洞庭湖畜牧业对湿地生态环境的影响
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摘要
本论文根据畜牧业对环境影响不同于工业化污染的特点,分析了洞庭湖区畜牧业与湿地生态环境之间的相互关系,借助畜牧业可持续发展观评判了畜牧生产对生态环境的影响。根据2008年湖区养殖业调查统计数据,分析了洞庭湖区畜禽养殖污染的现状。实地调查与统计分析结果表明：
1.洞庭湖退田还湖区大都确定以畜牧业作为其主导替代产业,湖区畜牧业是分散养殖与规模养殖并存,以分散养殖为主。养殖过程中,因疏于对粪尿、污水等畜禽废弃物的使用和管理,导致湖区水环境污染严重,土壤沙化、盐碱化面积不断扩大,灾害性气候频发,动植物多样性资源急剧减少,生态环境日趋恶化。
2.畜禽生产排放的环境副产品与其他行业生产排放的废弃物有着截然的不同,畜禽粪便本身是一种营养物质,起维持、促进农业生态系统物质和能量平衡的作用。只有当排放的畜禽废弃物超过环境消纳能力时,才会对环境造成污染。故可借助畜牧业可持续发展的概念来理解和评判畜牧生产对环境的影响。
3.畜牧业排放的污染物主要是粪尿和污水,畜禽生产污染主要为氮污染。调查统计结果表明：2007年洞庭湖区的畜禽粪尿排放量为4776.58万t,相当于猪粪当量4352.31万t，CODcr排放量为206.02万t,氨氮排放量为32.70万t,这是造成湖区氨氮超标的主要因子之一。此外,畜牧生产中甲烷、氧化亚氮的排放产生“温室效应”,氨过量排放形成酸雨等,这些都给洞庭湖湿地生态环境带来潜在危机。
4.分析计算结果表明：目前洞庭湖各区县都存在不同程度的环境威胁,其中以岳阳楼区、汨罗市的环境威胁比较严重,云溪区、岳阳县、武陵区、临澧县和津市等县区畜牧环境污染的形势值得关注。
本文最后从粪便土地承载能力角度,对洞庭湖区土壤粪便负荷量和承受程度进行警报与分级,较全面而系统地分析了畜牧业发展中产生的生态环境问题。从理念、管理和技术三个角度,提出了解决湖区畜牧业环境污染问题的若干对策和建议。
This paper analyzed the relationship between animal husbandry and wetlabd eco-environment in Dongting lake area according to the different impact characteristics to environment between animal husbandry and industry pollution. At the same time, the impacts of livestock production to eco-environment were judged using the concept of sustainable development of animal husbandry. The polluted status of livestock breeding and poultry raising to Dongting lake area was analyzed according to the data of 2008.The results of local survey and analysis were as follows:
1. In returning farm land to lake areas, animal husbandry is identified as the leading alternative industry. Scattering breeding co-exists with large-scale breeding for livestock and the most important breeding style is large-scale breeding in Dongting lake area. During livestock breeding and poultry raising, in lake area, the neglect to use and manage the waste (such as fecaluria, sewage, and so on) from livestock and poultry resulted in serious water pollution, enlargement of salinization area, frequent status of disaster-prone climate, sharp decrease of plant and animal diversity resources and degradation of ecological environment.
2. The by products of livestock and poultry is huge different from waste emission of other industries. The feces from livestock and poultry are one kind of nutrients. It can keep and promote the balance of substance and energy for agricultural ecosystem. When animal waste surpassed dissolving ability of environment, it could make environment polluted. It could be used to figure out and judge the impact of animal production to environment according to the concept of sustainable development of animal husbandry.
3. The main pollutants of animal husbandry are fecaluria and sewage. The main pollution of livestock and poultry production is nitrogen. The results showed that discharge amount of fecaluria from livestock and poultry production was 47.7658 million tons, being equivalent to 43.5231 million tons of pig feces, 2.0602 million tons of CODcr emissions and 327,000 tons of ammonia nitrogen.It is one of the most important factors for judging the superfluous ammonia nitrogen. Besides, methane and nitrious oxide from animal production resulted in "greenhouse effect" and emission of ammonia in excess came into being acid rain. All of these brought potential crisis wetland eco-environment in Dongting lake area.
4. At the moment, the results showed that there were various kinds of degrees of environmental threats in the districts and counties in Dongting lake area. There were more serious environmental threat in Yueyang Tower distract and Miluo city. Meanwhile, it was worth paying attention to the environment pollution of animal production for Cloud River District, Yueyang county, Wuling Qu, Linli county and other counties.
