成都市综合公园植物群落景观研究
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摘要
综合公园是城市公园绿地的重要类型,其植物景观是保障城市公共绿地大众需求、改善城市生态环境的重要载体。植物群落特征及配置是植物景观质量的基础,并与植物景观质量一起决定着综合公园绿地的质量及生态服务功能。
本文以成都市区不同位置且具有代表性的6个综合公园作为研究实体,调查并分析其植物群落的区系组成、物种多样性、植被类型、群落结构等特征。在此基础上,采用AHP层次分析法建立植物群落景观评价体系,确定评价因子及其权重,对植物群落景观进行定量评价；同时,应用SBE景观美景度评价法进行定性评价,选择不同的群体对植物群落景观的照片评价打分,得到景观美景度值,并进行相关性和差异性分析。结果显示：
1.在调查研究的6个成都市综合公园的102个植物群落样地中,植物共有63科109属238种,应用植物的科属较为丰富,但品种不多。在植物群落配植空间结构上,植物群落的垂直结构较单一,以乔灌草型的植物群落为主,缺乏空间变化。植物群落类型以常绿落叶阔叶混交型和常绿阔叶型为主,其反映了地带性植被特征,但不利于多样化植物景观的形成。
2.经评价得出,成都市综合公园植物群落景观质量整体处于中等偏下水平,且高质量植物景观缺乏。成都市各综合公园植物群落景观质量水平不同,文化公园和新华公园的植物景观质量较高,百花潭公园和浣花溪公园的植物景观质量中等,塔子山公园和东湖公园的植物景观质量较差。同时,成都市综合公园存在开放性公园管理粗放和人为破坏严重等问题,植物景观效果受影响较大。
3.在综合公园植物群落景观建设和更新上,可借鉴地带性群落的种类组成和结构特点及演替规律,大力开发应用乡土树种,合理选择和引进外来物种,营建在种类和群落上与区域自然森林接近、结构完整、物种多样性丰富、生物量高、趋于稳定状态的近自然人工植物群落,从而丰富植物景观类型和提高植物景观质量。综合公园不同功能分区,其植物景观的基本形式具有差别,主要体现在所营造的空间类型、植物景观形态的差异等。通过对植物材料、配置模式的合理选择及分区之间合理穿插融合植物,可以使植物景观在综合公园功能分区方面发挥更加完善的作用。
4.应用AHP法建立植物群落景观评价体系,可以确定各评价指标及其权重,从而得出植物景观的质量等级。应用SBE法得出的植物群落景观美景度值能够真实反映植物群落景观质量及不同背景的评价群体对植物景观喜好的一致性和差异性。AHP法通过专家拟定的各项评价指标对植物群落景观进行客观定量的评价,SBE法通过不同评判群体的主观感受对植物群落照片进行评判再运用数学方法得出景观美景度值,二者的评价依据和形式不同,但对成都市综合公园植物群落景观的评价结果具有一致性,能够反映植物群落景观质量的优劣,可将两种方法相结合进行植物景观的定量和定性评价。
The comprehensive park is an important type of urban parks, whose plant landscape is important carrier of safeguarding populace's demand for the urban public green area and of improving the city ecological environment. The characteristics and disposition of plant community is the basis of plant landscape quality, which with plant landscape quality together determines the quality and ecological service function of the comprehensive park green.
In the paper, by taking six typical comprehensive parks located at different position in Chengdu city as the research entity, the floristic composition, the species diversity, the vegetation type and the community structure as the characteristic of community were studied. Based on this, it established the plant community landscape evaluation system with the method of AHP(Analytic Hierarchy Process), and determined evaluation factor and its weight, and quantitatively evaluated plant community landscape. At the same time, it chooses different groups to evaluate the photos of plant communities with the method of SBE(Scenic Beauty Estimation Procedure) would get the value of the scenery aesthetic quality of plant community landscape, and then carried on the relevance and the difference analysis. The results showed that:
1. In the 102 plant communities belong to 6 comprehensive parks in Chengdu city investigated, there are 238 species plants belonging to 109 genera in 89 families, the plant families and genera applied are relatively rich, but the species are not many. In the spatial structure of plant community disposition, the vertical structure of community is simple, the quantity of arbor shrub herb type communities are more than other types, so it is lack of multiform. The main types of the plant communities are evergreen deciduous broad-leaf forests and evergreen broad-leaved forest, although it has reflected the characteristic of zonal vegetation, it is not beneficial to the formation of diversified plant landscape.
