不同变位模式下挡土墙主动土压力计算方法研究
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摘要
挡土墙上的土压力是一个古老的课题,经典的库仑土压力理论和朗肯土压力理论,因其计算简单和力学概念明确,在土木工程中得到广泛应用。但是库仑土压力理论存在着一些明显的不足之处:一是要求刚性挡土墙为均匀平移,这与正常工作条件下挡土结构的实际位移情况不符;二是严格意义上库仑土压力理论只能求得土压力合力,土压力直线分布只是一种假定,并且实测得到的土压力大多呈非线性分布;三是库仑土压力理论从墙后滑楔体的静力平衡解得挡土墙土压力合力,忽略了墙后土体的应力状态,朗肯土压力理论根据墙后土体的应力达到极限平衡求得挡土墙土压力解,但未能考虑墙面摩擦作用。因此,有必要根据工程实际,提出考虑挡土墙位移模式的土压力计算方法,能较准确地计算刚性挡土墙上的土压力,这也是决定挡土结构设计合理经济的一个重要因素。
墙体位移模式包括三种基本位移模式:平移(T)、绕墙底转动(RB)、绕墙顶转动(RT)。本文以不同位移模式背离填土移动的刚性挡土墙为研究对象,对三种位移模式下挡土墙后应力状态及土压力理论进行了较深入的研究。主要工作包括:
1.对于平移模式(T):基于库仑土压力理论假设,挡土墙土压力由墙后填土在极限平衡状态下出现的滑动楔体产生;在该滑动楔体上取水平薄层作为微单元体,通过作用在单元体上的水平力、平均竖向力,建立挡土墙主动土压力基本方程,并结合整个滑楔体力矩平衡条件得到了对应不同填土内摩擦角和墙土摩擦角的侧压力系数,将其用于水平微分单元法求解得到了平移模式下挡土墙主动土压力。
2.对于绕墙底转动(RB)、绕墙顶转动(RT)模式:在墙面摩擦的作用下,经典土压力理论欠缺对刚性挡墙后土体的应力状态已发生明显变化、土中一点存有剪应力和主应力偏转的考虑,致使计算结果产生较大的偏差。为避免了传统土压力理论的缺陷,考虑墙土摩擦角对挡土墙后土体滑裂面倾角的影响,根据小主应力拱形状计算平均竖向应力和剪应力,由此得到了与不同内摩擦角和墙土摩擦角相对应的侧土压力系数,将其用于水平微分单元法求解得到了绕墙底转动、绕墙顶转动模式下挡土墙主动土压力。
3.分析了平移、绕墙脚转动和绕墙顶转动三种位移模式下,填土内摩擦角和墙土摩擦角对侧压力系数、土压力的影响,并与模型试验和库伦土压力理论进行了比较。比较结果表明土压力与实测结果吻合较好,采用库仑土压力理论计算存在诸多不安全因素。
采用考虑墙体位移模式的土压力计算方法能较好地反映挡土墙实际工作条件下的位移模式情况,并且能计算任意位移模式下挡土墙上的土压力,避免了采用库仑主动土压力理论计算得到倾覆力矩偏小而使设计安全度降低的缺点。因此,本文提出的土压力计算方法能使挡土墙设计更安全合理。
The determination of the magnitude and distribution of earth pressure against rigid retaining wall is significant in the design of civil engineering. Classical earth pressure theories such as Coulomb and Rankine earth pressure theory have been widely used to design the retaining wall because they are simple and reflect the mechanical concepts clearly. But the classical theories are only valid when the backfill of translation wall reaches the limiting condition, and assume the earth pressure distribution to be hydrostatic. While the retaining walls in service usually have some restrains and may move different from translation. The measured earth pressures on retaining wall are mostly non-linear. And in Coulomb's theory, the resultant earth pressures are obtained by the force equilibrium of sliding soil while the soil stress state is non-considered; In Rankin's theory, the earth pressures are obtained by the stress limiting equilibrium of sliding soil but the wall friction is non-considered. So, it's necessary to propose methods for evaluating earth pressure considering the wall movement modes, and it's vital for deciding the rationality and economy of the retaining wall design.
The retaining wall moves from the backfill, the wall movement modes includes three kinds of basic modes-Translation (T), Rotation about base (RB), Rotation about top (RT). The objection of the thesis is the rigid retaining wall whose back is vertical and the wall subjects to move outward and away from the backfill in different modes, the stress state of the three wall movement modes and earth pressure against retaining wall are studied in-depth. The main original work is as follows:
1. As for the Translation(T) mode: On the basis of coulomb’s concept that the earth pressure against the back of a retaining wall is due to the thrust exerted by a sliding wedge; the basic analysis equation are set up by considering the equilibrium of the forces on an thin-layer element of the wedge. By using the equilibrium equation of the moments on the whole wedge, the lateral coefficient of earth pressure, the earth pressure distribution along the wall back are obtained.
2. As for Rotation about base(RB), Rotation about top(RT) modes: Under the impact of the friction angle between wall and soil, the classic theory of the active earth pressure which acts on rigid wall is short of considering change of stress state about soil behind wall, the shear stress and deflection of the principal stress. In order to eliminate the calculation inaccuracy, the relationship between the friction angle and the inclination of the sliding plane in soil is considered. The lateral coefficient is calculated for different friction angle of soil and friction angle between wall-surface and soil based on the analysis about minor principal stress of soil arching elements to study the vertical stress and shear stress, the earth pressure distribution along the wall back are obtained.
