build deflection spindle fatigue life estimate model; judge several fatigue life prediction safe model and its influencing factors.
(2) Include local stress-strain approach; combining with multi-axis fatigue life prediction method obtain the fatigue life prediction model which treat the maximum principal strain as damage parameters; discussed the basic method and analysis process of inclination spindle finite element analysis; using the ANSYS software to build a three-dimensional spindle solid model, load and solution, then obtain local stress-strain cloud graph when the shaft under the coupled bending force and torsion load.
(3) Analysis the inclination shaft stress and strain. In this paper select the maximum principal strain for the damage parameters of shaft fatigue life; calculate the fatigue life of inclination spindle which under the coupled bending force and torsion loads.
(4) Discard parameters of notch determine, discuss the effect of inclination angleβto the cycle life of spindle which under the coupled bending force and torsion load. Longitudinal comparison, the results show that:under the coupled bending force and torsion loads, the inclination angleβgreater, the multi-axis effect more obvious; When 2°45'<β≤3°the slope of shaft fatigue life with the inclination angleβis increased rapidly, It is indicate that:the inclination angleβof shaft can not be greater than 3°, otherwise the inclination angle will greatly affect the shaft fatigue life. Horizontal comparisons, in the same inclination angleβ, the shaft forces greater the spindle cycle life shorter; in different force, if the angleβsmaller, the spindle cycle life more difference; if the angleβbigger, the spindle cycle life different more smaller; This shows that:theβlarge, theβangle impact on spindle cycle life more greater, but the force impact on spindle cycle life less.
(5) Involved parameters of notch discuss in different notch parameters shaft fatigue life effect by inclination angleβ. The effect of different notch depth:if theβis same the bigger the notch depth and radius, the shorter the lifecycle; if the depth is same, the bigger theβ, the bigger effect ofβand the smaller effect of notch depth. The effect of different notch radius:in the certainβ, withρ/t increases gradually, the shaft fatigue life of an upward trend. When alb is same andρ/t are same, theβbigger, the fatigue life shorter; whenρ/t→0, the logarithm of spindle cycle life curve coincide, theβeffect of fatigue life is not very clear, it is prove that whenρ/t is small, the major factor in fatigue life of notch isρ, the radius of crack tip; whenρ/t≥0.2, along of the change ofβthe logarithm of fatigue life changes obviously, it is prove that whenρ/t≥0.2, the main factors of fatigue life isβ.
引文
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[4]赵少汴.单轴载荷下的无限寿命疲劳设计方法与设计数据[J].机械设计1999,16(9)：4-8.
[5]邬华芝,高德平,郭海丁.疲劳破坏寿命的概率统计方法研究综述[J].强度与环境,2002,29(4)：39-45.
[6]徐灏.疲劳强度的发展及任务[J].理化检验-物理分册,1994,30(5)：18-21.
[7]Griffith A A. The phenomena of rupture and flow in solids [J]. Philosophical Trascanctions of the Royal Society of London,1921,221:163-197.
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