In this paper, the final, from the carrying capacity of the land to feces, alarm and classification were performed for equivalent load of pig feces and effective area of farmland in Dongting lake area. The problems of eco-environment during animal production were totally and systematically analyzed. Amounts of strategies and suggestions are proposed to resolve the environment pollution of animal husbandry in Dongting lake in terms of idea, management and technology.
1.洞庭湖退田还湖区大都确定以畜牧业作为其主导替代产业,湖区畜牧业是分散养殖与规模养殖并存,以分散养殖为主。养殖过程中,因疏于对粪尿、污水等畜禽废弃物的使用和管理,导致湖区水环境污染严重,土壤沙化、盐碱化面积不断扩大,灾害性气候频发,动植物多样性资源急剧减少,生态环境日趋恶化。
2.畜禽生产排放的环境副产品与其他行业生产排放的废弃物有着截然的不同,畜禽粪便本身是一种营养物质,起维持、促进农业生态系统物质和能量平衡的作用。只有当排放的畜禽废弃物超过环境消纳能力时,才会对环境造成污染。故可借助畜牧业可持续发展的概念来理解和评判畜牧生产对环境的影响。
3.畜牧业排放的污染物主要是粪尿和污水,畜禽生产污染主要为氮污染。调查统计结果表明：2007年洞庭湖区的畜禽粪尿排放量为4776.58万t,相当于猪粪当量4352.31万t，CODcr排放量为206.02万t,氨氮排放量为32.70万t,这是造成湖区氨氮超标的主要因子之一。此外,畜牧生产中甲烷、氧化亚氮的排放产生“温室效应”,氨过量排放形成酸雨等,这些都给洞庭湖湿地生态环境带来潜在危机。
4.分析计算结果表明：目前洞庭湖各区县都存在不同程度的环境威胁,其中以岳阳楼区、汨罗市的环境威胁比较严重,云溪区、岳阳县、武陵区、临澧县和津市等县区畜牧环境污染的形势值得关注。
本文最后从粪便土地承载能力角度,对洞庭湖区土壤粪便负荷量和承受程度进行警报与分级,较全面而系统地分析了畜牧业发展中产生的生态环境问题。从理念、管理和技术三个角度,提出了解决湖区畜牧业环境污染问题的若干对策和建议。
This paper analyzed the relationship between animal husbandry and wetlabd eco-environment in Dongting lake area according to the different impact characteristics to environment between animal husbandry and industry pollution. At the same time, the impacts of livestock production to eco-environment were judged using the concept of sustainable development of animal husbandry. The polluted status of livestock breeding and poultry raising to Dongting lake area was analyzed according to the data of 2008.The results of local survey and analysis were as follows:
1. In returning farm land to lake areas, animal husbandry is identified as the leading alternative industry. Scattering breeding co-exists with large-scale breeding for livestock and the most important breeding style is large-scale breeding in Dongting lake area. During livestock breeding and poultry raising, in lake area, the neglect to use and manage the waste (such as fecaluria, sewage, and so on) from livestock and poultry resulted in serious water pollution, enlargement of salinization area, frequent status of disaster-prone climate, sharp decrease of plant and animal diversity resources and degradation of ecological environment.
2. The by products of livestock and poultry is huge different from waste emission of other industries. The feces from livestock and poultry are one kind of nutrients. It can keep and promote the balance of substance and energy for agricultural ecosystem. When animal waste surpassed dissolving ability of environment, it could make environment polluted. It could be used to figure out and judge the impact of animal production to environment according to the concept of sustainable development of animal husbandry.
3. The main pollutants of animal husbandry are fecaluria and sewage. The main pollution of livestock and poultry production is nitrogen. The results showed that discharge amount of fecaluria from livestock and poultry production was 47.7658 million tons, being equivalent to 43.5231 million tons of pig feces, 2.0602 million tons of CODcr emissions and 327,000 tons of ammonia nitrogen.It is one of the most important factors for judging the superfluous ammonia nitrogen. Besides, methane and nitrious oxide from animal production resulted in "greenhouse effect" and emission of ammonia in excess came into being acid rain. All of these brought potential crisis wetland eco-environment in Dongting lake area.
4. At the moment, the results showed that there were various kinds of degrees of environmental threats in the districts and counties in Dongting lake area. There were more serious environmental threat in Yueyang Tower distract and Miluo city. Meanwhile, it was worth paying attention to the environment pollution of animal production for Cloud River District, Yueyang county, Wuling Qu, Linli county and other counties.
In this paper, the final, from the carrying capacity of the land to feces, alarm and classification were performed for equivalent load of pig feces and effective area of farmland in Dongting lake area. The problems of eco-environment during animal production were totally and systematically analyzed. Amounts of strategies and suggestions are proposed to resolve the environment pollution of animal husbandry in Dongting lake in terms of idea, management and technology.
引文
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