3. Under Translation, Rotation about base, Rotation about top modes, the effects of the internal frictional angle of backfill and the frictional angle between the wall and the backfill on the lateral coefficient of earth pressure, the earth pressure distribution along the wall are investigated. The proposed method was compared with some experimental data. It is demonstrated that the calculating results by this thesis's method better safety and agreement with those of the experiment than those by Coulomb's theory.
The proposed methods of earth pressure calculation considered the wall movement mode. They can calculate the earth pressure of each movement modes, and they’can avoid getting lower overturning moment using Coulomb's solution that will lead to decrease the safety of the structures in design. So, the proposed methods can make the design of the retaining wall safer and more reasonable.
墙体位移模式包括三种基本位移模式:平移(T)、绕墙底转动(RB)、绕墙顶转动(RT)。本文以不同位移模式背离填土移动的刚性挡土墙为研究对象,对三种位移模式下挡土墙后应力状态及土压力理论进行了较深入的研究。主要工作包括:
1.对于平移模式(T):基于库仑土压力理论假设,挡土墙土压力由墙后填土在极限平衡状态下出现的滑动楔体产生;在该滑动楔体上取水平薄层作为微单元体,通过作用在单元体上的水平力、平均竖向力,建立挡土墙主动土压力基本方程,并结合整个滑楔体力矩平衡条件得到了对应不同填土内摩擦角和墙土摩擦角的侧压力系数,将其用于水平微分单元法求解得到了平移模式下挡土墙主动土压力。
2.对于绕墙底转动(RB)、绕墙顶转动(RT)模式:在墙面摩擦的作用下,经典土压力理论欠缺对刚性挡墙后土体的应力状态已发生明显变化、土中一点存有剪应力和主应力偏转的考虑,致使计算结果产生较大的偏差。为避免了传统土压力理论的缺陷,考虑墙土摩擦角对挡土墙后土体滑裂面倾角的影响,根据小主应力拱形状计算平均竖向应力和剪应力,由此得到了与不同内摩擦角和墙土摩擦角相对应的侧土压力系数,将其用于水平微分单元法求解得到了绕墙底转动、绕墙顶转动模式下挡土墙主动土压力。
3.分析了平移、绕墙脚转动和绕墙顶转动三种位移模式下,填土内摩擦角和墙土摩擦角对侧压力系数、土压力的影响,并与模型试验和库伦土压力理论进行了比较。比较结果表明土压力与实测结果吻合较好,采用库仑土压力理论计算存在诸多不安全因素。
采用考虑墙体位移模式的土压力计算方法能较好地反映挡土墙实际工作条件下的位移模式情况,并且能计算任意位移模式下挡土墙上的土压力,避免了采用库仑主动土压力理论计算得到倾覆力矩偏小而使设计安全度降低的缺点。因此,本文提出的土压力计算方法能使挡土墙设计更安全合理。
The determination of the magnitude and distribution of earth pressure against rigid retaining wall is significant in the design of civil engineering. Classical earth pressure theories such as Coulomb and Rankine earth pressure theory have been widely used to design the retaining wall because they are simple and reflect the mechanical concepts clearly. But the classical theories are only valid when the backfill of translation wall reaches the limiting condition, and assume the earth pressure distribution to be hydrostatic. While the retaining walls in service usually have some restrains and may move different from translation. The measured earth pressures on retaining wall are mostly non-linear. And in Coulomb's theory, the resultant earth pressures are obtained by the force equilibrium of sliding soil while the soil stress state is non-considered; In Rankin's theory, the earth pressures are obtained by the stress limiting equilibrium of sliding soil but the wall friction is non-considered. So, it's necessary to propose methods for evaluating earth pressure considering the wall movement modes, and it's vital for deciding the rationality and economy of the retaining wall design.
The retaining wall moves from the backfill, the wall movement modes includes three kinds of basic modes-Translation (T), Rotation about base (RB), Rotation about top (RT). The objection of the thesis is the rigid retaining wall whose back is vertical and the wall subjects to move outward and away from the backfill in different modes, the stress state of the three wall movement modes and earth pressure against retaining wall are studied in-depth. The main original work is as follows:
1. As for the Translation(T) mode: On the basis of coulomb’s concept that the earth pressure against the back of a retaining wall is due to the thrust exerted by a sliding wedge; the basic analysis equation are set up by considering the equilibrium of the forces on an thin-layer element of the wedge. By using the equilibrium equation of the moments on the whole wedge, the lateral coefficient of earth pressure, the earth pressure distribution along the wall back are obtained.
2. As for Rotation about base(RB), Rotation about top(RT) modes: Under the impact of the friction angle between wall and soil, the classic theory of the active earth pressure which acts on rigid wall is short of considering change of stress state about soil behind wall, the shear stress and deflection of the principal stress. In order to eliminate the calculation inaccuracy, the relationship between the friction angle and the inclination of the sliding plane in soil is considered. The lateral coefficient is calculated for different friction angle of soil and friction angle between wall-surface and soil based on the analysis about minor principal stress of soil arching elements to study the vertical stress and shear stress, the earth pressure distribution along the wall back are obtained.
3. Under Translation, Rotation about base, Rotation about top modes, the effects of the internal frictional angle of backfill and the frictional angle between the wall and the backfill on the lateral coefficient of earth pressure, the earth pressure distribution along the wall are investigated. The proposed method was compared with some experimental data. It is demonstrated that the calculating results by this thesis's method better safety and agreement with those of the experiment than those by Coulomb's theory.
The proposed methods of earth pressure calculation considered the wall movement mode. They can calculate the earth pressure of each movement modes, and they’can avoid getting lower overturning moment using Coulomb's solution that will lead to decrease the safety of the structures in design. So, the proposed methods can make the design of the retaining wall safer and more reasonable.
引文
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