2. Through evaluation and analysis, the results showed that the quality of plant community landscape in comprehensive parks in Chengdu city were lower than the middle level, and the quantity of landscape with high quality is limited, so is the species of most used. The quality of plant community landscape were different among parks, it is with high quality in Cultural Park and Park Xin Hua, medium quality in Park Bai Huatan and Park Huan Huaxi, but low quality in Park Ta Zishan and the Dong Hu Park. Meanwhile, there are common problems those are extensive management in open park and serious artificial destruction in comprehensive parks in Chengdu city, which have a biggish influence on plant landscape.
3. On the construction and renewal of plant community landscape in comprehensive parks in Chengdu city, it could use species composition and structural characteristics as well as zonal plant community for reference, develope and apply native species vigorously, choose and introduce exotic plant species, to build plant communities with integrity structural, variety of types which similar to the nature forest, therefore enrich the type of plant landscape and improves the quality of plant landscape. Meanwhile, it should take care of the existing plant landscape community in each park. The basic forms of plant landscape of diverse function district in comprehensive parks are discriminatory, which is reflected in the difference of space type build and shape of plant landscape. Through reasonable choice of plant material and disposition pattern as well as reasonable plant expenetration and fusion, it could make the function of plant landscape in function district more perfect.
4. The evaluation system was established through AHP, it determined the weights of landscape evaluation factors, then obtained the quality grade of plant landscape. The value of the scenery aesthetic quality of plant community landscape, obtained by the method of SBE, can really reflect the quality of plant community landscape and the consistency as well as difference of different group's preference to plant landscape. The method of AHP evaluates the plant community landscape objectively and quantitatively by using all evaluation indices studied out by experts, while the method of SBE evaluates the photos of plant community landscape by means of subjective feeling of different groups and then obtaines the value of the scenery aesthetic quality of plant community landscape by using mathematical method. Although the foundation and form are different between AHP and SBE, the appreciation results were agreeable, it shows that the two methods of evaluating plant landscape could be used together to evaluate the landscape qualitatively and quantitatively.
本文以成都市区不同位置且具有代表性的6个综合公园作为研究实体,调查并分析其植物群落的区系组成、物种多样性、植被类型、群落结构等特征。在此基础上,采用AHP层次分析法建立植物群落景观评价体系,确定评价因子及其权重,对植物群落景观进行定量评价；同时,应用SBE景观美景度评价法进行定性评价,选择不同的群体对植物群落景观的照片评价打分,得到景观美景度值,并进行相关性和差异性分析。结果显示：
1.在调查研究的6个成都市综合公园的102个植物群落样地中,植物共有63科109属238种,应用植物的科属较为丰富,但品种不多。在植物群落配植空间结构上,植物群落的垂直结构较单一,以乔灌草型的植物群落为主,缺乏空间变化。植物群落类型以常绿落叶阔叶混交型和常绿阔叶型为主,其反映了地带性植被特征,但不利于多样化植物景观的形成。
2.经评价得出,成都市综合公园植物群落景观质量整体处于中等偏下水平,且高质量植物景观缺乏。成都市各综合公园植物群落景观质量水平不同,文化公园和新华公园的植物景观质量较高,百花潭公园和浣花溪公园的植物景观质量中等,塔子山公园和东湖公园的植物景观质量较差。同时,成都市综合公园存在开放性公园管理粗放和人为破坏严重等问题,植物景观效果受影响较大。
3.在综合公园植物群落景观建设和更新上,可借鉴地带性群落的种类组成和结构特点及演替规律,大力开发应用乡土树种,合理选择和引进外来物种,营建在种类和群落上与区域自然森林接近、结构完整、物种多样性丰富、生物量高、趋于稳定状态的近自然人工植物群落,从而丰富植物景观类型和提高植物景观质量。综合公园不同功能分区,其植物景观的基本形式具有差别,主要体现在所营造的空间类型、植物景观形态的差异等。通过对植物材料、配置模式的合理选择及分区之间合理穿插融合植物,可以使植物景观在综合公园功能分区方面发挥更加完善的作用。
4.应用AHP法建立植物群落景观评价体系,可以确定各评价指标及其权重,从而得出植物景观的质量等级。应用SBE法得出的植物群落景观美景度值能够真实反映植物群落景观质量及不同背景的评价群体对植物景观喜好的一致性和差异性。AHP法通过专家拟定的各项评价指标对植物群落景观进行客观定量的评价,SBE法通过不同评判群体的主观感受对植物群落照片进行评判再运用数学方法得出景观美景度值,二者的评价依据和形式不同,但对成都市综合公园植物群落景观的评价结果具有一致性,能够反映植物群落景观质量的优劣,可将两种方法相结合进行植物景观的定量和定性评价。
The comprehensive park is an important type of urban parks, whose plant landscape is important carrier of safeguarding populace's demand for the urban public green area and of improving the city ecological environment. The characteristics and disposition of plant community is the basis of plant landscape quality, which with plant landscape quality together determines the quality and ecological service function of the comprehensive park green.
In the paper, by taking six typical comprehensive parks located at different position in Chengdu city as the research entity, the floristic composition, the species diversity, the vegetation type and the community structure as the characteristic of community were studied. Based on this, it established the plant community landscape evaluation system with the method of AHP(Analytic Hierarchy Process), and determined evaluation factor and its weight, and quantitatively evaluated plant community landscape. At the same time, it chooses different groups to evaluate the photos of plant communities with the method of SBE(Scenic Beauty Estimation Procedure) would get the value of the scenery aesthetic quality of plant community landscape, and then carried on the relevance and the difference analysis. The results showed that:
1. In the 102 plant communities belong to 6 comprehensive parks in Chengdu city investigated, there are 238 species plants belonging to 109 genera in 89 families, the plant families and genera applied are relatively rich, but the species are not many. In the spatial structure of plant community disposition, the vertical structure of community is simple, the quantity of arbor shrub herb type communities are more than other types, so it is lack of multiform. The main types of the plant communities are evergreen deciduous broad-leaf forests and evergreen broad-leaved forest, although it has reflected the characteristic of zonal vegetation, it is not beneficial to the formation of diversified plant landscape.
2. Through evaluation and analysis, the results showed that the quality of plant community landscape in comprehensive parks in Chengdu city were lower than the middle level, and the quantity of landscape with high quality is limited, so is the species of most used. The quality of plant community landscape were different among parks, it is with high quality in Cultural Park and Park Xin Hua, medium quality in Park Bai Huatan and Park Huan Huaxi, but low quality in Park Ta Zishan and the Dong Hu Park. Meanwhile, there are common problems those are extensive management in open park and serious artificial destruction in comprehensive parks in Chengdu city, which have a biggish influence on plant landscape.
3. On the construction and renewal of plant community landscape in comprehensive parks in Chengdu city, it could use species composition and structural characteristics as well as zonal plant community for reference, develope and apply native species vigorously, choose and introduce exotic plant species, to build plant communities with integrity structural, variety of types which similar to the nature forest, therefore enrich the type of plant landscape and improves the quality of plant landscape. Meanwhile, it should take care of the existing plant landscape community in each park. The basic forms of plant landscape of diverse function district in comprehensive parks are discriminatory, which is reflected in the difference of space type build and shape of plant landscape. Through reasonable choice of plant material and disposition pattern as well as reasonable plant expenetration and fusion, it could make the function of plant landscape in function district more perfect.
4. The evaluation system was established through AHP, it determined the weights of landscape evaluation factors, then obtained the quality grade of plant landscape. The value of the scenery aesthetic quality of plant community landscape, obtained by the method of SBE, can really reflect the quality of plant community landscape and the consistency as well as difference of different group's preference to plant landscape. The method of AHP evaluates the plant community landscape objectively and quantitatively by using all evaluation indices studied out by experts, while the method of SBE evaluates the photos of plant community landscape by means of subjective feeling of different groups and then obtaines the value of the scenery aesthetic quality of plant community landscape by using mathematical method. Although the foundation and form are different between AHP and SBE, the appreciation results were agreeable, it shows that the two methods of evaluating plant landscape could be used together to evaluate the landscape qualitatively and quantitatively.
引文
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